The Psychology of Desire and Implications for Healthy Hydration

This article discusses the cognitive mechanisms underlying the motivation to consume sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) and outlines implications for developing healthy hydration habits. While the detrimental health consequences of consuming SSBs are well understood, the psychological processes underlying the motivation to consume them are understudied. To address this gap, the current article applies a grounded cognition theory of desire and motivated behaviour, which can be used as a framework to understand and potentially change the motivation for SSBs and healthier alternatives, such as water. The grounded cognition theory of desire argues that people represent foods and drinks through potentially rewarding simulations, or re-experiences, of consuming them. These simulations, in turn, can increase desire and motivated behaviour. In line with this theory, research on eating behaviour shows that people think about attractive food in terms of what it feels like to eat it and in terms of relevant eating situations and that these simulations predict the desire to eat. Similarly, emerging research on SSBs shows that people represent these beverages in terms of the sensory and rewarding experiences of drinking them, more so than water, and especially if they consume them often. These simulations, in turn, predict the desire for sugary drinks and actual consumption. This has implications for attempts to increase healthy hydration: in order to facilitate healthy choices, the immediate pleasure to be gained from consuming a healthy beverage should be emphasized, rather than its long-term benefits. Repeatedly facilitating healthy drink choices in similar situations can ultimately contribute to the development of healthy hydration habits.

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The effect of sugar-sweetened beverages at 4 years of age on appetitive behaviours of 7-year-olds from the Generation XXI birth cohort

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s000711452000447x ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-11

Author(s):

D. Costa ◽

S. Warkentin ◽

A. Oliveira

Keyword(s):

Birth Cohort ◽

Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽

Eating Behaviour ◽

Principal Component ◽

Family Characteristics ◽

Eating Behaviours ◽

Sugar Sweetened Beverages ◽

Sweetened Beverages ◽

Sugary Drinks ◽

Food Fussiness

Abstract The consumption of energy-dense sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) and its low satiating effects may influence the development of child eating behaviours. We aimed to investigate the association of SSB consumption at 4 years on appetitive behaviours at age 7 years. Children from the Generation XXI birth cohort were included (n 3880). SSB consumption was evaluated through a FFQ and appetitive behaviours were evaluated through the Children’s Eating Behaviour Questionnaire, which includes eight subscales. Two composite factors, derived by principal component analysis (Appetite Restraint – related to Food Fussiness, Enjoyment of Food, Slowness in Eating and Satiety Responsiveness – and Appetite Disinhibition – related to Food Responsiveness, Emotional Under- and Overeating and Desire to Drink), were also investigated. The dose–response relationship between SSB consumption and appetitive behaviours was examined using multivariable linear regression (continuous eating behaviour scores) and multinomial logistic regression (tertile categories of eating behaviour scores). Child SSB consumption at 4 years was associated with higher Appetite Disinhibition and Desire to Drink and lower Food Fussiness and Slowness in Eating at 7 years. Consuming SSB ≥1 times/d (compared with a lower intake) was associated with 29 % increase in the odds of Desire to Drink (3rd v. 1st tertile). Pre-schoolers’ SSB consumption was associated with higher food approach and less food avoidant behaviours later in childhood. Family characteristics, particularly maternal SSB consumption, explained part of these associations. It is essential to promote the intake of water, instead of sugary drinks, and make parents and caregivers aware of the importance of this exposure, since they have a pivotal role in shaping children’s eating behaviours.

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Unhealthy Attitude or Behavior Factors and Habitual Sugar Sweetened Beverages Consumption in Junior School Students: a Cross-Sectional Study in 2020 and Long Term Trend From 2012 to 2020

10.21203/rs.3.rs-96854/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Yuting Peng ◽

