scholarly journals Energy expenditure and water turnover in hunting dogs in winter conditions

2011 ◽  
Vol 106 (S1) ◽  
pp. S158-S161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Øystein Ahlstrøm ◽  
Paula Redman ◽  
John Speakman
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Snow Layer ◽  
Water Turnover ◽  
Doubly Labelled Water ◽  
Hunting Dogs ◽  
Winter Conditions ◽  
Sled Dogs ◽  
Running Activity ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
The Mean

Hunting with dogs in winter conditions is practised in the Nordic countries. The present study aimed at determining daily energy expenditure (DEE) and body water turnover (BWT) by the doubly labelled water technique in eight hunting dogs (body-weight (BW) range 14–27 kg) working 3 h/d for 3 d ( − 6°C) on ground covered with 20–40 cm of loose snow, to provide information on energy and water requirements. The mean distance run during the hunting period was recorded by the global positioning system and averaged 19·4 km/d. DEE increased with increasing BW (P < 0·001) and varied between 7·20 and 16·6 MJ/d (mean 11·0 MJ/d) corresponding to 950–1350 kJ/kg BW0·75 per d (mean 1170 kJ/kg BW0·75 per d). The larger dogs tended to run longer than the smaller dogs and therefore spent more energy per kg BW0·75 but not significantly (P>0·05). DEE values determined were close to the values measured for hunting dogs running for 3 h/d in hot climates, suggesting that climate within the range of the two studies has little impact on energy expenditure per h running activity. Compared with the work of sled dogs per km travelled running on a track, the work performed by the hunting dogs was suggested to be higher when running in a loose snow layer. However, DEE was much lower because sled dogs ran for a longer distance each day. Mean BWT was 217 ml/kg BW0·75 or 19 ml/kJ metabolisable energy.

scholarly journals Energy expenditure of free-living reindeer estimated by the doubly labelled water method

Rangifer ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 20 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geir Gotaas ◽  
Eric Milne ◽  
Paul Haggarty ◽  
Nicholas J.C. Tyler
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Rangifer Tarandus ◽  
Water Flux ◽  
Co2 Production ◽  
Wild Ungulates ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Doubly Labelled Water ◽  
Svalbard Reindeer ◽  
Mountain Pasture ◽  
The Mean

The doubly labelled water (DLW) method was used to measure total energy expenditure (TEE) in three male reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) aged 22 months in winter (February) while the animals were living unrestricted at natural mountain pasture in northern Norway (69&deg;20'N). The concentrations of 2H and l8O were measured in water extracted from samples of faeces collecred from the animals 0.4 and 11.2 days after injection of the isotopes. Calculated rates of water flux and CO2-production were adjusted to compensate for estimated losses of 2H in faecal solids and in methane produced by microbial fermentation of forage in the rumen. The mean specific TEE in the three animals was 3.057 W.kg-1 (range 2.436 - 3.728 W.kg1). This value is 64% higher than TEE measured by the DLW method in four captive, non-pregnant adult female reindeer in winter and probably mainly reflects higher levels of locomotor activity in the free-living animals. Previous estimates of TEE in free-living Rangifer in winter based on factorial models range from 3.038 W.kg-1 in female woodland caribou (R. t. caribou) to 1.813 W.kg-1 in female Svalbard reindeer (R. t. platyrhynchus). Thus, it seems that existing factorial models are unlikely to overestimate TEE in reindeer/caribou: they may, instead, be unduly conservative. While the present study serves as a general validation of the factorial approach, we suggest that the route to progress in the understanding of field energetics in wild ungulates is via application of the DLW method.

scholarly journals Water loss as a function of energy intake, physical activity and season

2005 ◽  
Vol 93 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaas R. Westerterp ◽  
Guy Plasqui ◽  
Annelies H. C. Goris
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Resting Energy Expenditure ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Seasonal Effects ◽  
Water Turnover ◽  
Doubly Labelled Water

Although water is an important nutrient, there are no recommended intake values. Here, water intake, energy intake, physical activity and water loss was measured over 1 week in summer and in winter. Subjects were healthy volunteers, forty-two women and ten men, mean age of 29 (sd 7) years and mean BMI 21·8 (sd 2·2) kg/m2. Water intake was measured with a 7 d food and water record. Physical activity level (PAL) was observed as the ratio of total energy expenditure, as measured with doubly labelled water, to resting energy expenditure as measured in a respiration chamber. Water loss was measured with the deuterium elimination method. Water loss was highly reproducible and ranged from 0·20 to 0·35 l/MJ, independent of season and activity level, with higher values in women. Water loss was related to water and energy intake in summer (r 0·96, P<0·0001 and r 0·68, P<0·001, respectively) as well as in winter (r 0·98, P<0·0001 and r 0·63, P<0·01, respectively). Water loss was, for men, higher in subjects with a higher physical activity in summer (r 0·94, P<0·0001) and in winter (r 0·70, P<0·05). Normalizing water loss for differences in energy expenditure by expressing water loss in litres per MJ resulted in the same value for men in summer and winter. For women, physical activity-adjusted values of water loss were higher, especially in summer. In men, water turnover was determined by energy intake and physical activity, while seasonal effects appeared through energy expenditure. Women showed a higher water turnover that was unrelated to physical activity.

