scholarly journals Goitre prevalence and epidemiological features in children living in areas with mildly excessive iodine in drinking-water

2013 ◽  
Vol 111 (1) ◽  
pp. 86-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shengmin Lv ◽  
Dong Xu ◽  
Yuchun Wang ◽  
Zhenshui Chong ◽  
Yonggui Du ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Thyroid Volume ◽  
Hebei Province ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Who Criteria ◽  
Epidemiological Features ◽  
Excessive Iodine ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Goitre Prevalence ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics

The prevalence of goitre in areas with mildly excessive iodine in drinking-water is still under debate. The aim of the present study was to explore the prevalence of goitre and its epidemiological characteristics in these areas using WHO criteria. To this end, three towns with a median water iodine (MWI) of 150–300 μg/l were selected randomly in Hengshui City of Hebei Province of China, and one town with a MWI of 105 μg/l was chosen as a control. A total of 452 children in the three towns and 120 children in the control town were randomly selected to measure thyroid volume (Tvol) by ultrasound. The goitre status of these children was judged using the criteria recommended by the WHO. The overall goitre prevalences in the three towns were 24·6 % (111/452) by age-specific Tvol and 33·0 % (149/452) by body surface area (BSA)-adjusted Tvol, which were significantly higher than that in the control town by both age-specific Tvol (14·0 % (17/120), P= 0·015) and BSA-adjusted Tvol (17·5 % (21/120), P= 0·001). Significant differences were found neither in goitre prevalences across sex by both age-specific Tvol (P= 0·078) and BSA-adjusted Tvol (P= 0·692) nor in that across age group by both BSA-adjusted Tvol (P= 0·461) and age-specific Tvol (P= 0·183). The present study found a high prevalence of goitre in children living in areas with mildly excessive iodine in drinking-water in Hebei Province. No significant differences were found in goitre prevalences across sex and age group. These results suggest that the Tvol reference values recommended by the WHO could be too low for Chinese children.

scholarly journals Impact of removing iodised salt on children's goitre status in areas with excessive iodine in drinking-water

2014 ◽  
Vol 113 (1) ◽  
pp. 114-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shengmin Lv ◽  
Dong Xu ◽  
Yuchun Wang ◽  
Zhao Jun ◽  
Lihui Jia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Thyroid Volume ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Hebei Province ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Iodised Salt ◽  
Excessive Iodine ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Goitre Prevalence ◽  
The Impact

The impact of removing iodised salt on children's goitre status in a high-iodine area (HIA) remains unclear. The aim of the present study was to explore the changes in the prevalence of goitre in children after removing iodised salt from their diet. For this purpose, three towns with the median water iodine content of 150–300 μg/l were selected randomly in Hengshui City, Hebei Province, China. A total of 452 and 459 children were randomly selected from the three towns in order to measure thyroid volume by ultrasound before and after removing iodised salt, respectively. Their goitre status was judged using the criteria of age-specific thyroid volume recommended by the WHO. After removing iodised salt, the overall median urinary iodine content (MUIC) of children decreased from 518 (interquartile range (IQR) 347–735) to 416 (IQR 274–609) μg/l. The MUIC of children across sex and age group decreased significantly except for the age group of 9 years. The overall prevalence of goitre in the three towns significantly decreased from 24·56 % (n 111/452) to 5·88 % (n 27/459) (P< 0·001). Goitre prevalence in children aged 8–10 years decreased from 33·70 % (n 31/92), 23·32 % (n 45/193) and 20·96 % (n 35/167) to 6·10 % (n 10/164), 5·52 % (n 9/163) and 6·06 % (n 8/132), respectively. Goitre prevalence in boys and girls decreased from 27·05 % (n 66/244) and 21·63 % (n 45/208) to 6·66 % (n 15/226) and 5·15 % (n 12/233), respectively. The decreases in the prevalence of goitre in children across sex and age group were all statistically significant. The present study revealed that goitre prevalence in children decreased significantly after removing iodised salt from their diet for about 1·5 years in the HIA in Hebei Province.

scholarly journals An epidemiological survey of children's iodine nutrition and goitre status in regions with mildly excessive iodine in drinking water in Hebei Province, China

2012 ◽  
Vol 15 (7) ◽  
pp. 1168-1173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shengmin Lv ◽  
Jun Zhao ◽  
Dong Xu ◽  
Zhengshui Chong ◽  
Lihui Jia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Thyroid Volume ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Hebei Province ◽  
Systematic Sampling ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Iodine Nutrition ◽  
Excessive Iodine ◽  
Salt Iodine

