Diseases and Insect Pests associated with Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) Orchards in Ghana

Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.), a recently recognized cash crop in Ghana, is an economically export oriented crop that plays a helping role in the Ghanaian economy in diverse ways. Owing to its importance, surveys were conducted in some major cashew producing communities in Dormaa and Berekum West District of the Bono region to assess the problems of insect pests and diseases associated with this economic tree across the study area. Diseased samples showing varying degrees of symptoms were taken for isolation and identification using morphological method. Insect pests were also assessed and identified. The results showed Colletotrichum gloeosporioides species complex to be associated with anthracnose, leaf lesions or spots, gummosis of twigs and stems and regressive die-back; Lasiodiplodia theobromae was found to cause stem and twig gummosis, blight, die-back of twigs and inflorescence; Pestalotia sp. was associated with Pestalotia leaf spot. Others, such as Penicillium sp., powdery mildew, Curvularia lunata, Cephaleuros sp. (red rust- algal leaf spot), mushroom and lichens were also found to be associated with the cashew orchards in the study area. Anthracnose, gummosis, algal leaf, and stem spots (red rust) and cashew kernel infection by Curvularia lunata constituted the major diseases of cashew in ascending order in the study area. The insect pests identified included Oecophylla smaragdina, Anoplocne miscurvipeson, Pseudotheraptus devastans, Pachnoda cordata, Pachnoda marginata, Helopeltis bug, Helopeltis schoutedeni, Planococcus sp., Lamida moncusalis, Odontotermes sp., Aphis sp., Analeptes trifasciata. Some unidentified pathogens, pests and other abnormalities were also observed.

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Colletotrichum Gloeosporioides Species Complex: Pathogen Causing Anthracnose, Gummosis and Die-Back Diseases of Cashew (Anacardium Occidentale L.) In Ghana

European Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences ◽

10.24018/ejfood.2020.2.6.146 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2 (6) ◽

Author(s):

A. Muntala ◽

P. M. Norshie ◽

K. G. Santo ◽

C. K. S. Saba

Keyword(s):

Species Complex ◽

Colletotrichum Gloeosporioides ◽

Potato Dextrose Agar ◽

Causal Agent ◽

Anacardium Occidentale ◽

Causative Organism ◽

Pathogenicity Test ◽

Small Water ◽

Colletotrichum Gloeosporioides Species Complex

A survey was conducted in twenty-five cashew (Anacardium occidentale) orchards in five communities in the Dormaa-Central Municipality of Bono Region of Ghana to assess the incidence and severity of anthracnose, gummosis and die-back diseases on cashew. Cashew diseased samples of leaves, stem, inflorescences, twigs, flowers, nuts and apples showing symptoms (e. g. small, water-soaked, circular or irregular yellow, dark or brown spots or lesions on leaves, fruits and flowers, sunken surface, especially on the apples, blight, gum exudates) were collected for isolation of presumptive causative organism. The pathogen was isolated after disinfecting the excised diseased pieces in 70% ethanol, plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and incubated at 28 oC for 3 to 7 days. The identity of the putative pathogen was morphologically and culturally confirmed as belonging to Colletotrichum gloeosporioides species complex using standard mycological identification protocols. The pathogen had varied conidia sizes of between 9-15 up to 20 μm in length and diameter of 3-6 μm. The conidia were straight and cylindrically shaped with rounded or obtuse ends. The septate mycelium was whitish-grey, velvety and cotton-like in appearance from the top. The results confirmed the presence of the pathogen in the orchards with incidence ranging from 6.9% and 14.0% for gummosis and averaged 22.9% for anthracnose infected orchards. The result of the pathogenicity test confirmed the isolates to be pathogenic on inoculated cashew seedlings and were consistently re-isolated, thereby establishing the pathogen as the true causal agent of the said diseases in cashew trees and thus completed the Koch’s postulate.

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Management of insect pests and diseases of cashew nuts (Anacardium occidentale L.) in production areas

Journal of Chemical Biological and Physical Sciences ◽

10.24214/jcbps.b.11.1.12536 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Keyword(s):

Insect Pests ◽

Anacardium Occidentale ◽

Pests And Diseases ◽

Production Areas

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The effect of the green ant, Oecophylla smaragdina (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), on insect pests of cashew trees in Australia

Bulletin of Entomological Research ◽

10.1017/s0007485300034374 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 85 (2) ◽

pp. 279-284 ◽

Cited By ~ 49

Author(s):

R. K. Peng ◽

K. Christian ◽

K. Gibb

Keyword(s):

Insect Pests ◽

Anacardium Occidentale ◽

Native Vegetation ◽

Field Observations ◽

Northern Australia ◽

Oecophylla Smaragdina ◽

Important Species ◽

Field Surveys ◽

The Future ◽

Control Insect

AbstractThe influence of green ants, Oecophylla smaragdina (Fabricius), on insect pests of cashew, Anacardium occidentale Linnaeus, in tropical northern Australia was investigated using field surveys and field observations. Oecophylla smaragdina was abundant in the native vegetation of the area, and it was a dominant predator when found in cashew plantations. Oecophylla smaragdina significantly reduced the numbers of the four most important species of insect pests (Helopeltis pernicialis Stonedahl, Malipatil & Houston, Penicillaria jocosatrix (Guenée), Amblypelta lutescens (Distant) and Anigraea ochrobasis Hampson) on cashew trees, and trees with higher numbers of O. smaragdina produced higher quality nuts than trees with fewer numbers of O. smaragdina. Other ant species also reduced pest numbers, but not as much as O. smaragdina. The possibility of using O. smaragdina to control insect pests of cashew in the future is discussed.