The energy expenditure of free-ranging black-browed albatross

1995 ◽  
Vol 350 (1332) ◽  
pp. 119-131 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Doubly Labelled Water ◽  
Data Loggers ◽  
Satellite Transmitters ◽  
The Mean ◽  
High Level ◽  
Free Ranging ◽  
Combining Information ◽  
Previous Assumption

As heart rate ( f H ) can be used to determine the energy expenditure of black-browed albatrosses ( Diomedea melanophrys ) (Bevan et al. 1994), data loggers - recording f H and abdominal temperature ( T ab ) -were implanted into free-ranging black-browed albatrosses breeding at South Georgia. Five birds also had salt water switches (sws) attached to one leg to record when the birds were on the water, and two others had satellite transmitters attached to their back to determine the birds’ position at sea. The birds were released into their natural environment and recaptured, on average, 23 days later when the data loggers were removed. The f H data were then converted into estimates of energy expenditure (ee) using a previously derived equation. The mean EE during incubation and brooding were 2.22 and 2.42 W kg -1 , respectively. When the birds were foraging at sea, EE increased to between 4.63 and 5.80 W kg -1 , depending on the phase of the reproductive cycle. As the birds spent approximately the same length of time at the nest and at sea during incubation and brooding, the overall mean ee during these phases were 3.63 and 3.54 W kg -1 respectively. These rates are significantly lower than that during the chick-rearing phase when a high level of foraging EE is maintained almost continuously. By combining information from the sws with the f H data, it was possible to determine the EE of the birds when on the water (5.77 W kg -1 ) and when flying (6.21 W kg -1 ). These values are approximately twice the estimated basal metabolic rate (BMR) for the species. The energy costs of flight are half previous values, estimated using the doubly labelled water technique, because of the previous assumption that birds on the water have an EE equivalent to BMR. When the birds were on the nest, T ab was 39.3 + 0.4 °C and this changed very little with time. However, when they were at sea, T ab showed large variations, depending on the behaviour of the bird. Information from the sws indicated that all large drops (> 0.5 °C) in Tab occurred when the birds were on water. The mean minimum value reached was 32.5 + 2.0 °C. It is likely that ingestion of prey or water are the major causes of this decrease. This is the first study to have used f H extensively to determine the EE of a free-ranging marine bird. The advantages of using this technique are that data can be obtained over long durations with high resolution, permitting the EE of different activities to be estimated.

scholarly journals The Assessment of Daily Energy Expenditure of Commercial Saturation Divers Using Doubly Labelled Water

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanjoy K. Deb ◽  
Eimear Dolan ◽  
Catherine Hambly ◽  
John R. Speakman ◽  
Olav Eftedal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Dive Depth ◽  
Physiological Status ◽  
Daily Energy Expenditure ◽  
Doubly Labelled Water ◽  
Work Activity ◽  
Daily Energy ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Measurement Period

Commercial saturation divers are exposed to unique environmental conditions and are required to conduct work activity underwater. Consequently, divers’ physiological status is shown to be perturbed and therefore, appropriate strategies and guidance are required to manage the stress and adaptive response. This study aimed to evaluate the daily energy expenditure (DEE) of commercial saturation divers during a 21-day diving operation in the North Sea. Ten saturation divers were recruited during a diving operation with a living depth of 72 metres seawater (msw) and a maximum working dive depth of 81 msw. Doubly labelled water (DLW) was used to calculate DEE during a 10-day measurement period. Energy intake was also recorded during this period by maintaining a dietary log. The mean DEE calculated was 3030.9 ± 513.0 kcal/day, which was significantly greater than the mean energy intake (1875.3 ± 487.4 kcal; p = 0.005). There was also a strong positive correction correlation between DEE and total time spent performing underwater work (r = 0.7, p = 0.026). The results suggested saturation divers were in a negative energy balance during the measurement period with an intraindividual variability in the energy cost present that may be influenced by time spent underwater.

