The effect of sugar-sweetened beverages at 4 years of age on appetitive behaviours of 7-year-olds from the Generation XXI birth cohort

Abstract The consumption of energy-dense sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) and its low satiating effects may influence the development of child eating behaviours. We aimed to investigate the association of SSB consumption at 4 years on appetitive behaviours at age 7 years. Children from the Generation XXI birth cohort were included (n 3880). SSB consumption was evaluated through a FFQ and appetitive behaviours were evaluated through the Children’s Eating Behaviour Questionnaire, which includes eight subscales. Two composite factors, derived by principal component analysis (Appetite Restraint – related to Food Fussiness, Enjoyment of Food, Slowness in Eating and Satiety Responsiveness – and Appetite Disinhibition – related to Food Responsiveness, Emotional Under- and Overeating and Desire to Drink), were also investigated. The dose–response relationship between SSB consumption and appetitive behaviours was examined using multivariable linear regression (continuous eating behaviour scores) and multinomial logistic regression (tertile categories of eating behaviour scores). Child SSB consumption at 4 years was associated with higher Appetite Disinhibition and Desire to Drink and lower Food Fussiness and Slowness in Eating at 7 years. Consuming SSB ≥1 times/d (compared with a lower intake) was associated with 29 % increase in the odds of Desire to Drink (3rd v. 1st tertile). Pre-schoolers’ SSB consumption was associated with higher food approach and less food avoidant behaviours later in childhood. Family characteristics, particularly maternal SSB consumption, explained part of these associations. It is essential to promote the intake of water, instead of sugary drinks, and make parents and caregivers aware of the importance of this exposure, since they have a pivotal role in shaping children’s eating behaviours.

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Are closed campus policies associated with youth eating behaviours?

10.21203/rs.3.rs-36470/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Karen A Patte ◽

Adam Cole ◽

Wei Qian ◽

Megan Magier ◽

Michelle Vine ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fast Food ◽

Eating Behaviour ◽

Health Behaviours ◽

School Nutrition ◽

School Administrator ◽

School Level ◽

Eating Behaviours ◽

Sugar Sweetened Beverages ◽

Vending Machines ◽

Sweetened Beverages

Abstract Purpose The effectiveness of school nutrition regulations may be undermined by the food environment surrounding schools, particularly among adolescents, as they are less likely to eat lunch at school and have their own spending money. Given challenges in regulating the external food retail, policies where students are unable to leave the school property during the day have been suggested to improve student nutrition. The aim of this study was to examine whether closed campus policies (CCP) are associated with student eating behaviours. Methods The current study used student- and school-administrator survey data from 60,610 grade 9-12 students and 134 Canadian secondary schools participating in year 7 (2018/2019) of the COMPASS study. Multiple ordinal regression models tested school CCP as a predictor of weekday dietary behaviours (0-5 days), controlling for student- (grade, gender, spending money, ethnicity) and school-level (urbanicity, province, area median household income, school vending machines) covariates. Results A total of 16 schools reported CCP. Students who attended schools with CCP reported eating lunch purchased from fast food places or restaurants on fewer weekdays, but consumed sugar sweetened beverages (sodas/sports drinks or sweetened coffee/tea drinks) and snacks purchased from school vending machines on more weekdays, relative to students at schools with open campus policies. No significant differences in student reports of eating lunch brought from home, eating lunch purchased from the school cafeteria, or snacks purchased off-school campus were observed between schools with open and CCP. Conclusion CCP may help improve youth eating behaviour by reducing sugar sweetened beverages and lunch time fast food consumption on weekdays; however, students already purchasing food may shift from off-campus to within school options, highlighting the importance of ensuring healthy school food environments and encouraging students to bring home-prepared lunches. Future studies using experimental longitudinal designs are needed to determine the effect of school CCP on various health behaviours and outcomes.

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Are closed campus policies associated with youth eating behaviours?