AbstractObjectiveTo identify children's iodine nutrition and goitre status in areas with mildly excessive iodine in drinking water.DesignA cross-sectional survey. Probability proportional to size sampling was employed to randomly select children from thirty townships where the median iodine content in drinking water ranged from 150 to 300 μg/l; their urinary iodine concentrations were determined and their thyroid volumes were measured by ultrasound. Drinking water samples and salt samples from the villages where the children lived were collected using a systematic sampling method.SettingHebei Province of China.SubjectsA total of 1259 children aged 8–10 years (621 boys and 638 girls).ResultsChildren's median urinary iodine concentration was found to be 418·8 μg/l, and the iodine concentration was >300 μg/l for 68·3 % (248/363) of the urine samples. Children's median urinary iodine concentration in villages with median salt iodine >10 mg/kg was significantly higher than that in villages with median salt iodine <5 mg/kg (442·9 μg/l v. 305·4 μg/l, P ≈ 0). The goitre rate of 1259 children examined by ultrasound was 10·96 %.ConclusionsThe iodine intake of children living in areas with mildly excessive iodine in drinking water in Hebei Province was found to be excessive. The measured iodine excess in the sampled children is exacerbated by consumption of iodized salt. Goitre was identified in these areas; however, due to the limitation of the current criteria for children's thyroid volume, a comprehensive assessment of the prevalence of goitre in these regions could not be made and further study is required.

scholarly journals Endemic goitre and excessive iodine in urine and drinking water among Saharawi refugee children

2010 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 1472-1477 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sigrun Henjum ◽  
Ingrid Barikmo ◽  
Anne Karine Gjerlaug ◽  
Abderraháman Mohamed-Lehabib ◽  
Arne Oshaug ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Thyroid Volume ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Refugee Children ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Endemic Goitre ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Excessive Iodine

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the prevalence of enlarged thyroid volume (Tvol) in Saharawi refugee children, and their urinary iodine concentration (UIC), and to identify possible sources of excess iodine intake.DesignA cross-sectional survey was performed during January–February 2007. Tvol was measured by ultrasound and iodine concentration was analysed in casual urine samples, in household drinking water and in milk samples from household livestock.SettingThe study was undertaken in four refugee camps in the Algerian desert.SubjectsThe subjects were 421 Saharawi children, 6–14 years old.ResultsEnlarged Tvol was found in 56 % (Tvol-for-age) and 86 % (Tvol-for-body-surface-area) of the children. The median (25th percentile–75th percentile, P25–P75) UIC was 565 (357–887) μg/l. The median (P25–P75) iodine concentration in household drinking water was 108 (77–297) μg/l. None of the children had UIC below 100 μg/l, 16 % had UIC between 100 and 299 μg/l, and 84 % had UIC above 300 μg/l. There was a positive association between Tvol and whether the household possessed livestock.ConclusionsThe children are suffering from endemic goitre and high UIC caused probably by an excessive intake of iodine. The excessive iodine intakes probably originate from drinking water and milk.

scholarly journals Geographical distribution of drinking-water with high iodine level and association between high iodine level in drinking-water and goitre: a Chinese national investigation

2011 ◽  
Vol 106 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongmei Shen ◽  
Shoujun Liu ◽  
Dianjun Sun ◽  
Shubin Zhang ◽  
Xiaohui Su ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Yellow River ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
High Iodine ◽  
Excessive Iodine ◽  
Iodine Level ◽  
Goitre Prevalence ◽  
The Relationship

Excessive iodine intake can cause thyroid function disorders as can be caused by iodine deficiency. There are many people residing in areas with high iodine levels in drinking-water in China. The main aim of the present study was to map the geographical distribution of drinking-water with high iodine level in China and to determine the relationship between high iodine level in drinking-water and goitre prevalence. Iodine in drinking-water was measured in 1978 towns of eleven provinces in China, with a total of 28 857 water samples. We randomly selected children of 8–10 years old, examined the presence of goitre and measured their urinary iodine in 299 towns of nine provinces. Of the 1978 towns studied, 488 had iodine levels between 150 and 300 μg/l in drinking-water, and in 246 towns, the iodine level was >300 μg/l. These towns are mainly distributed along the original Yellow River flood areas, the second largest river in China. Of the 56 751 children examined, goitre prevalence was 6·3 % in the areas with drinking-water iodine levels of 150–300 μg/l and 11·0 % in the areas with drinking-water iodine >300 μg/l. Goitre prevalence increased with water and urinary iodine levels. For children with urinary iodine >1500 μg/l, goitre prevalence was 3·69 times higher than that for those with urinary iodine levels of 100–199 μg/l. The present study suggests that drinking-water with high iodine levels is distributed in eleven provinces of China. Goitre becomes more prevalent with the increase in iodine level in drinking-water. Therefore, it becomes important to prevent goitre through stopping the provision of iodised salt and providing normal drinking-water iodine through pipelines in these areas in China.

scholarly journals Goitre Prevalence and Urinary Iodine Concentration in School-Aged Children in the Ashanti Region of Ghana