Danyang Wang ◽

Rui Zhang ◽

Rujun Ai ◽

Xiaofang Lin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

School Students ◽

Added Sugar ◽

Attitudes And Behaviors ◽

Sweetened Beverages ◽

Sugary Drinks ◽

Consumption Frequency ◽

And Behaviors ◽

And Behavior ◽

Long Term Trend

Abstract BackgroundSugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) consumption is the major source of added sugar intake and a common unhealthy eating behavior among youth in China and around the world. Excessive intake of SSBs has a negative impact on both short- and long-term health of adolescent. The targeting nutritional education and behavioral guidance, single use or as a supplement to the policy intervention like sales ban, is a low cost and effective intervening approach. The purpose of this study was to identify unhealthy attitudes and behaviors that affect youth's consumption of sugary drinks to provide evidence for subsequent targeted interventions.MethodsUsing the stratified cluster sampling method, a questionnaire survey was conducted among 1560 junior school students in Jinzhong City, Shanxi Province, in northern China and Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province, in southern China. The content of the questionnaire included sociodemographic characteristics, self-reported consumption frequency of SSBs, attitude, behaviors and habits related to SSBs consumption. The Cronbach coefficient of questions was 0.855. Data from the series surveys of 2012 and 2018 were also used in the long-term trend analysis.ResultsIn 1466 Chinese junior school students, 5.1 % consumed SSBs every day and 13.6 % consumed it 3-6 times/week. The binary logistic regression was significant (R2=31.1%, P=0.001), and the attitude and behavior factors contributed to 22.1% of the 31.1% variation that could be explained. Among all factors, four unhealthy attitudes or behaviors with the highest OR were "Drink SSBs as water" (OR=10.288, 95%CI: 6.392~16.558), "Deem SSBs not affect health” (OR=2.735, 95%CI: 2.032~3.681), "Just want to drink SSBs” (OR=2.302, 95%CI: 1.524~3.478) and “Purchase SSBs in advance” (OR=2.245, 95%CI: 1.454~3.465). The SSBs consumption frequency increased with the increase of risk score of unhealthy attitudes and behaviors. (χ²-trend=127.470, P<0.001). Both frequency of drinking SSBs and holding rates of unhealthy attitudes or behaviors decreased with the passage of time (P trend<0.005). The drinking times per month was significantly positively correlated with the risk scores from 2012 to 2020 (r=0.314, P<0.001).ConclusionThe consumption of sugary drinks was largely influenced by unhealthy attitudes and behaviors. Adolescents are in the critical period of cognitive and habit formation, thus targeted intervention should be taken to promote their SSBs related healthy attitude and behavior to reduce the intake of added sugar and benefit them for life.

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Seven-year trends in the availability, sugar content and serve size of single-serve non-alcoholic beverages in New Zealand: 2013–2019

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980020005030 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-13

Author(s):

Teresa Gontijo de Castro ◽

Helen Eyles ◽

Cliona Ni Mhurchu ◽

Leanne Young ◽

Sally Mackay

Keyword(s):

New Zealand ◽

Sugar Content ◽

Food Composition ◽

Soft Drinks ◽

Alcoholic Beverages ◽

Slight Reduction ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Sweetened Beverages ◽

Sugary Drinks ◽

High Sugar Content

Abstract Objective: To assess trends in relative availability, sugar content and serve size of ready-to-drink non-alcoholic beverages available for sale in supermarkets from 2013 to 2019. Design: Repeat cross-sectional surveys. Data on single-serve beverages to be consumed in one sitting were obtained from an updated brand-specific food composition database. Trends in beverages availability and proportions with serve size ≤ 250 ml were assessed by χ2 tests. Sugar content trends were examined using linear regressions. The proportion of beverages exceeding the sugar threshold of the United Kingdom Soft Drinks Industry Levy (SDIL) was assessed. Setting: New Zealand. Results: From 2013 to 2019, there was (i) an increase in the availability of sugar-free/low-sugar beverages (n 25 (8·4 %) to n 75 (19·1 %); P < 0·001) and craft sugar-sweetened soft drinks (n 11 (3·7 %) to n 36 (9·2 %); P < 0·001), and a decrease in availability of fruit/vegetable juices/drinks (n 94 (31·8 %) to n 75 (19·4 %); P < 0·001); (ii) small decreases in sugar content (mean g/100 ml) of sugar-sweetened soft drinks (3·03; 95 % CI 3·77, 2·29); fruit/vegetable juices/drinks (1·08; 95 % CI 2·14, 0·01) and energy drinks (0·98; 95 % CI 1·63, 0·32) and (iii) slight reduction in the proportion of beverages with serve size ≤ 250 ml (21·6 to 18·9 %; P < 0·001). In 2019, most beverages were sugar-sweetened or had naturally occurring sugars (79·1 %) and serve size > 250 ml (81·1 %) and most sugar-sweetened beverages exceeded the SDIL lower benchmark (72·9 %). Conclusions: Most single-serve beverages available for sale in 2019 were sugary drinks with high sugar content and large serve sizes; therefore, changes made across the years were not meaningful for population’s health.

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What Does Dorsal Cortex Contribute to Perception?

