Validation of saliva and urine use and sampling time on the doubly labelled water method to measure energy expenditure, body composition and water turnover in male and female cats

2020 ◽  
Vol 124 (4) ◽  
pp. 457-469
Author(s):  
Camila Goloni ◽  
Francine M. Peres ◽  
Igor L. S. Senhorello ◽  
Ludmilla G. Di Santo ◽  
Fernanda S. Mendonça ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Sampling Time ◽  
Isotope Enrichment ◽  
Water Turnover ◽  
Doubly Labelled Water ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Linear Elimination ◽  
Sampling Times

AbstractLess invasive protocols are necessary to study energy expenditure (EE) of cats living in homes for expressing their normal living conditions. The present study compared sampling times and the use of saliva, urine and blood to measure 2H and 18O to apply the doubly labelled water method. In the first study, four cats were used to evaluate the enrichment (2, 4, 6, 7 and 8 h) and elimination (2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18 and 20 d) of 2H and 18O (subcutaneously injected). The maximum enrichment was after 5 h (R2 0·82) of injection, with an Ln linear elimination of both isotopes (P < 0·001; R2 0·99). The results of EE were similar, regardless of the sampling time used (P = 0·999). In the second study, seven male cats and seven female cats were used. Before and after isotope injection (5 h, 7 d, 10 d and 14 d), blood, saliva and urine were collected. Isotope enrichment was lower in urine (P < 0·05) and at the similar level in blood and saliva. Isotope elimination was similar for all fluids (P < 0·473). The EE calculated with blood and saliva was similar but higher for urine (P = 0·015). According to Bland–Altman statistics, blood and saliva presented low bias and high correlation (P < 0·001), but this was not observed for urine (P = 0·096). Higher EE was observed for male cats (384 (se 39) kJ/kg0·67 per d) than for female cats (337 (se 34) kJ/kg0·67 per d; P < 0·05). The sampling time for the method is flexible, and saliva can be used as a substitute for blood.

scholarly journals Energy expenditure and water turnover in hunting dogs in winter conditions

2011 ◽  
Vol 106 (S1) ◽  
pp. S158-S161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Øystein Ahlstrøm ◽  
Paula Redman ◽  
John Speakman
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Snow Layer ◽  
Water Turnover ◽  
Doubly Labelled Water ◽  
Hunting Dogs ◽  
Winter Conditions ◽  
Sled Dogs ◽  
Running Activity ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
The Mean

Hunting with dogs in winter conditions is practised in the Nordic countries. The present study aimed at determining daily energy expenditure (DEE) and body water turnover (BWT) by the doubly labelled water technique in eight hunting dogs (body-weight (BW) range 14–27 kg) working 3 h/d for 3 d ( − 6°C) on ground covered with 20–40 cm of loose snow, to provide information on energy and water requirements. The mean distance run during the hunting period was recorded by the global positioning system and averaged 19·4 km/d. DEE increased with increasing BW (P < 0·001) and varied between 7·20 and 16·6 MJ/d (mean 11·0 MJ/d) corresponding to 950–1350 kJ/kg BW0·75 per d (mean 1170 kJ/kg BW0·75 per d). The larger dogs tended to run longer than the smaller dogs and therefore spent more energy per kg BW0·75 but not significantly (P>0·05). DEE values determined were close to the values measured for hunting dogs running for 3 h/d in hot climates, suggesting that climate within the range of the two studies has little impact on energy expenditure per h running activity. Compared with the work of sled dogs per km travelled running on a track, the work performed by the hunting dogs was suggested to be higher when running in a loose snow layer. However, DEE was much lower because sled dogs ran for a longer distance each day. Mean BWT was 217 ml/kg BW0·75 or 19 ml/kJ metabolisable energy.

scholarly journals Energy balance dynamics during short-term high-intensity functional training

2019 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 172-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew M. Schubert ◽  
Elyse A. Palumbo
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Energy Deficit ◽  
Air Displacement Plethysmography ◽  
Functional Training ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Activity Energy

