A new matrix for toxic baits for control of the leaf-cutting ant Acromyrmex octospinosus (Reich) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

1981 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 607-616 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Jutsum ◽  
J. M. Cherrett
Keyword(s):  
Slow Release ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Light Weight ◽  
Acromyrmex Octospinosus ◽  
Aerial Application ◽  
Citrus Pulp ◽  
Leaf Cutting ◽  
Excellent Control

AbstractA new easily-produced cheap compound for use as a bait matrix is described. The light-weight matrix of polyurethane is prepared from dense precursors into which suitable attractants and toxicants can be incorporated for the pest species in question. It has a high bait effectiveness/weight ratio, and so is very suitable for aerial application as large economically viable payloads can be achieved. When tested both in the laboratory and in the field on a small scale against the leaf-cutting ant Acromyrmex octospinosus (Reich), the bait was highly acceptable to the ants. Some formulations, especially those coated with mirex gave excellent control of ants in the field in Trinidad, killing all occupants of nests within four days of baiting. The bait exhibited good weathering properties, was resistant to fungus attack, and allowed the slow release of pheromones. It was much cheaper than the citrus pulp baits normally used in Trinidad.

The chemical basis for the use of citrus pulp as a fungus garden substrate by the leaf-cutting ants Atta cephalotes (L.) and Acromyrmex octospinosus (Reich) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

1978 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 673-685 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Mudd ◽  
D. J. Peregrine ◽  
J. M. Cherrett
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Fraction ◽  
Single Component ◽  
Atta Cephalotes ◽  
Fungus Garden ◽  
Acromyrmex Octospinosus ◽  
Chemical Basis ◽  
Citrus Pulp ◽  
Leaf Cutting ◽  
Lipid Components

AbstractComponents of dried citrus pulp were isolated and tested for arrestant activity for Atta cephalores (L.) and Acromyrmex octospinosus (Reich). Both lipid and non-lipid components contributed to the acceptability of the pulp. Arrestant activity was greater in the non-lipid fraction. Sucrose was found to be the most active single component of the non-lipids. The arrestant properties of the pulp were attributable to the particular balance of constituents rather than to any single component. The results are compared with the response of other insects to similar phytochemical stimuli.

Laboratory evaluation of new insecticides and bait matrices for the control of leaf-cutting ants (hymenoptera, formicidae)

1976 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 569-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Etheridge ◽  
F. T. Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Release ◽  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Orange Juice ◽  
Laboratory Evaluation ◽  
Atta Cephalotes ◽  
Acromyrmex Octospinosus ◽  
Release Formulation ◽  
Citrus Pulp ◽  
Leaf Cutting ◽  
Killing Action

AbstractLaboratory evaluation of alternative insecticides to replace persistent organochlorines in leaf-cutting ant baits is described, based on tests of 40 candidate compounds which were bioassayed with Atta cephalotes (L.) and Acromyrmex octospinosus (Reich). Insecticides having a suitable delayed killing action are listed, together with others which, although highly toxic to ants, had too rapid an action, but could feasibly be modified by using a controlled-release formulation.A search was also made for alternative bait matrices to replace the expensive and often inadequate materials in current use. Horticultural grade vermiculite with sorbed orange juice as an arrestant was the best matrix tested, being at least as attractive as dried citrus pulp, which was the best previously known matrix.Treatment of dried citrus pulp bait with propionic acid gave considerable protection against moulds, which spoil stored baits and baits placed in the field, and did not alter the attractiveness of these baits to ants.

The possible use of methyl 4-methylpyrrole-2-carboxylate, an ant trail pheromone, as a component of an improved bait for leaf-cutting ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) control

1978 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 159-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. W. Robinson ◽  
J. M. Cherrett
Keyword(s):  
Trail Pheromone ◽  
Nest Entrance ◽  
Acromyrmex Octospinosus ◽  
Atta Sexdens ◽  
Citrus Pulp ◽  
Single File ◽  
Atta Texana ◽  
Leaf Cutting ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Ant Trail

AbstractA trail pheromone, methyl 4-methylpyrrole-2-carboxylate (M4MP2C), of Atta texana (Buckley) was tested in the laboratory as a possible component of attractive poison bait for the leaf-cutting ants A. cephalotes (L.), A. sexdens (L.) and Acromyrmex octospinosus (Reich). For all three species, M4MP2C when impregnated onto paper discs increased pick-up of the discs. It also increased pick-up by Atta sexdens of a citrus-pulp bait. The addition of M4MP2C made them easier to find, although at high concentrations it was repellent. It did not affect the average number of ant investigations before the bait was picked up. The pheromone remained on citrus-pulp bait in active concentrations for approximately four days. To test -the effect of M4MP2C as a foraging stimulant for A. cephalotes, an apparatus was constructed in which the ants passed in single file over a transparent section of the trail where they were counted with a photoelectric cell. When bait impregnated with M4MP2C was placed on the foraging table, large increases in activity were recorded away from the nest but only small increases were recorded in the nest and at the nest entrance. When air containing M4MP2C vapour was injected into the fungus chamber, an increase in activity was recorded at the nest entrance, but this increase was not repeated when known amounts of the pheromone impregnated onto baits of filter-paper discs were added directly to the fungus chamber. It is suggested that factors other than M4MP2C are also involved in the stimulation of foraging activity. The experiments suggest that M4MP2C could play some part in the formulation of an attractive bait for the control of leaf-cutting ants.