10.21203/rs.3.rs-49189/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Karen Allison Patte ◽

Adam Cole ◽

Wei Qian ◽

Megan Magier ◽

Michelle Vine ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fast Food ◽

Eating Behaviour ◽

Health Behaviours ◽

School Nutrition ◽

School Administrator ◽

School Level ◽

Eating Behaviours ◽

Sugar Sweetened Beverages ◽

Vending Machines ◽

Sweetened Beverages

Abstract Background: The effectiveness of school nutrition regulations may be undermined by the food environment surrounding schools, particularly among adolescents, as they are less likely to eat lunch at school and have their own spending money. Given challenges in regulating the external food retail, policies where students are unable to leave the school property during the day have been suggested to improve student nutrition. The aim of this study was to examine whether closed campus policies (CCP) are associated with student eating behaviours.Methods: The current study used student- and school-administrator survey data from 60,610 grade 9-12 students and 134 Canadian secondary schools participating in year 7 (2018/2019) of the COMPASS study. Multiple ordinal regression models tested school CCP as a predictor of weekday dietary behaviours (0-5 days), controlling for student- (grade, gender, spending money, ethnicity) and school-level (urbanicity, province, area median household income, school vending machines) covariates.Results: A total of 16 schools reported CCP. Students who attended schools with CCP reported eating lunch purchased from fast food places or restaurants on fewer weekdays, but consumed sugar sweetened beverages (sodas/sports drinks or sweetened coffee/tea drinks) and snacks purchased from school vending machines on more weekdays, relative to students at schools with open campus policies. No significant differences in student reports of eating lunch brought from home, eating lunch purchased from the school cafeteria, or snacks purchased off-school campus were observed between schools with open and CCP.Conclusions: CCP may help improve youth eating behaviour by reducing sugar sweetened beverages and lunch time fast food consumption on weekdays; however, students already purchasing food may shift from off-campus to within school options, highlighting the importance of ensuring healthy school food environments and encouraging students to bring home-prepared lunches. Future studies using experimental longitudinal designs are needed to determine the effect of school CCP on various health behaviours and outcomes.

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Should We Tax Sugar-Sweetened Beverages? An Overview of Theory and Evidence

The Journal of Economic Perspectives ◽

10.1257/jep.33.3.202 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 33 (3) ◽

pp. 202-227 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Hunt Allcott ◽

Benjamin B. Lockwood ◽

Dmitry Taubinsky

Keyword(s):

Financial Burden ◽

The United States ◽

Self Control ◽

Sugar Sweetened Beverages ◽

Sugar Sweetened Beverage ◽

Tax Rate ◽

Sweetened Beverage ◽

Sweetened Beverages ◽

Sugary Drinks ◽

Poor Nutrition

Taxes on sugar-sweetened beverages are growing in popularity and have generated an active public debate. Are they a good idea? If so, how high should they be? Are such taxes regressive? People in the United States and some other countries consume remarkable quantities of sugar-sweetened beverages, and the evidence suggests that this generates significant health costs. Building on recent work, we review the basic economic principles that determine the socially optimal sugar-sweetened beverage tax. The optimal tax depends on (1) externalities, or uninternalized health system costs from diseases caused by sugary drink consumption; (2) internalities, or costs consumers impose on themselves by consuming too many sugary drinks due to poor nutrition knowledge and/or lack of self-control; and (3) regressivity, or how much the financial burden and the internality benefits from the tax fall on the poor. We summarize the empirical evidence about the key parameters that determine how large the tax should be. Our calculations suggest that sugar-sweetened beverage taxes are welfare enhancing and indeed that the optimal sugar-sweetened beverage tax rate may be higher than the 1 cent per ounce rate most commonly used in US cities. We end with seven concrete suggestions for policymakers considering a sugar-sweetened beverage tax.

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Assessment of adolescents’ diet at 14 years in the Danish National Birth Cohort: Development of questionnaire and perspectives for research

Proceedings of The Nutrition Society ◽

10.1017/s0029665120005479 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 79 (OCE2) ◽

Author(s):

Sjurdur Olsen ◽

Anne Bjerregaard

Keyword(s):

