scholarly journals Glutamine modifies immune responses of mice infected with porcine circovirus type 2

2013 ◽  
Vol 110 (6) ◽  
pp. 1053-1060 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenkai Ren ◽  
Yinghui Li ◽  
Xinglong Yu ◽  
Wei Luo ◽  
Gang Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Period ◽  
Porcine Circovirus Type ◽  
Virus Genome ◽  
Porcine Circovirus Type 2 ◽  
Porcine Circovirus ◽  
Glutamine Supplementation ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Ifn Γ

The present study was conducted to evaluate the immune-enhancing effects of dietaryl-glutamine supplementation in porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2)-infected mice, and to examine the clearance effects of glutamine against PCV2 in experimentally infected mice. A total of sixty Kunming female mice were infected with PCV2 at a dose of 100 TCID50(50 % tissue culture infection dose) by intraperitoneal injection after 2 weeks of dietaryl-glutamine supplementation orl-alanine supplementation (as the control (isonitrogenous) group). The measured variables on 3rd, 5th, 7th, 9th and 11th d post-infection (dpi) included: (1) PCV2 virus loaded in the liver, spleen, heart, lung, kidney, ovary and serum was determined by real-time PCR; (2) IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, interferon (IFN)-α, IFN-γ and C-reactive protein levels in serum were measured by ELISA; (3) serum total superoxide dismutase activity was measured spectrophotometrically at 550 nm absorbance. Dietaryl-glutamine supplementation significantly increased serum IL-2 levels on the 3rd (P< 0·01), 5th (P< 0·01), 7th (P< 0·05) and 9th dpi, significantly (P< 0·05) increased serum IL-6 levels on 3rd dpi, significantly (P< 0·05) increased serum IFN-γ levels on the 9th and 11th dpi and significantly decreased (P< 0·01) serum IL-10 levels on the 9th and 11th dpi, compared with those in the control group. Meanwhile, the PCV2 virus genome was detected sporadically throughout the experimental period in both groups. Taken together, the present results suggest that dietaryl-glutamine supplementation enhances immune function in PCV2-infected mice.

scholarly journals Comparative Effects of Vaccination against Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2) and Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV) in a PCV2-PRRSV Challenge Model

2013 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 369-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
Changhoon Park ◽  
Yeonsu Oh ◽  
Hwi Won Seo ◽  
Kiwon Han ◽  
Chanhee Chae
Keyword(s):  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Porcine Circovirus Type ◽  
Porcine Circovirus Type 2 ◽  
Porcine Circovirus ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Double Positive ◽  
Immunological Responses ◽  
Ifn Γ

ABSTRACTThe objective of the present study was to determine the effects of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) vaccinations in an experimental PCV2-PRRSV challenge model, based on virological (viremia), immunological (neutralizing antibodies [NAs], gamma interferon-secreting cells [IFN-γ-SCs], and CD4+CD8+double-positive cells), and pathological (lesions and antigens in lymph nodes and lungs) evaluations. A total of 72 pigs were randomly divided into 9 groups (8 pigs per group): 5 vaccinated and challenged groups, 3 nonvaccinated and challenged groups, and a negative-control group. Vaccination against PCV2 induced immunological responses (NAs and PCV2-specific IFN-γ-SCs) and reduced PCV2 viremia, PCV2-induced lesions, and PCV2 antigens in the dually infected pigs. However, vaccination against PCV2 did not affect the PRRSV immunological responses (NAs and PRRSV-specific IFN-γ-SCs), PRRSV viremia, PRRSV-induced lesions, or PRRSV antigens in the dually infected pigs. Vaccination against PRRSV did not induce immunological responses (PRRSV-specific IFN-γ-SCs) or reduce PRRSV viremia, PRRSV-induced lesions, or PRRSV antigens in the dually infected pigs. In addition, vaccination against PRRSV increased PCV2 viremia, PCV2-induced lesions, and PCV2 antigens in the dually infected pigs. In summary, vaccination against PCV2 reduced PCV2 viremia, PCV2-induced lesions, and PCV2 antigens in the dually infected pigs. However, vaccination against PRRSV increased PCV2 viremia, PCV2-induced lesions, and PCV2 antigens in the dually infected pigs. Therefore, the PCV2 vaccine decreased the potentiation of PCV2-induced lesions by PRRSV in dually infected pigs. In contrast, the PRRSV vaccine alone did not decrease the potentiation of PCV2-induced lesions by PRRSV in dually infected pigs.

scholarly journals In vitro and in vivo characterization of an infectious clone of a European strain of porcine circovirus type 2