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Doenças do álamo

FLORESTA ◽

10.5380/rf.v30i12.2323 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 30 (12) ◽

Author(s):

LOUISE LARISSA MAY-DE MIO ◽

LILIAN AMORIM

Keyword(s):

Leaf Spot ◽

Root Rot ◽

Colletotrichum Gloeosporioides ◽

Pests And Diseases ◽

Leaf Spots ◽

Melampsora Medusae ◽

The World ◽

Alternaria Tenuis ◽

Summer Time ◽

Important Disease

A cultura do álamo no Brasil, assim como no resto do mundo, enfrenta sérios desafios em relação a pragas e doenças. No que se refere a doenças, a ferrugem das folhas, causada por Melampsora medusae, é a mais importante da cultura. A doença provoca pústulas nas folhas, aonde são produzidos urediniósporos em grande número, responsáveis pela disseminação, podendo ocasionar epidemias no verão. Com o avanço da doença, a queda das folhas é antecipada, interferindo no crescimento da árvore e armazenamento de energia para o próximo ciclo. Além da ferrugem, outras manchas foliares como as causadas por Septoria, Alternaria tenuis e Colletotrichum gloeosporioides já foram detectadas no Brasil. A mancha de Septoria é a mais importante pois o patógeno causa cancros nos galhos e tronco das árvores. Também são relatadas na literatura manchas foliares causadas por Marssonina spp, Taphrina spp e Venturia spp, além de diversos cancros e algumas podridões radiculares. Abstract The poplar crop in Brazil, as in the rest of the world, has been attacked by a number of pests and diseases. The leaf rust, caused by Melampsora medusae is the most important disease. It causes pustules in leaves, which produces uredinospores in large quantities which spreads the disease causing epidemics in the summer time. After several cycles of the pathogen, the plant is early defoliated, grows poorly and retains less energy for the next year. Besides this disease, other leaf diseases caused by Septoria, Alternaria tenuis and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides have already been detected in Brazil. Leaf spot caused by S. musiva is the most important because the pathogen causes cankers in stems and branches. Other diseases have already been mentioned in different publications such as leaf spots caused by Marssonina spp, Taphrina spp, and Venturia spp, as well as several cankers and some root rot.

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Major Fungi Diseases of Cashew Trees (Anacardium occidental L.) in Cameroon

Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.5539/jas.v13n3p124 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 124

Author(s):

Jules Patrice Ngoh Dooh ◽

Christine Baba Djoumba Asta ◽

Bouba Djile ◽

Dany Brice Tsouala Tchoupou ◽

Alain Heu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Leaf Spot ◽

Colletotrichum Gloeosporioides ◽

Alternaria Solani ◽

Optical Microscope ◽

Curvularia Lunata ◽

Pathogenicity Test ◽

Integrated Disease Management ◽

Far North ◽

Management Approaches ◽

Respective Host

The culture of cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) is increasing in the Far North Cameroon. But, the productivity is threatened by the development of diseases in orchads. Therefore, the aim of this study is to identify diseases and pathogens involved in cashew cultivation. The diseases were identified under the basis of the identification keys. The fungal structures were characterized using an optical microscope and the pathogenicity test were carried out. Incidence, severity and prevalence of diseases were assessed in the dry season and the rainy season. Seven diseases and seven pathogens have been identified: anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz), pestalotia leaf spot (Pestalotia heterocornis), alternaria (Alternaria solani), drying of buds (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Phomopsus anacardii and Curvularia lunata), dieback (Colletotrichum sp. and Lasiodiplodia sp.), blight of leaves (Pestalotia heterocornis and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides) and powdery mildew (Oidium anacardii Noack). Whatever the season; anthracnose, pestalotia leaf spot an drying of buds are diseases with higher incidence (more than 85, 60 and 75% respectively) and higher prevalence. The severity of the diseases varied according to the location and season. Pathogenicity test revealed that all the test fungi were pathogenic to their respective host parts except cashew powder mildew and alternaria. The results of this study represent database for implementation of integrated disease management approaches in Cameroon.