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Gyamfi ◽  
Yaw Amo Wiafe ◽  
Enoch Ofori Awuah ◽  
Evans Asamoah Adu ◽  
Emmanuel Kodie Boadi
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Thyroid Volume ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Iodine Nutrition ◽  
Ashanti Region ◽  
School Aged Children ◽  
Excessive Iodine ◽  
Female Children ◽  
Goitre Prevalence

Background. Iodine deficiency is a public health problem. The universal salt iodization (USI) program is the main, simple, and cost-effective intervention strategy to control iodine deficiency. The study examined the iodine status in school-aged children in Ashanti region, Ghana, using thyroid volumes along with urinary iodine concentrations, the methods recommended by the WHO/ICCIDD for monitoring the sustained impact of USI programs. Methods. This cross-sectional study was conducted among school-aged children (6–12 years) from randomly selected schools in the central and northern part of the Ashanti region, Kumasi Metropolis, and Ejura-Sekyedumase Municipality, respectively. A total of 852 children were enrolled in the study. Thyroid volume and urinary iodine concentrations of the children were determined using the standardized methods recommended by WHO/ICCIDD. Anthropometric measurements were also evaluated. Results. The mean values of thyroid volume in female and male school-aged children were 3.53 ± 0.09 and 3.32 ± 0.07, respectively. The thyroid size was significantly associated with age (P<0.0001), weight (P<0.0001), height (P<0.0001), BMI (P<0.05), and BSA (P<0.0001) by Pearson’s correlation in both males and females. The P50 (median) thyroid volumes of school children investigated in this study were generally larger compared to the WHO/ICCIDD reference data by age and body surface area. The median value of urinary iodine concentration was 201.85 μg/L, which showed significant sex difference (P value <0.0001). Excessive iodine nutrition (≥300 μg/L) was observed among 34.4% of male children and 27.6% of female children. Also, 12.8% of the male and 19.5% of the female children had UIC below requirement (<100 μg/L). The criteria of thyroid volume per age yielded a goitre prevalence of 2.2%. In contrast, the criteria of thyroid volume by body surface area yielded a goitre prevalence of 0.9%. Conclusion. The study clearly indicated that adequate iodine nutrition exists generally among the school children. However, insufficient and excessive iodine intakes still persist among some of the children. The establishment of local reference values for thyroid volume that might be applicable to precisely define goitre prevalence in the Ghanaian context is highly recommended.

scholarly journals MODERN ASPECTS OF THE PROBLEM OF FRACTURES OF THE PROXIMAL FEMULAR

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 88-100
Author(s):  
Tamara Hurbanova
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Hip Fractures ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Burden Of Treatment ◽  
Epidemiological Features ◽  
Proximal Thigh ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics ◽  
The Relationship

The purpose of the study is to study the current global clinical and epidemiological features of proximal hip fractures and the risks of their development and spread. The paper identifies the main aspects of the spread and treatment of fractures of the proximal femur; main world modern epidemiological characteristics of hip fractures and levels of risks of their development and spread. The relationship between comorbidities in patients with proximal hip fractures and the risk of various treatment complications is shown. The main types of treatment tactics are identified, the groups of the most common comorbidities in such patients are given. As a result of the work it was established: the percentage of fractures of the proximal thigh is 9.00–45.00 % among all skeletal fractures in the older age group and among all age categories – 17.00–24.00 %; global annual morbidity is 1.7 million people, and mortality – 11.00–23.00 % in 6 months and 22.00–29.00 % in a year; increase in the frequency of these fractures with age with doubling after 50 years every ten years; average age of patients – 75–79 years; predominance of women over men in 2-3 times; the lowest annual age-standardized cases among women are in Nigeria, South Africa, Tunisia and Ecuador, and the highest are in Denmark, Norway, Sweden and Austria, which is also typical for men; significant economic burden of treatment and high levels of fractures with osteoporosis, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and more; the advantage of surgical treatment over conservative.

scholarly journals Prevalence of thyroid dysfunction with adequate and excessive iodine intake in Hebei Province, People’s Republic of China

2014 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 1692-1697 ◽  
Author(s):  
Long Tan ◽  
Zhongna Sang ◽  
Jun Shen ◽  
Hua Liu ◽  
Wen Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Subclinical Hypothyroidism ◽  
Thyroid Dysfunction ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Hebei Province ◽  
People's Republic Of China ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Excessive Iodine ◽  
Excessive Iodine Intake