Open Mind ◽

10.1162/opmi_a_00033 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 ◽

pp. 40-56 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Erez Freud ◽

Marlene Behrmann ◽

Jacqueline C. Snow

Keyword(s):

Functional Role ◽

Object Perception ◽

Visuomotor Control ◽

Cognitive Mechanisms ◽

Dorsal Cortex ◽

Present Evidence ◽

Visual Attributes ◽

Dorsal Pathway ◽

Solid Objects ◽

Current Article

According to the influential “Two Visual Pathways” hypothesis, the cortical visual system is segregated into two pathways, with the ventral, occipitotemporal pathway subserving object perception, and the dorsal, occipitoparietal pathway subserving the visuomotor control of action. However, growing evidence suggests that the dorsal pathway also plays a functional role in object perception. In the current article, we present evidence that the dorsal pathway contributes uniquely to the perception of a range of visuospatial attributes that are not redundant with representations in ventral cortex. We describe how dorsal cortex is recruited automatically during perception, even when no explicit visuomotor response is required. Importantly, we propose that dorsal cortex may selectively process visual attributes that can inform the perception of potential actions on objects and environments, and we consider plausible developmental and cognitive mechanisms that might give rise to these representations. As such, we consider whether naturalistic stimuli, such as real-world solid objects, might engage dorsal cortex more so than simplified or artificial stimuli such as images that do not afford action, and how the use of suboptimal stimuli might limit our understanding of the functional contribution of dorsal cortex to visual perception.

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Eight-day consumption of inulin added to a yogurt breakfast lowers postprandial appetite ratings but not energy intakes in young healthy females: a randomised controlled trial

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114515004432 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 115 (2) ◽

pp. 262-270 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Sarah Heap ◽

Jessica Ingram ◽

Marron Law ◽

Amy J. Tucker ◽

Amanda J. Wright

Keyword(s):

Energy Intake ◽

Controlled Trial ◽

Eating Behaviour ◽

Hormonal Contraceptives ◽

Double Blind ◽

Randomised Controlled ◽

Desire To Eat ◽

Repeated Consumption ◽

Healthy Females

AbstractIncreasing feelings of satiety may reduce appetite and energy intake. The role of inulin consumption in impacting satiety is unclear. A randomised double-blind controlled crossover trial aimed to determine the effects of inulin+yogurt on satiety after 1 and 8-d consumption. The preload breakfast included 100 g vanilla yogurt with (yogurt-inulin (YI)) and without (yogurt-control (YC)) 6 g inulin. A total of nineteen healthy females (22·8 (sd 2·7) years) with non-restrained eating behaviour and taking hormonal contraceptives participated in the study. Day 1 and 8 visual analogue scale (VAS) ratings of Hunger, Fullness, Desire to Eat and Prospective Food Consumption (PFC) were collected at fasting and every 30 min for 180 min. Energy intake was calculated from a weighed ad libitum lunch and remainder of day food records. Total AUC was calculated for each VAS. Day 1 (VAS only) and 8 (VAS and energy intakes) data were compared between YI and YC using ANCOVA, and ANOVA was used to compare energy intakes on Day 1. There were no significant differences between Day 1 YI and YC AUC appetite ratings or energy intakes. However, 8-d consumption of YI v. YC was associated with lower Desire to Eat and PFC ratings but similar lunch and total day energy intakes. Therefore, the addition of 6 g inulin to a commercially available yogurt affected feelings of appetite, but not energy intake, after repeated consumption. These results suggest that inulin may be a suitable ingredient to increase dietary fibre consumption, with potential to impact appetite.

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Eating habits and physical activity in working adults: a formative research

10.21203/rs.3.rs-22544/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

N Badillo-Camacho ◽

S Torres-Castro ◽

MF Bernal-Orozco ◽

NM Torres-Carrillo ◽

M Altamirano-Martínez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Social Cognitive Theory ◽