CrossFit (CF; CrossFit Inc., Washington, DC, USA) is a form of high-intensity functional training that focuses on training across the entire spectrum of physical fitness. CF has been shown to improve a number of indicators of health but little information assessing energy balance exists. The purpose of the present study was to investigate energy balance during 1 week of CF training. Men and women (n = 21; mean ± SD; age, 43.5 ± 8.4 years; body mass index, 27.8 ± 4.9 kg·m−2), with ≥3 months CF experience, had body composition assessed via air displacement plethysmography before and after 1 week of CF training. Participants wore ActiHeart monitors to assess total energy expenditure (TEE), activity energy expenditure, and CF energy expenditure (CF EE). Energy intake was assessed from TEE and Δ body composition. CF EE averaged 605 ± 219 kcal per 72 ± 10 min session. Weekly CF EE was 2723 ± 986 kcal. Participants were in an energy deficit (TEE: 3674 ± 855 kcal·day−1; energy intake: 3167 ± 1401 kcal·day−1). Results of the present study indicate that CF training can account for a significant portion of daily activity energy expenditure. The weekly expenditure is within levels shown to induce clinically meaningful weight loss in overweight/obese populations.

scholarly journals Water loss as a function of energy intake, physical activity and season

2005 ◽  
Vol 93 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaas R. Westerterp ◽  
Guy Plasqui ◽  
Annelies H. C. Goris
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Resting Energy Expenditure ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Seasonal Effects ◽  
Water Turnover ◽  
Doubly Labelled Water

Although water is an important nutrient, there are no recommended intake values. Here, water intake, energy intake, physical activity and water loss was measured over 1 week in summer and in winter. Subjects were healthy volunteers, forty-two women and ten men, mean age of 29 (sd 7) years and mean BMI 21·8 (sd 2·2) kg/m2. Water intake was measured with a 7 d food and water record. Physical activity level (PAL) was observed as the ratio of total energy expenditure, as measured with doubly labelled water, to resting energy expenditure as measured in a respiration chamber. Water loss was measured with the deuterium elimination method. Water loss was highly reproducible and ranged from 0·20 to 0·35 l/MJ, independent of season and activity level, with higher values in women. Water loss was related to water and energy intake in summer (r 0·96, P<0·0001 and r 0·68, P<0·001, respectively) as well as in winter (r 0·98, P<0·0001 and r 0·63, P<0·01, respectively). Water loss was, for men, higher in subjects with a higher physical activity in summer (r 0·94, P<0·0001) and in winter (r 0·70, P<0·05). Normalizing water loss for differences in energy expenditure by expressing water loss in litres per MJ resulted in the same value for men in summer and winter. For women, physical activity-adjusted values of water loss were higher, especially in summer. In men, water turnover was determined by energy intake and physical activity, while seasonal effects appeared through energy expenditure. Women showed a higher water turnover that was unrelated to physical activity.

Free Living Energy Expenditure in Post Menopausal Women before and after Exercise Training

2001 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 226-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lara R. Keytel ◽  
Michael I. Lambert ◽  
Judith Johnson ◽  
Timothy D. Noakes ◽  
Estelle V. Lambert
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Moderate Exercise ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Menopausal Women ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Post Menopausal ◽  
Submaximal Heart Rate