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Evaluation of Dogwood and Birch Species and Cultivars for Resistance to Key Insect Pests and Diseases

Journal of Environmental Horticulture ◽

10.24266/0738-2898-19.2.73 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 19 (2) ◽

pp. 73-78

Author(s):

Monte P. Johnson ◽

John R. Hartman ◽

Robert E. McNiel ◽

William M. Fountain

Keyword(s):

Powdery Mildew ◽

Leaf Spot ◽

Insect Pests ◽

Urban Landscapes ◽

Popillia Japonica ◽

Japanese Beetle ◽

Pests And Diseases ◽

Cornus Mas ◽

Bronze Birch Borer ◽

Dogwood Borer

Abstract Ten cultivars of dogwoods (Cornus spp.) were evaluated in multi-year trials for relative reisistance to the dogwood borer, Synanthedon scitula (Harris); cold injury; canker disease, Botryosphaeria dothidea; spot anthracnose, Elsinoe corni; and powdery mildew, Oidium sp., Microsphaera sp., and Phyllactinia sp. Similarly, eight cultivars of birch (Betula spp.) were evaluated for resistance to the birch leafminer, Fenusa pusilla (Lepeletier); Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica Newman; aphids, Hamamelistes spinosus Shimer; the bronze birch borer, Agrilus anxius Gory; and leaf-spot, Cryptocline betularum. All cultivars of C. florida, C. kousa and C. kousa x florida were susceptible to dogwood borer, although the C. florida cultivars were surviving better than the others. Cornus mas and C. kousa cultivars were relatively resistant to powdery mildew while C. florida x kousa hybrids and C. florida ‘Cherokee Brave’ were intermediately resistant. Betula platyphylla szechuanica ‘Purpurea’ was highly susceptible to the bronze birch borer, whereas B. nigra and B. n. ‘Heritage’ were the most susceptible birches to aphid damage. Betula jacquemontii was highly susceptible to Japanese beetle defoliation. Betula pendula, B. nigra, and B. n. ‘Heritage’ were most susceptible to defoliation by birch leaf spot. This study suggests that dogwood and birch cultivars vary in susceptibility to key insect pests and diseases. Planting relatively resistant cultivars may be useful in managing perennial pests in urban landscapes.

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Inoculum concentration and pathogenicity of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides in jatropha leaves (Jatropha curcas).

Multi-Science Journal ◽

10.33837/msj.v1i4.177 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 1 (4) ◽

pp. 52-56

Author(s):

Milton Luiz da Paz-Lima ◽

Anderson Rodrigues Rietjens ◽

Franciele Cristina Silva ◽

Aline Suelen Silva

Keyword(s):

Jatropha Curcas ◽

Leaf Spot ◽

Rainy Season ◽

Light Microscope ◽

Colletotrichum Gloeosporioides ◽

Isolation And Identification ◽

Inoculum Concentration ◽

Potted Plants ◽

Progress Curve ◽

Detached Leaves

Abstract – In Brazil has been stimulated the use of Jatropha curcas as an alternative for use in biodiesel. Anthracnose-of-jatropha is a frequent disease main in regions and seasons with hot and moisture weather. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of inoculum concentrations and pathogenicity of C. gloeosporioides in jatropha leaves. Fruits and leaves collected during the rainy season (Urutaí, GO) presenting leaf spot symptoms were taken to the laboratory for isolation and identification of the pathogen. In light microscope he observed that this was an isolated Colletotrichum sp. From this isolate two assays were performed: a) inoculating test mycelial disks on potted plants (treatments with and without injury); b) conidial suspensions were inoculated at concentrations of 103, 104, 105 and 106 conídios.mL-1 using the method of "detached leaves" (wounding treatments with and without injury). In the first assay the plants showed a latent period of 11 days with an average severity of 1 %. In the second trial in treated wounds showed the highest values of area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) for concentrations of 105 conídios.mL-1 (2938.2 + 178.5) and 106 conídios.mL-1 ( 3685.2 + 347.5), statistically different from the others. And in no injury treatments, dilution 104, 105 and 106 conídios.mL-1 statistically equal AACPD values differing only in minor inoculated concentration. Through this work we can see the pathogenicity of C. gloeosporioides in jatropha and point the concentration of 106 conídios.mL-1 as ideal for testing and resistance studies jatropha anthracnose.

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Eco-smart pest management in rice farming: prospects and challenges

ORYZA- An International Journal on Rice ◽

10.35709/ory.2019.56.spl.7 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 56 (Special) ◽

pp. 143-155

Author(s):

SD Mohapatra ◽

R Tripathi ◽

Anjani Kumar ◽

Suchismita Kar ◽

Minati Mohapatra ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Insect Pests ◽

Mobile Apps ◽

Insect Species ◽

Economic Damage ◽

Pests And Diseases ◽

Pest Damage ◽

Disruptive Technologies ◽

Hyper Spectral ◽

Rice Pest ◽

Computer Based

The insect problem is accentuated in intensive rice cropping where the insects occur throughout the year in overlapping generations. Over 800 insect species damaging rice in one way or another, although the majority of them do very little damage. In India, about a dozen of insect species are of major importance but the economic damage caused by these species varies greatly from field to field and from year to year. Insect pests cause about 10-15 per cent yield losses. Farmers lose an estimated average of 37% of their rice crop to insect pests and diseases every year. This review focuses on precision farming tools being used in rice pest and diseases management viz., forecasting model for real-time pest-advisory services, hyper-spectral remote sensing in pest damage assessment, computer-based decision support system, disruptive technologies (mobile apps).

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