scholarly journals Applications of Chemically Modified Clay Minerals and Clays to Water Purification and Slow Release Formulations of Herbicides

Minerals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
Tomas Undabeytia ◽  
Uri Shuali ◽  
Shlomo Nir ◽  
Baruch Rubin
Keyword(s):  
Clay Minerals ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Slow Release ◽  
Freeze Fracture ◽  
Nano Particles ◽  
Organic Cations ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
High Exposure ◽  
Model Calculations ◽  
Slow Release Formulations

This review deals with modification of montmorillonite and other clay-minerals and clays by interacting them with organic cations, for producing slow release formulations of herbicides, and efficient removal of pollutants from water by filtration. Elaboration is on incorporating initially the organic cations in micelles and liposomes, then producing complexes denoted micelle- or liposome-clay nano-particles. The material characteristics (XRD, Freeze-fracture electron microscopy, adsorption) of the micelle– or liposome–clay complexes are different from those of a complex of the same composition (organo-clay), which is formed by interaction of monomers of the surfactant with the clay-mineral, or clay. The resulting complexes have a large surface area per weight; they include large hydrophobic parts and (in many cases) have excess of a positive charge. The organo-clays formed by preadsorbing organic cations with long alkyl chains were also addressed for adsorption and slow release of herbicides. Another examined approach includes “adsorptive” clays modified by small quaternary cations, in which the adsorbed organic cation may open the clay layers, and consequently yield a high exposure of the siloxane surface for adsorption of organic compounds. Small scale and field experiments demonstrated that slow release formulations of herbicides prepared by the new complexes enabled reduced contamination of ground water due to leaching, and exhibited enhanced herbicidal activity. Pollutants removed efficiently from water by the new complexes include (i) hydrophobic and anionic organic molecules, such as herbicides, dissolved organic matter; pharmaceuticals, such as antibiotics and non-steroidal drugs; (ii) inorganic anions, e.g., perchlorate and (iii) microorganisms, such as bacteria, including cyanobacteria (and their toxins). Model calculations of adsorption and kinetics of filtration, and estimation of capacities accompany the survey of results and their discussion.

Characterization and Parametric Study of Multilayered IPMC Actuator

2014 ◽  
Vol 983 ◽  
pp. 161-165
Author(s):  
Muhammad Farid Shaari ◽  
Zahurin Samad
Keyword(s):  
Parametric Study ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Metal Composite ◽  
Ionic Polymer Metal Composite ◽  
End Effector ◽  
Ionic Polymer ◽  
Actuation Force ◽  
Polymer Metal ◽  
Robotic Applications

Ionic Polymer-Metal Composite (IPMC) has been utilized as an actuator in several robotic applications such as the actuator for its locomotion and gripper of the end effector. However, due to its low actuation force which is normally less than 10gf (depend on dimension), the application has been limited to small scale robot. Hence, in this research we propose a multilayer structure of IPMC actuator and investigate the actuation force increment. Besides, parametric study was also conducted to determine the force-to-weight ratio and the bending displacement. The obtained results had been compared to single ply IPMC actuator at the same thickness. The result shows that the increment of IPMC layer had increased the actuating force up to 30% for two layers and 40% for three layers. In addition, utilizing multilayered IPMC had reduced the stiffness constraint for thicker IPMC. This finding would be useful in designing stage of a small scale robot that require higher actuation force at a higher bending displacement.

scholarly journals Within-colony transmission and the cost of a mutualistic bacterium in the leaf-cutting ant Acromyrmex octospinosus

2003 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 260-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Poulsen ◽  
A. N. M. Bot ◽  
C. R. Currie ◽  
M. G. Nielsen ◽  
J. J. Boomsma
Keyword(s):  
Acromyrmex Octospinosus ◽  
Leaf Cutting ◽  
The Cost

Experimental Study on Electromagnetic Forming of Copper Sheets

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shanmuga Sundaram Karibeeran ◽  
Rajiv Selvam
Keyword(s):  
Sheet Metal ◽  
Metal Forming ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Electromagnetic Forming ◽  
Light Weight ◽  
Thin Sheets ◽  
Spring Back ◽  
Aerospace Applications ◽  
Copper Aluminum

The sheet metal forming of copper, aluminum alloys using conventional stamping processes posses various problems, because of the lower formability limits, spring back and the tendency to wrinkle compared to steel. The principle of electromagnetism using attractive force is adopted to modify the conventional stamping process, to form thin sheets of 0.05 mm thickness. Further, this process can be used to form many sheet metal components with less expensive tooling and lesser number of operations. This process ultimately leads to light weight, cost effective and better strength-to-weight ratio components required for aerospace applications. In this study, a maximum of 30.77 % reduction in diameter was observed at 2.75A using electromagnetic forming which leads to the absence of spring back.