2004 ◽  
Vol 85 (5) ◽  
pp. 1259-1266 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Roca ◽  
M. Balasch ◽  
J. Segalés ◽  
M. Calsamiglia ◽  
E. Viaplana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cultured Cells ◽  
Infectious Clone ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Porcine Circovirus Type ◽  
Virus Genome ◽  
Porcine Circovirus Type 2 ◽  
Porcine Circovirus

The aim of this study was to describe the generation of a PCV2 (porcine circovirus type 2) infectious clone (pIC-PCV2) and its infectivity under in vitro and in vivo conditions. The constructed pIC-PCV2 contained the whole PCV2 genome from a German isolate together with a partial duplication of 467 bp. PK-15 cells were transfected with pIC-PCV2 and an indirect immune fluorescence assay (IFA) was performed 7 days post-transfection. The PCV2 Cap gene was expressed in approximately 20 % of the cultured cells, and only the recombination product, and not pIC-PCV2, was subsequently detected by PCR and Southern blot. This result indicated that infection by pIC-PCV2 delivered genomic PCV2 DNA specifically into susceptible cells and led to the expression of a functional virus genome. Eighteen 30- to 40-day-old conventional pigs were distributed into three groups. Group 1 pigs (n=6) were inoculated intranasally (i.n.) with a Spanish isolate of PCV2 propagated in cell culture; pigs from group 2 (n=6) were inoculated with pIC-PCV2 intramuscularly (i.m.), and the last group of pigs (n=6) was inoculated with pIC-PCV2 intraperitoneally (i.p.). All pigs remained clinically healthy during the whole experimental period (35 days). Pigs that received pIC-PCV2 i.p. and i.m., as well as those PCV2 i.n. inoculated, became infected based on an in situ hybridization (ISH), PCR, TaqMan PCR and serological results. The results of this study confirm that cloned PCV2 genomic DNA is infectious both in vitro and in vivo, and is able to cause PMWS-like lesions in i.p. and i.m. experimentally inoculated pigs.

Systemic immune response of gnotobiotic mice infected with porcine circovirus type 2 after administration of Lactobacillus reuteri L26 Biocenol™

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 951-961
Author(s):  
D. Mudroňová ◽  
V. Karaffová ◽  
T. Csank ◽  
J. Király ◽  
V. Revajová ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Lactobacillus Reuteri ◽  
Porcine Circovirus Type ◽  
Porcine Circovirus Type 2 ◽  
Porcine Circovirus ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Intestinal Immunity ◽  
Systemic Immune Response ◽  
Gnotobiotic Mice

In our previous study we confirmed an antiviral activity of probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri L26 which was mediated by stimulation of local intestinal immunity. The aim of this paper was to evaluate the influence of L. reuteri L26 on the systemic immune response in gnotobiotic mice infected with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2). A total of 30 germ-free mice were divided into 3 groups and animals in noninfected and infected control groups (NC and IC; n=10) received sterile de Man-Rogosa-Sharpe broth for 7 days and animals in experimental group L+PCV (n=10) were inoculated with L. reuteri L26. Subsequently, mice in L+PCV and IC groups were infected with PCV2; however, mice in the control group received virus cultivation medium (mock). The results showed an increase of percentage of cytotoxic cells (CD8+ and CD49b+CD8-) and oxidative burst of phagocytes, up-regulation of the gene expression of RANTES, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, interferon-γ and immunoglobulin A in blood above all in the later phase of infection (14 dpi) in L+PCV group accompanied by higher load of PCV2 in the serum. These findings indicate that L. reuteri L26 has a potential to induce systemic immune reaction, but in gnotobiotic mice immune stimulation can increase virus replication.

scholarly journals Immunogenicity and Pathogenicity of Chimeric Infectious DNA Clones of Pathogenic Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2) and Nonpathogenic PCV1 in Weanling Pigs

2003 ◽  
Vol 77 (20) ◽  
pp. 11232-11243 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Fenaux ◽  
T. Opriessnig ◽  
P. G. Halbur ◽  
X. J. Meng
Keyword(s):  
Porcine Circovirus Type ◽  
Porcine Circovirus Type 2 ◽  
Capsid Gene ◽  
Porcine Circovirus ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Clone Group

