The effect of the green ant, Oecophylla smaragdina (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), on insect pests of cashew trees in Australia

1995 ◽  
Vol 85 (2) ◽  
pp. 279-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. K. Peng ◽  
K. Christian ◽  
K. Gibb
Keyword(s):  
Insect Pests ◽  
Anacardium Occidentale ◽  
Native Vegetation ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
Northern Australia ◽  
Oecophylla Smaragdina ◽  
Important Species ◽  
Field Surveys ◽  
The Future ◽  
Control Insect

AbstractThe influence of green ants, Oecophylla smaragdina (Fabricius), on insect pests of cashew, Anacardium occidentale Linnaeus, in tropical northern Australia was investigated using field surveys and field observations. Oecophylla smaragdina was abundant in the native vegetation of the area, and it was a dominant predator when found in cashew plantations. Oecophylla smaragdina significantly reduced the numbers of the four most important species of insect pests (Helopeltis pernicialis Stonedahl, Malipatil & Houston, Penicillaria jocosatrix (Guenée), Amblypelta lutescens (Distant) and Anigraea ochrobasis Hampson) on cashew trees, and trees with higher numbers of O. smaragdina produced higher quality nuts than trees with fewer numbers of O. smaragdina. Other ant species also reduced pest numbers, but not as much as O. smaragdina. The possibility of using O. smaragdina to control insect pests of cashew in the future is discussed.

scholarly journals Diseases and Insect Pests associated with Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) Orchards in Ghana

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 23-32
Author(s):  
A. Muntala ◽  
S. Kwadwo Gyasi ◽  
P. Mawuenyegan Norshie ◽  
S. Larbi-Koranteng ◽  
F. Kwekucher Ackah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Colletotrichum Gloeosporioides ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Anacardium Occidentale ◽  
Curvularia Lunata ◽  
Oecophylla Smaragdina ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
Kernel Infection ◽  
Colletotrichum Gloeosporioides Species Complex

Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.), a recently recognized cash crop in Ghana, is an economically export oriented crop that plays a helping role in the Ghanaian economy in diverse ways. Owing to its importance, surveys were conducted in some major cashew producing communities in Dormaa and Berekum West District of the Bono region to assess the problems of insect pests and diseases associated with this economic tree across the study area. Diseased samples showing varying degrees of symptoms were taken for isolation and identification using morphological method. Insect pests were also assessed and identified. The results showed Colletotrichum gloeosporioides species complex to be associated with anthracnose, leaf lesions or spots, gummosis of twigs and stems and regressive die-back; Lasiodiplodia theobromae was found to cause stem and twig gummosis, blight, die-back of twigs and inflorescence; Pestalotia sp. was associated with Pestalotia leaf spot. Others, such as Penicillium sp., powdery mildew, Curvularia lunata, Cephaleuros sp. (red rust- algal leaf spot), mushroom and lichens were also found to be associated with the cashew orchards in the study area. Anthracnose, gummosis, algal leaf, and stem spots (red rust) and cashew kernel infection by Curvularia lunata constituted the major diseases of cashew in ascending order in the study area. The insect pests identified included Oecophylla smaragdina, Anoplocne miscurvipeson, Pseudotheraptus devastans, Pachnoda cordata, Pachnoda marginata, Helopeltis bug, Helopeltis schoutedeni, Planococcus sp., Lamida moncusalis, Odontotermes sp., Aphis sp., Analeptes trifasciata. Some unidentified pathogens, pests and other abnormalities were also observed.

The Increasing Need to Control Insect Pests of Oilseed Rape in England

Bee World ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 163-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Free ◽  
A. W. Ferguson ◽  
Susan Winfield
Keyword(s):  
Oilseed Rape ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Control Insect

scholarly journals Prevalence of Insects in Traditionally Stored Rice at Farmhouses in Bangladesh

2021 ◽  
pp. 34-44
Keyword(s):  
Storage Time ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Sitophilus Oryzae ◽  
Small Farmers ◽  
Plastic Bags ◽  
Rice Moth ◽  
Plastic Bag ◽  
Meal Worm ◽  
Storage Structures ◽  
Control Insect

A survey was conducted to investigate rice storage practices at the farmer’s level and the prevalence of insects’ status through a pretested questionnaire in Mymensingh and Jashore districts, Bangladesh. For seed purposes, large, medium, and small farmers store about 40, 10, and 5 kg, respectively in the Aman season for 7 months whereas in the Boro season large and medium farmers keep about 80 and 20 kg for 5 months. Average storage time was the highest (7 months) for Boro and Aman rice by large and small farmers, respectively for consumption. Eleven storage items namely, Dole, Motka, Tin, Plastic Drum, Gunny Bag, Bamboo Gola, Dhari, Bamboo Auri, Berh, Steel Drum, and Plastic Bag were found. About 57 and 74% of farmers stored rice, among them 47 and 58% used traditional Dole in Jashore and Mymensingh, respectively. Tin and Berh (1%) were the least used storage structures. About 11 and 17%; 3 and 4% of farmers used neem leaf and chemicals especially phostoxin in storage as an insect repellent in these areas, respectively. The use of Plastic Bags increased sharply due to lightweight, availability, and low price, whereas Bamboo Gola, Berh, Motka users decreased remarkably. Relative abundance of the insect species was: Rice Moth Sitotroga cerealla, Rice Weevil Sitophilus oryzae, Red Flour Beetle Tribolium castoreum, and Lesser Meal Worm Alphitobious diaperinus. Maximum insect infestation was found in stored paddy in Dole followed by Motka, and Plastic Bag; and the least amount was observed in Plastic Drum in both regions. Three fourth of the respondents took no measures to control insect pests in stored rice.