Research and Development of Damping Device for Light Weight Mechanical Structure Using Damping Effect Caused by Eddy Current

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Osamu Furuya ◽  
Keiji Ogata ◽  
Toyohiko Tanaka ◽  
Hiroshi Kurabayashi
Keyword(s):  
Eddy Current ◽  
Base Isolation ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Control Technique ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Light Weight ◽  
Isolation System ◽  
Seismic Safety ◽  
Damping Effect ◽  
Kobe Earthquake

A base-isolation and vibration control technique has been applied positively to architectural and civil structures after Kobe earthquake, and now the techniques are adopted as general vibration reduction technique for many structures. In such situation, an application of the vibration attenuation device to the small-scale structure has been carried out actively in recent years. Especially, in the important institution of the cities such as a refuge place, a hospital, a school, an information and a communication institution where function maintenance is needed, it is important to maintain its performance of the machinery and equipment in the facility with an upgrade of structural seismic safety. Moreover, in the future, upgrading of seismic safety of the particular equipments is urgent business. This study has been examined a low cost and compact damping device for base-isolation system of light weight mechanical structures like a computer server rack. In this paper, the experimental and analytical results on the basic performances of the damping device using damping effect by Eddy-Current.

Designing an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle for Specific Aerial Applications of Insecticides and Herbicides

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed S. Mayeed ◽  
Gabriel Darveau
Keyword(s):  
Unmanned Aerial Vehicle ◽  
Lift Force ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Von Mises Stress ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Aerial Application ◽  
Bottom Line ◽  
Flight Duration ◽  
Aerial Vehicle

In this study a gasoline powered hexa-copter unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) has been designed as a solution to farmers’ need for a low cost, easy to maintain, long flight duration, and multi-purpose means of specific aerial applications for insecticides and herbicides. Application of herbicides and pesticides by airplane is an example of how farmers have used technology to improve their bottom line and overall quality of life. Fields can now be sprayed in under an hour instead of consuming an entire day. However, if a producer has noxious weeds in only a small area, fixed-wing aerial application cannot be used as it is only accurate enough to do an entire field. Currently there is no solution for small scale, accurate, aerial herbicide application to meet this need. The currently available Yamaha Rmax UAV costs a tremendous amount of money and also requires a lot of money to maintain. Though it may be useful in large scale aerial spraying on the farm land, it would not be used in targeted specific areas as it is not efficient in specific applications. The gasoline powered hexacopter UAV designed in this study is a low cost solution to farmers’ need for specific aerial applications of insecticides and herbicides. The UAV design can carry 2–3 gallons of herbicide (16.7–25.0 lbs.) for a flight time of more than 30 minutes without refueling. The design could be transported in a 60.3in × 56.7in pickup bed. Structural and fatigue analyses are performed on the complete structure using state of the art software SolidWorks Simulation. The minimum factor of safety is obtained to be 10 based on maximum von Mises stress failure criteria. Under normal conditions with an estimated commercial use of 100 cycles per day it is observed that the design would survive for about 13 years without any fatigue failure. A drop test analysis is performed to ensure the design can survive a 5 feet freefall and a frequency analysis is also performed to observe the critical natural frequency of the structure. Flow simulations are performed on the 6 propellers/blades model using state of the art software SolidWorks Flow Simulation to observe the effect of vorticity interactions on the lift force. The design has been reasonably optimized based on maximizing the lift force. With this new UAV design small scale and substantial farmers could afford a personal UAV for aerial applications with a small amount of capital whose absence hindered efficient and effective specific aerial application for many years.

Herbicide Applied to Imidazolinone Resistant-Maize Seed as aStrigaControl Option for Small-Scale African Farmers

Weed Science ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 283-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel Ransom ◽  
Fred Kanampiu ◽  
Jonathan Gressel ◽  
Hugo De Groote ◽  
Michael Burnet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Slow Release ◽  
The United States ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Maize Seed ◽  
Maize Productivity ◽  
Major Constraint ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Treated Seed ◽  
Evolution Of Resistance ◽  
Maize Yields

Strigais a major constraint to food production in Africa. Most technologies developed for the eradication ofStriga asiaticafrom the United States are not adaptable to Africa. Imazapyr and pyrithiobac coated imidazolinone-resistant (IR)-resistant maize seed prior to planting at rates of 30 to 45 g ha−1provide near season long control ofStrigaand can increase maize yields three- to fourfold if supplied with fertilizer. Slow release seed coatings reduce maize injury when post-planting rains are sparse and improveStrigacontrol when there is excessive rainfall early in the season. Models suggest that herbicide resistance may not be a significant threat in short season maize, but vigilance in removing floweringStrigaplants that are not controlled is recommended due to the known risk of evolution of resistance to these herbicides. Stacking the IR gene with glyphosate resistance and using imazapyr treated seed and applying glyphosate mid-season would provide season longStrigacontrol and delay the evolution of resistance to both herbicides. To date, adoption of this technology has been limited by a number of factors. However, it should be included as one component of a multi-factor approach to increasing maize productivity in areas of Africa whereStrigais problematic.

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