AbstractObjectiveTo explore (i) the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in populations with adequate and excessive iodine intakes and (ii) the effect of iodine exposure on the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction.DesignCross-sectional study was conducted in Hebei in 2010. The population was classified as having adequate or excessive iodine intake according to the iodine concentration in drinking water. Demographic information was collected by questionnaire. Levels of serum thyroid hormones, thyroid autoantibodies and iodine in drinking water and urine were measured.SettingVillages with adequate or excessive drinking water iodine in Hebei Province, People’s Republic of China.SubjectsA total of 854 men and women aged 20–50 years who had lived in the surveyed areas for over 5 years, including 348 from the adequate iodine area (AIA) and 506 from the excessive iodine area (EIA).ResultsMedian urinary iodine concentration was 185 μg/l in AIA and 1152 μg/l in EIA. The prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in AIA was 10·3 %, which included 1·1 % with hypothyroidism and 8·1 % with subclinical hypothyroidism; and 20·6 % in EIA, which included 3·6 % with hypothyroidism and 13·6 % with subclinical hypothyroidism. The positive rates of thyroglobulin antibody were 16·1 % in AIA and 11·9 % in EIA; the positive rates of thyroperoxidase antibody were 20·7 % in AIA and 16·4 % in EIA.ConclusionsExcessive iodine intake may lead to increased prevalence of biochemical thyroid dysfunction, especially biochemical hypothyroidism. This is not related to an increase in prevalence of thyroid antibodies. Women are more susceptible to iodine excess.

scholarly journals Iodine-induced goitre and high prevalence of anaemia among Saharawi refugee women

2011 ◽  
Vol 15 (8) ◽  
pp. 1512-1518 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sigrun Henjum ◽  
Ingrid Barikmo ◽  
Tor A Strand ◽  
Arne Oshaug ◽  
Liv Elin Torheim
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Thyroid Volume ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Refugee Women ◽  
High Prevalence

AbstractObjectiveThe main objective was to assess iodine status (thyroid volume (Tvol) and urinary iodine concentration (UIC)) and their determinants in Saharawi refugee women.DesignA cross-sectional survey was performed during January–February 2007. Tvol was measured by ultrasound and iodine concentration was analysed in spot urine samples and in household drinking water. Anthropometry and Hb concentration were measured and background variables were collected using pre-coded questionnaires.SettingThe survey was undertaken in four long-term refugee camps in the Algerian desert.SubjectsNon-pregnant women (n 394), 15–45 years old, randomly selected.ResultsMedian (25th percentile–75th percentile (P25–P75)) UIC was 466 (294–725) μg/l. Seventy-four per cent had UIC above 300 μg/l and 46 % above 500 μg/l. Median (P25–P75) Tvol was 9·4 (7·4–12·0) ml and the goitre prevalence was 22 %. UIC was positively associated with iodine in drinking water and negatively associated with breast-feeding, and these two variables explained 28 % of the variation in UIC. The mean (sd) Hb level was 11·8 (2·4) g/dl. In total 46 % were anaemic with 14 %, 25 % and 7 %, classified with respectively mild, moderate and severe anaemia.ConclusionsThe Saharawi women had high UIC, high levels of iodine in drinking water and increased Tvol and probably suffered from iodine-induced goitre. The high prevalence of anaemia is considered to be a severe public health concern. To what extent the excessive iodine intake and the anaemia have affected thyroid function is unknown and should be addressed in future studies.

Thyroid volume and goitre prevalence in the elderly as determined by ultrasound and their relationships to laboratory indices

1991 ◽  
Vol 124 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerhard Hintze ◽  
Jürgen Windeler ◽  
Jörg Baumert ◽  
Herbert Stein ◽  
Johannes Köbberling
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Hormone ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Thyroid Volume ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Elderly Subjects ◽  
Entire Group ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Iodine Excretion ◽  
Goitre Prevalence

Abstract. In 569 unselected elderly subjects over 60 years from the general population of an iodine-deficient area, a palpation and an ultrasound investigation of the thyroid were performed. Additionally, thyroid hormone values were determined in 466 of the 569 subjects (81.9%) and urinary iodine excretion in 491 subjects (86.3%). By palpation, no thyroid enlargement was noticed in 302 subjects (54.2%), goitre Ia in 98 (17.6%), goitre lb in 94 (16.9%), goitre II in 53(9.5%), and goitre III in 10(1.8%). The thyroid volumes (medians) by ultrasound were 18.6 ml in the entire group, in women (N=489) 19.2 ml, and in men (N=80) 16.6 ml. One hundred and one subjects had a thyroid nodule (17.6%), 43 persons cystic lesions (7.6%). If, according to the literature, a goitre is defined as a thyroid enlargement of more than 18 ml in women and more than 25 ml in males, a goitre prevalence of 54.2% in females and of 22.5% in males was obtained. The goitre prevalence in the entire group was calculated as 49.7%. Thyroid hormone measurements showed in subjects with goitre a significant lower TSH value (p<0.001) and a higher thyroglobulin value (p<0.001). In summary, the study shows a high prevalence of goitre in elderly subjects, a high prevalence of nodules in these thyroids, a negative correlation of goitre volume with TSH, and a positive correlation of goitre volume with the thyroglobulin concentration.

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