Fast Food ◽

Social Cognitive ◽

Cognitive Theory ◽

Phenomenological Study ◽

Eating Habits ◽

Eating Behaviour ◽

Personal Factors ◽

Sugary Drinks

Abstract Background: Eating habits and physical activity are important factors for the development and prevention of non-communicable diseases. Therefore, the objective of this study was to analyse the beliefs, behaviours, and experiences of dietary and physical activity habits based on the constructs of the Social Cognitive Theory (SCT). Methods: An exploratory study with a qualitative methodology and a phenomenological study design was conducted using focus groups, in-depth interviews, and indirect non-participatory observation. The sessions were audio-recorded and transcribed with prior written informed consent. Data analysis was performed using a hybrid approach.Results: Workers reported that they do not eat vegetables or fruits daily; however, the consumption of fast food and sugary drinks was frequent. Participants’ behaviour is influenced by environmental factors such as reinforcements (economic bonus and company meetups & events), barriers (workplace policies) and facilitators (availability of drinking water, free tortillas , dining rooms, and recreational areas); and personal factors, such as low self-control when when choosing foods from the grains group (e.g. Mexican pastries, noodles and breads), and emotional confrontation (e.g. few workers try to use strategies to confront their emotions and avoid them from affecting their eating and physical activity). On the other hand, participants indicated not feeling capable of eating specific foods due to their taste, for example vegetables, and doing physical activity due to factors such as time. Finally, other key elements influencing workers’ behaviours were observational learning (participants eating behaviour and physical activity are influenced by their coworkers and family’s behaviours), social support (coworkers and family) and outcome expectations (participants’ hoping to improve their health by eating healthy and physical activity behaviours).Conclusions: Workers’s eating behaviour and physical activity could be modified if different influencing factors are simultaneously addressed. These findings will contribute to the development of worksite health programs, based on the SCT, to address the key factors that could improve workers’ eating behaviours and physical activity. Keywords: Eating habits, physical activity, adults, workers, workplace programs, qualitative research, Social Cognitive Theory.

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Should We Tax Sugar-Sweetened Beverages? An Overview of Theory and Evidence

The Journal of Economic Perspectives ◽

10.1257/jep.33.3.202 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 33 (3) ◽

pp. 202-227 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Hunt Allcott ◽

Benjamin B. Lockwood ◽

Dmitry Taubinsky

Keyword(s):

Financial Burden ◽

The United States ◽

Self Control ◽

Sugar Sweetened Beverages ◽

Sugar Sweetened Beverage ◽

Tax Rate ◽

Sweetened Beverage ◽

Sweetened Beverages ◽

Sugary Drinks ◽

Poor Nutrition

Taxes on sugar-sweetened beverages are growing in popularity and have generated an active public debate. Are they a good idea? If so, how high should they be? Are such taxes regressive? People in the United States and some other countries consume remarkable quantities of sugar-sweetened beverages, and the evidence suggests that this generates significant health costs. Building on recent work, we review the basic economic principles that determine the socially optimal sugar-sweetened beverage tax. The optimal tax depends on (1) externalities, or uninternalized health system costs from diseases caused by sugary drink consumption; (2) internalities, or costs consumers impose on themselves by consuming too many sugary drinks due to poor nutrition knowledge and/or lack of self-control; and (3) regressivity, or how much the financial burden and the internality benefits from the tax fall on the poor. We summarize the empirical evidence about the key parameters that determine how large the tax should be. Our calculations suggest that sugar-sweetened beverage taxes are welfare enhancing and indeed that the optimal sugar-sweetened beverage tax rate may be higher than the 1 cent per ounce rate most commonly used in US cities. We end with seven concrete suggestions for policymakers considering a sugar-sweetened beverage tax.

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Sugary drinks, artificially sweetened beverages and cardiovascular disease in NutriNet-Santé cohort

European Journal of Public Health ◽

10.1093/eurpub/ckaa165.573 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽

Author(s):

E Chazelas ◽

C Debras ◽

L Fezeu ◽

C Julia ◽

S Hercberg ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Prospective Cohort ◽

Body Weight Gain ◽

Metabolic Effects ◽

Current Debate ◽

National Health Insurance System ◽

Sweetened Beverages ◽

Sugary Drinks ◽

Incident Cases ◽

Artificially Sweetened Beverages

Abstract Introduction Sugary drinks consumption has increased worldwide in recent years and evidence demonstrating their detrimental impact on cardio-metabolic health is accumulating. Artificially sweetened beverages (ASB) are marketed as a healthier alternative, but their cardio-metabolic impact is being debated in the scientific community. This study aimed to investigate the relationships between the consumption of ASB, sugary drinks and the risk of first incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) in a large prospective cohort. Methods The French NutriNet-Santé cohort was launched in 2009. Every 6 months participants are asked to fill 3 validated web-based 24-hour dietary records. All major health events reported by participants were validated based on their medical records by a committee of physicians. Data were also linked to national health insurance system and to the French national cause of specific mortality registry. For each type of beverage, 3 categories were defined as follows: non-consumers, low consumers and high consumers (separated by sex-specific median among consumers). Multi-adjusted Cox proportional hazard models with age as the primary time scale were performed. Results A total of 104,761 participants were included. During follow-up (2009-2019), 1,379 first incident cases of CVD occurred. Compared to non-consumers, higher consumers of sugary drinks had a higher risk of overall CVD (HR = 1.21, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.40, Ptrend=0.009). Higher consumers of ASB had also a significantly higher risk of CVD (HR = 1.30, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.71, Ptrend =0.04). Conclusions Both sugary drinks and ASB were similarly associated with CVD risk. The health effects of non-nutritive sweeteners is currently being debated based on contrasted epidemiological results. Mechanistic data suggests metabolic effects through gut microbiota perturbation and body weight gain. To imply a causal link, they need replication in other large-scale prospective cohort as well as further mechanistic investigations. Key messages Higher consumption of sugary drinks and ASB was associated with higher risk of CVD, suggesting that ASB might not be a healthy substitute for sugary drinks when considering cardiovascular health. These data provide additional arguments to feed the current debate on taxes, labeling and regulation of sugary and artificially sweetened beverages.