Validation of saliva and urine use and sampling time on the doubly labelled water method to measure energy expenditure, body composition and water turnover in male and female cats

2020 ◽  
Vol 124 (4) ◽  
pp. 457-469
Author(s):  
Camila Goloni ◽  
Francine M. Peres ◽  
Igor L. S. Senhorello ◽  
Ludmilla G. Di Santo ◽  
Fernanda S. Mendonça ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Sampling Time ◽  
Isotope Enrichment ◽  
Water Turnover ◽  
Doubly Labelled Water ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Linear Elimination ◽  
Sampling Times

AbstractLess invasive protocols are necessary to study energy expenditure (EE) of cats living in homes for expressing their normal living conditions. The present study compared sampling times and the use of saliva, urine and blood to measure 2H and 18O to apply the doubly labelled water method. In the first study, four cats were used to evaluate the enrichment (2, 4, 6, 7 and 8 h) and elimination (2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18 and 20 d) of 2H and 18O (subcutaneously injected). The maximum enrichment was after 5 h (R2 0·82) of injection, with an Ln linear elimination of both isotopes (P < 0·001; R2 0·99). The results of EE were similar, regardless of the sampling time used (P = 0·999). In the second study, seven male cats and seven female cats were used. Before and after isotope injection (5 h, 7 d, 10 d and 14 d), blood, saliva and urine were collected. Isotope enrichment was lower in urine (P < 0·05) and at the similar level in blood and saliva. Isotope elimination was similar for all fluids (P < 0·473). The EE calculated with blood and saliva was similar but higher for urine (P = 0·015). According to Bland–Altman statistics, blood and saliva presented low bias and high correlation (P < 0·001), but this was not observed for urine (P = 0·096). Higher EE was observed for male cats (384 (se 39) kJ/kg0·67 per d) than for female cats (337 (se 34) kJ/kg0·67 per d; P < 0·05). The sampling time for the method is flexible, and saliva can be used as a substitute for blood.

scholarly journals Total energy expenditure and energy intake in the pre-school child: a comparison

1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter S. W. Davies ◽  
W. A. Coward ◽  
J. Gregory ◽  
A. White ◽  
A. Mills
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Total Energy Expenditure ◽  
Relative Bias ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Doubly Labelled Water ◽  
The Mean

In a cohort (n 81) of healthy children aged 1.5–4.5 years, measurements of energy intake and energy expenditure were compared. Energy intake was calculated following a 4 d weighed record completed by the mother or guardian of the child. Total energy expenditure was measured using the doubly-labelled water technique. Mean energy intake and expenditure in the cohort were 4773 kJ/d and 4928 kJ/d respectively. The mean relative bias between the techniques was 154 kJ/d. In the older children (3.5–4.5 years) the mean relative bias was only 37 kJ/d. At the population level the measurements of energy intake and energy expenditure were extremely close, and the study has provided sufficient confidence in weighed intake methodology for it to be used in a major nationwide study of dietary intake and nutritional status of children aged 1.5–4.5 years.

scholarly journals Validation of ActiReg® to measure physical activity and energy expenditure against doubly labelled water in obese persons

2008 ◽  
Vol 100 (1) ◽  
pp. 219-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo-Egil Hustvedt ◽  
Mette Svendsen ◽  
Arne Løvø ◽  
Lars Ellegård ◽  
Jostein Hallén ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Body Position ◽  
Weight Bearing ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Metabolic Risk ◽  
Doubly Labelled Water ◽  
Activity Ratios ◽  
Obese Subjects ◽  
The Mean

ActiReg® is an instrument that uses combined recordings of body position and motion to calculate energy expenditure (EE) and physical activity (PA). The aim of the study was to compare mean total energy expenditure (TEE) measured by ActiReg® and doubly labelled water (DLW) in obese subjects. TEE was measured by the DLW method during a period of 14 d in fifty obese men and women with metabolic risk factors. During the same period ActiReg® recordings were obtained for 7 d. RMR was measured by indirect calorimetry and also estimated by standardized equations. Because EE may be disproportionately increased in obese subjects during weight-bearing activities, we established a new set of physical activity ratios (PAR). These ratios were based on oxygen uptake measurements during treadmill walking. The mean TEE according to the DLW was 13·94 (sd 2·47) MJ/d. Mean TEE calculated from the ActiReg® data and measured RMR was 13·39 (sd 2·26) MJ/d, an underestimation of 0·55 MJ (95 % CI 0·13, 0·98; P = 0·012) or 3·9 %. RMR derived from standard equations based on weight, age and sex were overestimated while the RMR based on fat-free mass values in addition was underestimated. Despite slight underestimation ActiReg® may be used to measure TEE in obese subjects on two premises: RMR should be measured, and the increased EE during weight-bearing activities in obese subjects should be considered.

scholarly journals Estimation of energy expenditure in free-living red deer (Cervus elaphus) with the doubly-labelled water method

1998 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 263-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Haggarty ◽  
J. J. Robinson ◽  
J. Ashton ◽  
E. Milne ◽  
C. L. Adam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Cervus Elaphus ◽  
Red Deer ◽  
Water Flux ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Doubly Labelled Water ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Distribution Spaces ◽  
Living Adult