Birth Cohort ◽

Food Culture ◽

Health Study ◽

Future Research ◽

Research Database ◽

Considerable Variability ◽

Sugar Sweetened Beverages ◽

Sweetened Beverages ◽

Danish National Birth Cohort ◽

Long Term Follow Up

AbstractIntroduction:By October 2002, a little more than 100,000 women in their early pregnancies had been recruited in the Danish National Birth Cohort (DNBC), for long-term follow-up of themselves and their offspring. The overall purpose of DNBC is the establishment of a research database comprising information on exposures and other factors during pregnancy and early life that can be linked to health-related phenomena occurring throughout life. More than 90,000 live-born children are followed by questionnaires and registry linkages, and more than 500 peer-reviewed articles have so far been published from DNBC.The latest completed assessment in the children recorded diet and physical activity at age 14. Our group was responsible for the development and implementation of the questionnaire in DNBC. We report on its development; on selected data; and on their potential utility for research.Materials and methods:The questionnaire was an on-line food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ) comprising 158 food items. It was a substantially modified version of the questionnaire developed for the offspring of Nurses’ Health Study 2 participants (GUTS) adapted to the Danish food culture.Results:Mean BMI was 19, and 9.1% of boys and 8.3% of girls were overweight (n = the first 20,814 completed questionnaire). For boys and girls, respectively, estimated mean (SD) intakes were: Energy 9.3 (3.5) and 10.4 (3.9) MJ/d; Protein 15.7 (2.4) and 15.8 (2.5) E%; Fat 32.1 (4.6) and 32.6 (4.5) E%; Carbohydrate 52.2 (5.3) and 51.5 (5.3) E%; Sugar 7.8 (4.1) and 7.1 (3.8) E%; Fruits 213 (208) and 253 (222) g/d; Vegetables 201 (142) and 240 (163) g/d; Fish 96 (108) and 94 (107) g/w; Meat 792 (415) and 694 (381) g/week; and Sugar-sweetened beverages 1.2 (1.3) and 0.8 (1.1) L/week.Considerable variability was observed. E.g., for sugar-sweetened beverages, the highest quarter consumed more than 1.4 and the lowest less than 0.32 L/week; for fish, the corresponding figures were 120 and 30 g/week, respectively. We observed substantial gradients across sociodemographic groups.Discussion:Our data revealed a considerable variability in dietary intake in DNBC, with substantial sociodemographic gradients. These results point to an important and unique potential for prevention and future research. DNBC is the largest database worldwide of its kind with extensive information on dietary exposures in pregnancy (1) as well as during adolescence.

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Socio-economic disparities in Australian adolescents’ eating behaviours

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980013002784 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 17 (12) ◽

pp. 2753-2758 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Philippa Niven ◽

Maree Scully ◽

Belinda Morley ◽

David Crawford ◽

Louise A Baur ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Secondary School ◽

Fast Food ◽

Secondary School Students ◽

Social Inequalities ◽

Self Report ◽

Eating Behaviours ◽

School Students ◽

Sugar Sweetened Beverages ◽

Economic Disparities ◽

Sweetened Beverages

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the association between socio-economic position (SEP) and poor eating behaviours in a large representative sample of Australian secondary-school students.DesignCross-sectional survey of students’ vegetable, fruit, sugar-sweetened beverage and fast-food consumption assessed using validated instruments and collected via a web-based self-report format.SettingSecondary schools across all Australian states and territories.SubjectsSecondary-school students (n 12 188; response rate: 54 %) aged 12–17 years participating in the 2009–10 National Secondary Students’ Diet and Activity (NaSSDA) survey.ResultsOverall, 25 % of students reported consuming ≤1 serving of vegetables/d and 29 % reported eating ≤1 serving of fruit/d. Fourteen per cent of students reported drinking at least 1–2 cups of sugar-sweetened beverages/d while 9 % reported eating fast food ≥3 times/week. After adjusting for other demographic factors, students of lower-SEP areas were more likely to report low intake of vegetables (F(4, 231) = 3·61, P = 0·007) and high frequency of consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (F(4, 231) = 8·41, P < 0·001) and fast food (F(4, 231) = 4·59, P = 0·001) compared with students of high-SEP neighbourhoods. A positive SEP association was found for fruit consumption among female students only (F(4, 231) = 4·20, P = 0·003). Those from lower-SEP areas were also more likely to engage in multiple poor eating behaviours (F(4, 231)=5·80, P < 0·001).ConclusionsResults suggest that socio-economic disparities in Australian adolescents’ eating behaviours do exist, with students residing in lower-SEP neighbourhoods faring less well than those from high-SEP neighbourhoods. Reducing social inequalities in eating behaviours among young people should be a key consideration of future preventive strategies.