Freshwater fishes of northern Australia

Zootaxa ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 4253 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
BRADLEY J. PUSEY ◽  
DAMIEN W. BURROWS ◽  
MARK J. KENNARD ◽  
COLTON N. PERNA ◽  
PETER J. UNMACK ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Conservation Planning ◽  
Information Sources ◽  
Fish Assemblages ◽  
Spatial Arrangement ◽  
Freshwater Fishes ◽  
Ecological Condition ◽  
Northern Australia ◽  
Field Surveys ◽  
Freshwater Habitats

Northern Australia is biologically diverse and of national and global conservation signicance. Its ancient landscape contains the world’s largest area of savannah ecosystem in good ecological condition and its rivers are largely free-flowing. Agriculture, previously confined largely to open range-land grazing, is set to expand in extent and to focus much more on irrigated cropping and horticulture. Demands on the water resources of the region are thus, inevitably increasing. Reliable information is required to guide and inform development and help plan for a sustainable future for the region which includes healthy rivers that contain diverse fish assemblages. Based on a range of information sources, including the outcomes of recent and extensive new field surveys, this study maps the distribution of the 111 freshwater fishes (excluding elasmobranches) and 42 estuarine vagrants recorded from freshwater habitats of the region. We classify the habitat use and migratory biology of each species. This study provides a comprehensive assessment of the diversity and distribution of fishes of the region within a standardised nomenclatural framework. In addition, we summarise the outcomes of recent phylogeographic and phylogenetic research using molecular technologies to identify where issues of taxonomy may need further scrutiny. The study provides an informed basis for further research on the spatial arrangement of biodiversity and its relationship to environmental factors (e.g. hydrology), conservation planning and phylogentic variation within individual taxa. 

Towards a phylogenetic ecology of plant pests and pathogens

2021 ◽  
Vol 376 (1837) ◽  
pp. 20200359 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew V. Gougherty ◽  
T. Jonathan Davies
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Global Changes ◽  
Ecological Communities ◽  
Native Plant ◽  
Plant Pest ◽  
Evolutionary Relatedness ◽  
Pest Outbreaks ◽  
The Future

Plant–pathogens and insect pests, hereafter pests, play an important role in structuring ecological communities, yet both native and introduced pests impose significant pressure on wild and managed systems, and pose a threat to food security. Global changes in climate and land use, and transportation of plants and pests around the globe are likely to further increase the range, frequency and severity of pest outbreaks in the future. Thus, there is a critical need to expand on current ecological theory to address these challenges. Here, we outline a phylogenetic framework for the study of plant and pest interactions. In plants, a growing body of work has suggested that evolutionary relatedness, phylogeny, strongly structures plant-pest associations—from pest host breadths and impacts, to their establishment and spread in new regions. Understanding the phylogenetic dimensions of plant-pest associations will help to inform models of invasive species spread, disease and pest risk in crops, and emerging pest outbreaks in native plant communities—which will have important implications for protecting food security and biodiversity into the future. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Infectious disease macroecology: parasite diversity and dynamics across the globe’.

Organochlorine and Organophosphorus Residues in Fat of Bovine and Porcine Carcasses Marketed in Ontario, Canada from 1969 to 1981

1983 ◽  
Vol 46 (10) ◽  
pp. 893-900 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. FRANK ◽  
H. E. BRAUN ◽  
G. FLEMING
Keyword(s):  
Insect Pests ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Industrial Chemicals ◽  
Organophosphorus Insecticides ◽  
Organochlorine Insecticides ◽  
Maximum Residue Levels ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Residue Levels ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Control Insect

Between 1969 and 1981, 2482 bovine and 554 porcine carcasses were sampled at provincially inspected abattoirs across Ontario. Abdominal fats were composited into 505 bovine and 122 porcine samples for analyses of organochlorine insecticides and industrial chemicals. Mean ∑DDT residues decreased from 257 μg/kg in 1969–70 to 12 μg/kg in 1981 for bovine fats and from 356 μg/kg in 1971–72 to 5 μg/kg in 1981 for porcine fats. Similar decreases in residue levels were observed for PCB. Dieldrin, with lower initial residues (i.e. 33 μg/kg in bovine fat and 12 μg/kg in porcine), decreased an order of magnitude over this same period. All decreases fitted first order logarithmic regression equations. Chloradane and heptachlor epoxide were rarely observed in bovine or porcine fat; however, the incidence in bovine fat increased after 1973 following the removal of aldrin, dieldrin and heptachlor in 1969 for soil insect control and the subsequent increased use of chlordane. Chlordane appeared at low levels (1–2 μg/kg) in bovine fat during the mid 1970s and remained detectable through 1981. Lindane residues in both bovine and porcine fat fluctuated from year to year and appeared to vary with the need to control insect pests. While present (2 to 39 μg/kg) in the early 1970s, lindane residues disappeared by mid 1970 but reappeared in fatty tissues in 1981 (3–13 μg/kg). A limited number of samples were analyzed for organophosphorus insecticides between 1973 and 1980 and residues were occasionally found. In 1981, the analyses became routine and 3.6% of bovine samples were found to contain detectable residues of fenthion; only 2 of 197 bovine samples exceeded the maximum residue levels permitted under the Food and Drug Act.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document