ABSTRACT Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is the primary causative agent of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS), whereas the ubiquitous porcine circovirus type 1 (PCV1) is nonpathogenic for pigs. We report here the construction and characterization of two chimeric infectious DNA clones of PCV1 and PCV2. The chimeric PCV1-2 clone contains the PCV2 capsid gene cloned in the backbone of the nonpathogenic PCV1 genome. A reciprocal chimeric PCV2-1 DNA clone was also constructed by replacing the PCV2 capsid gene with that of PCV1 in the backbone of the PCV2 genome. The PCV1, PCV2, and chimeric PCV1-2 and PCV2-1 DNA clones were all shown to be infectious in PK-15 cells, and their growth characteristics in vitro were determined and compared. To evaluate the immunogenicity and pathogenicity of the chimeric infectious DNA clones, 40 specific-pathogen-free (SPF) pigs were randomly assigned into five groups of eight pigs each. Group 1 pigs received phosphate-buffered saline as the negative control. Group 2 pigs were each injected in the superficial inguinal lymph nodes with 200 μg of the PCV1 infectious DNA clone. Group 3 pigs were each similarly injected with 200 μg of the PCV2 infectious DNA clone, group 4 pigs were each injected with 200 μg of the chimeric PCV1-2 infectious DNA clone, and group 5 pigs were each injected with 200 μg of the reciprocal chimeric PCV2-1 infectious DNA clone. As expected, seroconversion to antibodies to the PCV2 capsid antigen was detected in group 3 and group 4 pigs. Group 2 and 5 pigs all seroconverted to PCV1 antibody. Gross and microscopic lesions in various tissues of animals inoculated with the PCV2 infectious DNA clone were significantly more severe than those found in pigs inoculated with PCV1, chimeric PCV1-2, and reciprocal chimeric PCV2-1 infectious DNA clones. These data indicated that the chimeric PCV1-2 virus with the immunogenic ORF2 capsid gene of pathogenic PCV2 cloned into the nonpathogenic PCV1 genomic backbone induces a specific antibody response to the pathogenic PCV2 capsid antigen but is attenuated in pigs. Future studies are warranted to evaluate the usefulness of the chimeric PCV1-2 infectious DNA clone as a genetically engineered live-attenuated vaccine against PCV2 infection and PMWS.

scholarly journals Studies on Porcine Circovirus Type 2 Vaccination of 5-Day-Old Piglets

2011 ◽  
Vol 18 (11) ◽  
pp. 1865-1871 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. C. O'Neill ◽  
H. G. Shen ◽  
K. Lin ◽  
M. Hemann ◽  
N. M. Beach ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Porcine Circovirus Type ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Porcine Circovirus Type 2 ◽  
Porcine Circovirus ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Associated Lesions

ABSTRACTPorcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) vaccines have become widely used since they became available in 2006. It is not uncommon for producers to use PCV2 vaccines in pigs younger than what is approved by manufacturers. The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of a chimeric and a subunit PCV2 vaccine administered at 5 or 21 days of age. Forty-eight PCV2-naïve piglets were randomly divided into six groups of eight pigs each. Vaccination was done at day 5 or day 21, followed by triple challenge with PCV2, porcine parvovirus (PPV), and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) at day 49. Vaccinated pigs seroconverted to PCV2 approximately 14 days postvaccination and had a detectable neutralizing antibody response by 21 days postvaccination regardless of age at vaccination. At day 49, the pigs vaccinated with the chimeric vaccine had significantly higher levels of neutralizing antibodies than the pigs vaccinated with the subunit vaccine. After challenge, vaccinated pigs had significantly decreased levels of PCV2 viremia and a decreased prevalence and severity of microscopic lesions compared to the positive-control group, which had severe lymphoid lesions associated with abundant PCV2 antigen, compatible with PCV-associated disease. The results of this study indicate that, under the conditions of this study, vaccination of PCV2-naïve pigs at day 5 or day 21 resulted in development of a detectable humoral immune response and provided reduction or complete protection against PCV2 viremia and PCV2-associated lesions after triple challenge with PCV2, PPV, and PRRSV.

scholarly journals Experimental Reproduction of Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome in Cesarean-Derived, Colostrum-Deprived Piglets Inoculated with Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2): Investigation of Quantitative PCV2 Distribution and Antibody Responses

2003 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Okuda ◽  
M. Ono ◽  
S. Yazawa ◽  
I. Shibata
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Porcine Circovirus Type ◽  
Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome ◽  
Porcine Circovirus Type 2 ◽  
Porcine Circovirus ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Wasting Syndrome