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Factors Influencing the Early Introduction of Sugar Sweetened Beverages among Infants: Findings from the HSHK Birth Cohort Study

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu12113343 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (11) ◽

pp. 3343

Author(s):

Vanessa Irvine ◽

James Rufus John ◽

Jane A Scott ◽

Andrew Hayen ◽

Loc Giang Do ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cohort Study ◽

Birth Cohort ◽

Vulnerable Groups ◽

Socioeconomic Background ◽

Birth Cohort Study ◽

Multivariable Logistic Regression Analysis ◽

Sugar Sweetened Beverages ◽

Early Introduction ◽

Sweetened Beverages ◽

Childhood Weight

Understanding the determinants of early introduction of sugar sweetened beverages (SSBs) may assist in designing effective public health interventions to prevent childhood weight related conditions (obesity). This study explores the relationship between family/infant characteristics and the early introduction of SSBs among infants in Sydney, Australia. Mothers (n = 934) from an ongoing birth cohort study were interviewed at 8, 17, 34, and 52 weeks postpartum. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to identify family/infant factors independently associated with the likelihood of early introduction of SSBs (<52 weeks of age). Of the 934 mothers interviewed, 42.7% (n = 399) of infants were introduced to SSBs before 52 weeks. Mothers who were born in Vietnam (adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) = 2.14; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.33, 3.47), other Asian countries (AOR = 1.62; 95% CI 1.02, 2.58) as well as single mothers (AOR = 3.72; 95% CI 2.46, 5.62) had higher odds of introducing SSBs early to their infants. Mothers from highly advantaged socioeconomic background (AOR = 0.43; 95% CI 0.28, 0.68), those who breastfed their baby for 17–25 weeks (AOR = 0.60; 95% CI 0.37, 0.99), 26–51 weeks (AOR = 0.65; 95% CI 0.45, 0.94), and 52 weeks or more (AOR = 0.62; 95% CI 0.43, 0.90); and those who introduced solids between 17–25 weeks (AOR = 0.58; 95% CI 0.36, 0.91) and 26 weeks or more (AOR = 0.55; 95% CI 0.34, 0.91) had reduced odds of introducing SSBs early. Tailoring health promotion programs for these vulnerable groups may delay the introduction of SSBs.

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The Political Economy of Sugar-Sweetened Beverages Taxation in Latin America: Lessons from Mexico, Chile and Colombia

10.21203/rs.3.rs-36858/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Angela Carriedo ◽

Adam Koon ◽

Luis Manuel Encarnación ◽

Kelley Lee ◽

Richard Smith ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Political Economy ◽

Latin America ◽

Civil Society ◽

Private Sector ◽

Policy Process ◽

Transnational Corporations ◽

The Political ◽

Sugar Sweetened Beverages ◽

Sweetened Beverages ◽

Sugary Drinks

Abstract Background: In Latin America, diet-related non-communicable diseases and sales of sugar-sweetened beverages continue to rise at an alarming rate. Calls for action suggest "multi-sector" and "multi-stakeholder" approaches involving civil society and the private sector, including transnational corporations. While the focus has often been on forming “partnerships” of public and private sectors, ensuring the primacy of public health goals remains a significant governance challenge. This paper analyses this governance challenge using the experiences of Chile, Mexico and Colombia in the adoption of taxation of sugar-sweetened beverages. The three countries offer useful comparisons given their similar political and economic systems, institutional arrangements and regulatory instruments. We conducted a qualitative synthesis of the existing empirical evidence applying a political economy analysis to identify successes and failures during the policy process to adopt and implement the tax.Results: The findings suggest that a major constraint was the political influence of transnational corporations in the policy process and on stakeholders. Intergovernmental support was critical to frame the sugary drinks beverages (SSBs) tax aims, mechanisms and its benefits, and for countries to adopt the measures. Coalitions for and against the tax were critical for the policy debates, and a lack of transparency throughout the agenda setting was diluted by powerful TNCs presences in the countries studied.Conclusion: Governance arrangements involving partnerships with private sector actors should recognize the asymmetry of power among them and address it. Such arrangements should adopt clear mechanisms to ensure transparency and accountability of all partners, and avoid the undue influence of unhealthy commodity industries. Support of several governmental entities simultaneously, grassroots groups, and civil society groups in NCD prevention policies is also needed.