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Evidence for short-term, but not long-term, transfer effects in the temporal preparation of auditory stimuli

Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology ◽

10.1177/1747021819854044 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 72 (11) ◽

pp. 2672-2679

Author(s):

Emily M Crowe ◽

Christopher Kent

Keyword(s):

Hazard Function ◽

Auditory Stimuli ◽

Transfer Phase ◽

Cognitive Mechanisms ◽

Transfer Effects ◽

Short Term ◽

Temporal Preparation ◽

Specific Memory

Starting procedures in racing sports consist of a warning (e.g., “Set”) followed by a target (e.g., “Go”) signal. During this interval (the foreperiod), athletes engage in temporal preparation whereby they prepare to respond to the target as quickly as possible. Despite a long history, the cognitive mechanisms underlying this process are debated. Recently, it has been suggested that traces of previous temporal durations drive temporal preparation performance rather than the traditional explanation that performance is related to the currently perceived hazard function. Los and colleagues used visual stimuli for the warning and target signals. As racing sports typically rely upon auditory stimuli, we investigated the role of memory on temporal preparation in the auditory domain. Experiment 1 investigated long-term transfer effects. In an acquisition phase, two groups of participants were exposed to different foreperiod distributions. One week later, during a transfer phase, both groups received the same distribution of foreperiods. There was no evidence for transfer effects. Therefore, Experiment 2 examined short-term transfer effects in which acquisition and transfer phases were completed in the same testing session. There was some evidence for transfer effects, but this was limited, suggesting that there may be modality-specific memory differences.

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Physical state of meal affects gastric emptying, cholecystokinin release and satiety

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114598001615 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 80 (6) ◽

pp. 521-527 ◽

Cited By ~ 111

Author(s):

A. Santangelo ◽

M. Peracchi ◽

D. Conte ◽

M. Fraquelli ◽

M. Porrini

Keyword(s):

Gastric Emptying ◽

Physical State ◽

Eating Behaviour ◽

Gastric Emptying Rate ◽

Plasma Cholecystokinin ◽

Influence Of Food ◽

Gastric Emptying Time ◽

Solid Liquid ◽

Desire To Eat ◽

Antral Area

To verify the influence of food consistency on satiety mechanisms we evaluated the effects of the same meal in solid–liquid (SM) and homogenized (HM) form on satiety sensation, gastric emptying rate and plasma cholecystokinin (CCK) concentration. Eight healthy men, aged 21-28 (mean 24·5) years were given two meals (cooked vegetables 250 g, cheese 35 g, croutons 50 g and olive oil 25 g, total energy 2573 kJ, with water 300 ml) differing only in physical state: SM and HM. The subjects consumed the meals in randomized order on non-consecutive days. The sensations of fullness, satiety and desire to eat were evaluated by means of a questionnaire, gastric emptying was assessed by ultrasonographic measurement of antral area, and plasma CCK concentration was measured by radioimmunoassay. The vegetable-rich meal was significantly more satiating (P< 0·05) when in the HM form than when eaten in a SM state. Furthermore, the overall gastric emptying time was significantly slowed (255 (sem11) min after HMv.214 (sem12) min after SM;P< 0·05) and CCK peak occurred later (94 (sem12) min after HMv.62 (sem11) min after SM; NS) when the food was consumed in the HM form. Independently of the type of meal, antral area was significantly related to fullness sensations (r20·46,P= 0·004). These results demonstrate that meal consistency is an important physical food characteristic which influences both gastric emptying rate and satiety sensation. Moreover, the relationship observed between antral area and fullness sensation confirms that antral distension plays a part in the regulation of eating behaviour.

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