Sixteen cesarean-derived, colostrum-deprived piglets were inoculated intranasally with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), originally isolated from a pig affected with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS). At 1 day postinoculation (PI), 3 of the 5 piglets in the uninoculated control group were moved to the room of inoculated piglets for contact exposure. Porcine circovirus type 2 was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in swabs from inoculated piglets from 1 day PI and from contact piglets from 2 days after cohabitation. Porcine circovirus type 2 was also detected in all serum samples but not in control piglets 7 days PI. Until the end of study, PCV2 was detected in swabs and serum samples by PCR but not in the control piglets. One inoculated piglet died suddenly without clinical signs 19 days PI. Beginning at 14 days PI, 5 piglets, including 1 contact piglet, had clinical signs of depression, anorexia, and icterus, and 1 inoculated piglet died 21 days PI. Most of the piglets exhibiting the above clinical signs became moribund and were necropsied 21 and 28 days PI. In the piglets that showed clinical signs, gross lesions, including icterus of liver and hemorrhage in stomach, and typical histopathological lesions of PMWS, such as lymphoid depletion and basophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies in lymph nodes and other tissues, were observed. Porcine circovirus type 2 was detected by PCR in all tissue samples except in those of the control piglets. Porcine circovirus type 2 was recovered from several tissue samples of the piglets necropsied until 35 days PI. In particular, PCV2 was recovered in high titer from most of the tissue samples of the piglets exhibiting clinical signs. Serum antibody against PCV2 was mostly detected in inoculated piglets and in contact piglets 14 and 21 days PI by an indirect fluorescence antibody test but was not detected in the piglets exhibiting clinical signs until 28 days PI. These results indicate that PCV2 was able to induce clinical PMWS in the absence of other swine pathogens and that there were significant differences in both the quantitative PCV2 distribution in tissues and the antibody response between the piglets that were infected and developed PMWS and those that were infected but remained healthy.

Influence of Lactobacillus reuteri L26 Biocenol™ on immune response against porcine circovirus type 2 infection in germ-free mice

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 367-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Karaffová ◽  
T. Csank ◽  
D. Mudroňová ◽  
J. Király ◽  
V. Revajová ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Lactobacillus Reuteri ◽  
Porcine Circovirus Type ◽  
Porcine Circovirus ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Germ Free ◽  
Ifn Γ ◽  
Experimental Group

Probiotic bacteria are frequently used for prevention of bacterial infections of the gastrointestinal tract, but there are only limited studies on their efficacy against viral gut infections in animals. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri L26 BiocenolTM on the innate and adaptive immune responses in germ-free Balb/c mice, experimentally infected by porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), which confers immunosuppressive effect. A total of 30 six-week-old female mice were divided into 3 groups and animals in experimental group LPCV (n=10) were inoculated with L. reuteri L26, animals in the control group (C; n=10) and experimental group PCV (n=10) received sterile De Man-Rogosa-Sharpe broth for 7 days. Subsequently, mice from both experimental groups were infected with PCV2; however, mice in the control group received virus cultivation medium (mock). Virus load in faeces, ileum and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN); as well as gene expression of selected cytokines, immunoglobulin A (IgA) and polymeric Ig receptor (PIgR) in the ileum, and percentage of CD8+, CD19+ and CD49b+CD8- cells in the MLN were evaluated. Our results showed that L. reuteri significantly decreased the amount of PCV2 in faeces and in the ileum, and up-regulated the gene expression of chemokines, interferon (IFN)-γ, IgA and PIgR in the ileum. Increased IFN-γ mRNA level was accompanied by higher proportion of natural killer cells and up-regulated IgA and PIgR gene expressions were in accordance with significantly higher percentage of CD19+ lymphocytes in the MLN. These findings indicate that probiotic L. reuteri has an antiviral effect on PCV2 in the intestine which is mediated by stimulation of local gut immune response.

Replication and transmission of porcine circovirus type 2 in mice

2008 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 421-427 ◽  
Author(s):  
Attila Cságola ◽  
Daniel Cadar ◽  
Tamás Tuboly
Keyword(s):  
Animal Experiments ◽  
Porcine Circovirus Type ◽  
Virus Genome ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
Porcine Circovirus Type 2 ◽  
Porcine Circovirus ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B

Little information is known about infection, replication and transmission of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) in species other than swine. Two sets of animal experiments were carried out to investigate the susceptibility of mice to PCV2 and to study their possible role in maintaining and transmitting the virus. In the first experiment 14 mice were inoculated with PCV2 by the intraperitoneal route with 5 × 10 2 TCID 50 of the PCV2-ROM strain (Cadar et al., 2007). In a second experiment 24 mice were divided into two groups (A and B); mice in Group A (n = 18) were inoculated orally with 1 × 10 5 TCID 50 PCV2-ROM and mice in Group B (n = 6) were left uninoculated until day 12 post inoculation (p.i.), when they were mixed with Group A. The animals were sacrificed at intervals for postmortem investigation and virus genome detection by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The PCR results indicated that PCV2 could replicate in mice infected intraperitoneally or by the oral route, and that the virus can be transmitted directly from mouse to mouse.

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