Energy expenditure was estimated using the doubly-labelled water (DLW) method in summer in five free-living adult, non-pregnant, non-lactating, red deer (Cervus elaphus) hinds (weight 107.3 (se 0.9) kg; age 6 (se 1) years) on lowland pasture under typical farming conditions. Climatic conditions were monitored throughout the experiment. Errors due to 2H losses in CH4 and faeces were calculated from previous estimates of stoichiometries. CH4 production, fractionated water loss, urinary N and O2 consumption were estimated using an iterative approach. The water flux (rH2O) in these animals consuming only fresh grass was 12 (se 0.5) kg/d, the CO2 production (rCO2) was 1271 (se 4.0) litres/d and the mean energy expenditure was 25 (se 0.8) MJ/d. There were no significant differences in the isotope distribution spaces and flux rates, rH2O, rCO2 or energy expenditure using the multi-point or two-point approaches to calculation. The DLW-derived energy expenditure of 25 MJ/d is approximately 20% higher than the recommended intake of 21 MJ/d for adult hinds kept outdoors (Adam, 1986) and, at 757 kJ/kg0.75 per d, one third higher than the value of 570 kJ/kg0.75 per d for stags penned indoors (Key et al. 1984).

scholarly journals The oral [13C]bicarbonate technique for measurement of short-term energy expenditure of sled dogs and their physiological response to diets with different fat:carbohydrate ratios

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline Larsson ◽  
Øystein Ahlstrøm ◽  
Peter Junghans ◽  
Rasmus B. Jensen ◽  
Dominique Blache ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Blood Lactate ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Sled Dogs ◽  
Period 2 ◽  
Total Carbohydrates ◽  
Term Energy ◽  
Plasma Hormones ◽  
Metabolisable Energy

AbstractThe oral [13C]bicarbonate technique (o13CBT) was assessed for the determination of short-term energy expenditure (EE) under field conditions. A total of eight Alaskan huskies were fed two experimental diets in a cross-over experiment including two periods of 3 weeks. Effects of diets on EE, apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) and on plasma hormones, blood lactate and glucose were furthermore investigated. The percentages of metabolisable energy derived from protein (P), fat (F) and carbohydrates (C) were 26:58:16 in the PFC diet and 24:75:1 in the PF diet. Measurements of EE were performed in the post-absorptive state during rest. Blood samples were collected during rest and exercise and ATTD was determined after days with rest and with exercise. EE was higher (P< 0·01) in period 2 than in period 1 (68v.48 kJ/kg body weight0·75per h). The ATTD of organic matter, crude protein and crude fat was higher (P< 0·01) in the PF diet compared with the PFC diet, and lower (P< 0·01) for total carbohydrates. Exercise did not affect ATTD. Higher (P< 0·01) insulin-like growth factor 1 and leptin concentrations were measured when fed the PF diet compared with the PFC diet. Concentrations of insulin decreased (P< 0·01), whereas cortisol and ghrelin increased (P< 0·05), after exercise. There was no effect of diet on blood lactate and glucose, but higher (P< 0·001) lactate concentrations were measured in period 1 than in period 2. The results suggest that the o13CBT can be used in the field to estimate short-term EE in dogs during resting conditions. Higher ATTD and energy density of the PF diet may be beneficial when energy requirements are high.

Comparative water flux and daily energy expenditure of lizards of the genus Gallotia (Lacertidae) from the Canary Islands

1995 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcos Baez ◽  
Roland Vernet ◽  
Jacques Castanet
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Water Flux ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Daily Energy Expenditure ◽  
Water Fluxes ◽  
Water Turnover ◽  
Doubly Labelled Water ◽  
Water Influx ◽  
Daily Energy ◽  
Average Water

AbstractWater fluxes and daily energy expenditure (DEE) of Gallotia galloti, G. stehlini and G. atlantica, were estimated over a three-year period using the doubly-labelled water (DLW) method. Water influx varied little between seasons and between sexual categories. Juveniles tended to have higher water fluxes in spring in all three species; after a dry period the water turnover tended to decrease for all sexes in G. galloti and G. stehlini, whereas little variation was observed for G. atlantica. The average water influx, combined for all periods, was 46.27, 50.97 and 38.20 ml H2O.kg-1 d-1 for the three species respectively; only the last value differs significantly from the remaining two. The mean DEE, for all periods combined, were 189.7, 179.4 and 146.5 J g-1 d-1 for the three species respectively. As for water turnover, only the value for G. atlantica differed significantly. These data suggest that: G. atlantica may be better adaptated to maintain homeostasis during dry periods and that differences in interspecific DEE can also be explained by others factors than differences in habitat, climatic conditions, daily profiles of activity or body temperatures. We suspect that the incidence of intraspecific competition has more importance in G. atlantica than in the two other species.

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