The aim of the study was to determine the effects of 8 weeks of moderate exercise training, on 24-hour free living energy expenditure in previously sedentary post-menopausal women. The experimental group (EX) included 9 women. Ten non-exercising control subjects (CON) were recruited to undergo pre- and post-testing. Estimated total daily energy expenditure (TDEE), total 24-hour heart beats (HB), total energy intake (TEI), resting metabolic rate, maximal oxygen consumption (V̇O2max), body composition, and submaximal heart rate were measured before and after the exercise intervention. Body composition did not change (body fat % in CON 34.0 ± 4.0% vs. 33.9 ± 3.6% and EX 34.1 ± 4.0% vs. 34.0 ± 3.4%). Mean submaximal heart rate during steady-state exercise in EX was lower after training compared to CON (p < .05); however, V̇O2max did not significantly (CON 1.96 ± 0.23 vs. 1.99 ± 0.241 LO2/min and EX 1.86 ± 0.39 vs. 1.94 ± 0.30 LO2/min). Neither estimated TDEE (CON, 11.6 ± 2.0 vs. 11.4 ± 2.78 MJ; and EX 11.4 ± 3.3 vs. 11.5 ± 2.5 MJ, pre vs. post, respectively), RMR (CON 134.2 ± 9.4 vs. 136.9 ± 15.0 KJ/kgFFM/day, and EX 138.4 ± 6.4 vs. 140.7 ± 14.2 KJ/kgFFM/day, pre vs. post, respectively), TEI (CON 7.9 ± 2.2 vs. 8.2 ± 2.5 MJ, and EX 9.4 ±1.6 vs. 8.3 ± 2.8 MJ), nor HB (CON 110,808 ± 12,574 vs. 107,366 ± 12,864 beats, and EX 110,188 ± 9,219 vs. 114,590 ± 12,750 beats) change over 8 weeks in either group. These data suggest that a moderate exercise program may not impact on TDEE, RMR, TEI, or HB in previously sedentary, older women.

Body composition and energy expenditure: Relationship and changes in obese subjects before and after biliopancreatic diversion

Metabolism ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 52 (5) ◽  
pp. 552-558 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto M. Tacchino ◽  
Antonio Mancini ◽  
Michele Perrelli ◽  
Antonio Bianchi ◽  
Antonella Giampietro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Biliopancreatic Diversion ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Obese Subjects

scholarly journals Energy expenditure, nutritional status, body composition and physical fitness of Royal Marines during a 6-month operational deployment in Afghanistan

2014 ◽  
Vol 112 (5) ◽  
pp. 821-829 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanne L. Fallowfield ◽  
Simon K. Delves ◽  
Neil E. Hill ◽  
Rosalyn Cobley ◽  
Pieter Brown ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Physical Fitness ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Aerobic Fitness ◽  
Military Personnel ◽  
The Body ◽  
Doubly Labelled Water ◽  
Micronutrient Status

Understanding the nutritional demands on serving military personnel is critical to inform training schedules and dietary provision. Troops deployed to Afghanistan face austere living and working environments. Observations from the military and those reported in the British and US media indicated possible physical degradation of personnel deployed to Afghanistan. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the changes in body composition and nutritional status of military personnel deployed to Afghanistan and how these were related to physical fitness. In a cohort of British Royal Marines (n 249) deployed to Afghanistan for 6 months, body size and body composition were estimated from body mass, height, girth and skinfold measurements. Energy intake (EI) was estimated from food diaries and energy expenditure measured using the doubly labelled water method in a representative subgroup. Strength and aerobic fitness were assessed. The mean body mass of volunteers decreased over the first half of the deployment ( − 4·6 (sd 3·7) %), predominately reflecting fat loss. Body mass partially recovered (mean +2·2 (sd 2·9) %) between the mid- and post-deployment periods (P< 0·05). Daily EI (mean 10 590 (sd 3339) kJ) was significantly lower than the estimated daily energy expenditure (mean 15 167 (sd 1883) kJ) measured in a subgroup of volunteers. However, despite the body mass loss, aerobic fitness and strength were well maintained. Nutritional provision for British military personnel in Afghanistan appeared sufficient to maintain physical capability and micronutrient status, but providing appropriate nutrition in harsh operational environments must remain a priority.

Does Exercise Testing Affect the Bioelectrical Impedance Assessment of Body Composition in Children?