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Characteristics associated with feeding organic foods during complementary feeding: the nationwide ELFE birth cohort

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114520005097 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-29

Author(s):

Blandine de Lauzon-Guillain ◽

Fleur Gaudfernau ◽

Aurore Camier ◽

Camille Davisse-Paturet ◽

Sandrine Lioret ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Birth Cohort ◽

Family Income ◽

Complementary Feeding ◽

Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽

Organic Food ◽

Family Characteristics ◽

Feeding Period ◽

Complementary Foods ◽

Organic Foods ◽

The Impact

Abstract Organic food consumption and its effects on health remain understudied in adults and in children. The aim of this study was to describe family characteristics associated with feeding infants organic foods during the complementary feeding period. The analysis included 9,764 children from the French ELFE birth cohort. In addition to telephone interviews conducted at 2, 12 and 24 months, a monthly questionnaire about milk feeding and complementary foods (including organic foods) was completed by parents between 3 and 10 months. Associations between family characteristics and feeding with organic foods during complementary feeding were analyzed by multivariable multinomial logistic regression. Overall, 51% of infants never consumed organic food during the complementary feeding period (up to 10 months), 24% sometimes, 15% often and 9% always or almost always. As compared with infants never fed organic foods, those “often” or “always” fed organic foods were born to older mothers, with higher education level or family income, and lower pre-pregnancy body mass index. As compared with never-smoking women, women who had stopped smoking before pregnancy were more likely to feed their infant organic foods. Feeding with organic foods was also related to long breastfeeding duration and later introduction to complementary foods. To conclude, associations between feeding with organic foods and family socioeconomic position as well as infant feeding practices need to be considered when studying the impact of organic foods on children’s health and development.

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Introducing Juice and Sugar-Sweetened Beverages in Early Infancy: Parental Knowledge and Intended Behaviors

Clinical Pediatrics ◽

10.1177/0009922820961080 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 000992282096108

Author(s):

Sandra Musial ◽

Ajibola Abioye ◽

Anarina L. Murillo ◽

Jessica Eskander ◽

Olivia Sykes ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Infant Nutrition ◽

College Education ◽

Parental Knowledge ◽

Early Infancy ◽

Sugar Sweetened Beverages ◽

Early Introduction ◽

Adverse Health Effects ◽

Sweetened Beverages ◽

Sugary Drinks ◽

Young Infants

Objective Assess caregivers’ knowledge about juice and sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) and identify factors that contribute to their early introduction. Methods One hundred forty-four parents of young infants completed a 45-item questionnaire focused on infant nutrition. Results Seventy-two percent of parents plan to give juice to their babies starting in the first year of life; only 16% plan to introduce SSBs. Parents with some college education or more were significantly less likely to report an intention to introduce juice ( P < .0001) and SSBs ( P < .001) in their children’s diets. Education level was significantly associated with knowledge about juice and SSBs ( P < .001). Parents with higher knowledge were significantly less likely to plan on introducing juice ( P < .001) and SSBs ( P < .001). Conclusion Parents of young infants lack enough knowledge about the detrimental effects of juice and sugary drinks. These knowledge gaps give pediatric providers a unique opportunity to provide anticipatory guidance starting in early infancy on the adverse health effects of juice and SSBs.

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The Psychology of Desire and Implications for Healthy Hydration

Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism ◽

10.1159/000515025 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 76 (Suppl. 1) ◽

pp. 31-36

Author(s):

Esther Katharina Papies

Keyword(s):

Eating Behaviour ◽

Grounded Cognition ◽

Psychological Processes ◽

Cognitive Mechanisms ◽

Sweetened Beverages ◽

Sugary Drinks ◽

Current Article ◽

Theory Research ◽

Desire To Eat

This article discusses the cognitive mechanisms underlying the motivation to consume sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) and outlines implications for developing healthy hydration habits. While the detrimental health consequences of consuming SSBs are well understood, the psychological processes underlying the motivation to consume them are understudied. To address this gap, the current article applies a grounded cognition theory of desire and motivated behaviour, which can be used as a framework to understand and potentially change the motivation for SSBs and healthier alternatives, such as water. The grounded cognition theory of desire argues that people represent foods and drinks through potentially rewarding simulations, or re-experiences, of consuming them. These simulations, in turn, can increase desire and motivated behaviour. In line with this theory, research on eating behaviour shows that people think about attractive food in terms of what it feels like to eat it and in terms of relevant eating situations and that these simulations predict the desire to eat. Similarly, emerging research on SSBs shows that people represent these beverages in terms of the sensory and rewarding experiences of drinking them, more so than water, and especially if they consume them often. These simulations, in turn, predict the desire for sugary drinks and actual consumption. This has implications for attempts to increase healthy hydration: in order to facilitate healthy choices, the immediate pleasure to be gained from consuming a healthy beverage should be emphasized, rather than its long-term benefits. Repeatedly facilitating healthy drink choices in similar situations can ultimately contribute to the development of healthy hydration habits.

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