2003 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 216-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fredric L. Goss ◽  
Robert J. Robertson ◽  
John Dube ◽  
Jason Rutkowski ◽  
Joseph Andreacci ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis ◽  
Bioelectrical Impedance ◽  
Impedance Analysis ◽  
Systematic Difference ◽  
Cycle Ergometry ◽  
Peak Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Impact

This investigation examined the impact of a cycle ergometry exercise test (CET) on body composition determined using leg-to-leg bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA; Tanita Model TPF-305). Fifty three children (25 males, 28 females) aged 10-12 yr participated. BIA measures of body fat (BF) were obtained immediately before and within five min of a multistage CET administered to assess peak oxygen consumption. Correlations (P = 0.01) of 0.99 were noted between the pre and post CET measures of BF. A systematic difference was not found in BIA measures obtained before and after CET. BF decreased by 0.4 and 1.2% following CET in the male and female subjects, respectively.

scholarly journals Divergent Energy Expenditure Impacts Mouse Metabolic Adaptation to Acute High-Fat/High-Sucrose Diet Producing Sexually Dimorphic Weight Gain Patterns

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Matthew Morris ◽  
Roberto D. Noland ◽  
Julie A. Allen ◽  
Colin S. McCoin ◽  
Qing Xia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Female Mice ◽  
High Sucrose

ABSTRACTObjectiveLong-term weight gain can result from cumulative small weight increases due to short-term excess caloric intake during weekends and holidays. Increased physical activity may mediate weight gain through increases in energy expenditure (EE) and reductions in energy balance. Current methods for modulating mouse EE (e.g. – exercise, chemical uncouplers, etc.) have confounding effects. However, it is known that mouse EE linearly increases as housing temperature decreases below the thermoneutral zone.MethodsTo determine how robust differences in baseline EE impact 7-day changes in weight and body composition on low-fat and high-fat, high-sucrose (HFHS) diets, we performed indirect calorimetry measurements in male and female mice housed at divergent temperatures (20°C vs. 30°C).ResultsAs expected, mice housed at 30°C have ∼40% lower total EE and energy intake compared to 20°C mice regardless of diet or sex. Energy balance was increased with HFHS in all groups, with ∼30% greater increases observed in 30°C versus 20°C mice. HFHS increased weight gain regardless of temperature or sex. Interestingly, no HFHS-induced weight gain differences were observed between females at different temperatures. In contrast, 30°C male mice on HFHS gained ∼50% more weight than 20°C males, and ∼80% more weight compared to 30°C females. HFHS increased fat mass across all groups but 2-fold higher gains occurred in 30°C mice compared to 20°C mice. Females gained ∼35% less fat mass than males at both temperatures.ConclusionsTogether, these data reveal an interaction between divergent ambient temperature-induced EE and sex that impacted diet-induced patterns of short-term weight gain and body composition.HighlightsUtilized ambient temperature differences as an experimental tool to study the impact of divergent baseline energy expenditure on metabolic adaptation to high-fat, high-sucrose diet.Baseline energy expenditure and sex interact to impact diet-induced changes in body composition and weight gain.The energy expenditure and sex interaction is a result of an inverse relationship between fat mass gain and weight-adjusted total energy expenditure, as well as, diet-induced non-shivering thermogenesis.These data support that the hypothesis that higher energy expenditure amplifies the coupling of energy intake to energy expenditure during energy dense feeding, resulting in reduced positive energy balance and reduced gains in weight and adiposity.First evidence that energy expenditure level plays a role in the composition of weight gained by female mice during acute HFHS feeding.This study further highlights issues with obesity/energy metabolism research performed in mice at sub-thermoneutral housing temperatures, particularly with sex comparisons.GRAPHIC ABSTRACTLegend: Male and female mice housed at 30°C had lower energy expenditure (EE) & energy intake (EI), while having greater energy balance (EB), during 7-day high-fat/high-sucrose (HFHS) feeding compared to male and female mice, respectively, housed at 20°C. However, female mice had lower EB compared to males at both housing temperature. Female mice housed at 30°C gained less weight than 30°C males but gained the same relative amount of fat mass during acute HFHS feeding. Interestingly, 20°C females gained the same amount of weight as 20°C males but gained primarily fat-free mass, while the males gained the same proportion of fat as 30°C males and females.

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