Some species of Atherigona Rondani (Diptera, Muscidae) from northern Nigeria, with special reference to those injurious to cereal crops

1971 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Deeming
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Sorghum Bicolor ◽  
Special Reference ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Cereal Crops ◽  
Northern Nigeria ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Pennisetum Typhoides ◽  
Shoot Fly

During investigations into shoot-fly damage to guinea corn (Sorghum bicolor), millet (Pennisetum typhoides) and maize (Zea mays) in rain-grown plots at Samaru during 1966, it became obvious that attack was not attributable to a single species (Atherigona varia var. soccata Rondani (=A. indica infuscata van Emden)), as was previously believed. This species is undoubtedly the principal pest of guinea corn seedlings and young plants in northern Nigeria (Map 1), but there are also many other species involved. During the following four years field trials were undertaken to establish the relative importance of the species within the area and to learn something of their biology.

Yield Increases in Summer Cereal Crops in Israeli Fields Inoculated with Azospirillum

1981 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Kapulnik ◽  
S. Sarig ◽  
I. Nur ◽  
Y. Okon ◽  
J. Kigel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Sorghum Bicolor ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Setaria Italica ◽  
Cereal Crops ◽  
Nitrogen Fixing ◽  
Panicum Miliaceum ◽  
Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria ◽  
Commercial Value

SUMMARYInoculatingZea mays(three cultivars),Sorghum bicolor, Panicum miliaceumandSetaria italicawith nitrogen-fixing bacteria of the genus Azospirillum in Northern Negev and Bet Shean Valley field experiments resulted in significant increases in yield of grain and foliage of commercial value. It was concluded that inoculating summer cereal crops in Israel may save valuable nitrogen fertilizer.

Distortion of guineacorn (Sorghum vulgare) caused by a mealybug, Heterococcus nigeriensis Williams, in Northern Nigeria.

1961 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 677-684 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Harris
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Zea Mays ◽  
Oryza Sativa ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Northern Nigeria ◽  
Sorghum Vulgare ◽  
Pennisetum Typhoides ◽  
Severe Stunting ◽  
White Tissue ◽  
Whole Plants

Distortion, a severe stunting and deformation of plants of guineacorn (Sorghum vulgare) in Northern Nigeria, has been shown to be caused by Heterococcus nigeriensis Williams feeding on the plants.The symptoms are striking; affected stems are much shorter and wider than normal and leaves are mis-shapen, with irregularly divergent veins and white tissue between the veins. Symptoms in the field vary from small patches of distortion on other normal plants to whole plants affected. The abnormal leaves of a plant with severe distortion are crumpled and remain rolled together. Growth of the plants virtually ceases if the mealybug infestation continues but, in the absence of mealybugs, affected plants recover and produce normal leaves.Distortion has been found in the field, commonly on Sorghum vulgare, Zea mays and Cynodon dactylon, and once only on Pennisetum typhoides and Chloris pycnothrix, respectively, and has been produced experimentally on Z. mays, C. dactylon, P. typhoides, Triticum aestivum, Oryza sativa and Digitaria exilis by transferring mealybugs from affected guineacorn.

Control of Glyphosate-Resistant Corn (Zea mays) with Glufosinate or Imazethapyr plus Imazapyr in a Replant Situation

2012 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 417-421 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tye C. Shauck ◽  
Reid J. Smeda
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Hybrid Corn ◽  
No Till ◽  
Available Resources

Undesirable stands of hybrid corn often result in a decision to replant; removal of the initial corn is recommended to reduce competition for available resources. Because much of the hybrid corn is glyphosate-resistant (GR), the particular herbicide and timing for control is challenging. No-till field trials were established in central and northeast Missouri in 2009 and 2010 to determine the efficacy of glufosinate POST in glufosinate-resistant corn or imazethapyr plus imazapyr POST in imidazolinone-resistant corn for the control of GR corn. Separate blocks of glufosinate-resistant and imidazolinone-resistant corn were planted in 76 cm rows, with GR corn established between rows at densities of 1 (low) and 4 (high) plants m−2. Herbicides were broadcast at corn heights of 10, 20, and 40 cm. Visual estimates of control rated 5 wk after treatment were highest for the 20 cm application height, ranging from 81 to 84% and 72 to 79% with glufosinate or imazethapyr plus imazapyr, respectively. Control was unacceptable at 10 and 40 cm, ranging from 26 to 62% and 24 to 83%. Dry weights per plant indicated that applications at all heights reduced GR corn biomass a minimum of 94 and 82% with glufosinate or imazethapyr plus imazapyr, respectively. Although control of GR corn with single applications of glufosinate and imazethapyr plus imazapyr was unacceptable for two of three application heights, reductions in corn biomass indicate applications were effective.

scholarly journals Macrofauna edáfica associada a plantas de cobertura em plantio direto em um Latossolo Vermelho do Cerrado

2008 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glenio Guimarães Santos ◽  
Pedro Marques da Silveira ◽  
Robélio Leandro Marchão ◽  
Thierry Becquer ◽  
Luiz Carlos Balbino
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Sorghum Bicolor ◽  
Cajanus Cajan ◽  
Pennisetum Glaucum ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Brachiaria Brizantha ◽  
Crotalaria Juncea ◽  
Stylosanthes Guianensis

O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar a macrofauna edáfica e avaliar o efeito de plantas de cobertura em plantio direto, nos principais grupos da macrofauna do solo, em duas épocas de avaliação em um Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso, com oito tratamentos (plantas de cobertura) e quatro repetições. As plantas de cobertura: Crotalaria juncea, guandu-anão (Cajanus cajan), Stylosanthes guianensis, Brachiaria brizantha, B. brizantha consorciada com milho (Zea mays), milheto (Pennisetum glaucum), mombaça (Panicum maximum) e Sorghum bicolor foram cultivadas de novembro a abril. Em setembro de cada ano, foi realizado o plantio de feijão, em cultivo irrigado por pivô central. A área útil em cada parcela foi de 60 m². Amostras de solo na forma de monólitos (25x25 cm) foram retiradas aleatoriamente em cada parcela, para contagem da macrofauna, às profundidades de 0-10 cm e 10-20 cm, em abril e em setembro de 2005. Os grupos taxonômicos, identificados em ordem decrescente de densidade relativa, são: Formicidae, Oligochaeta, Dermaptera, Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Miriapoda, Isoptera, Araneae, Lepidoptera, Blattodea e larvas de Diptera. Crotalaria juncea apresentou maior densidade de macrofauna, seguida por B. Brizantha, B. Brizantha consorciada com milho, Sorghum bicolor, Stylosanthes guianensis, Cajanus Cajans, Pennisetum Glaucum e Panicum maximum. O uso das plantas de cobertura, associado à irrigação na avaliação de setembro, favorece a colonização do solo pela macrofauna.

Competition theory — science and application in mixed forest stands: review of experimental and modelling methods and suggestions for future research

2013 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 71-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guy R. Larocque ◽  
Nancy Luckai ◽  
Shailendra N. Adhikary ◽  
Arthur Groot ◽  
F. Wayne Bell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Forest ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Experimental Designs ◽  
Competitive Interactions ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Forest Stands ◽  
Management Scenarios ◽  
Mixed Stands ◽  
Individual Tree

Competition in forest stands has long been of interest to researchers. However, much of the knowledge originates from empirical studies that examined the effects of competition. For instance, many studies were focused on the effects of the presence of herbaceous species on the development of tree seedlings or the decrease in individual tree growth with increases in stand density. Several models that incorporate competitive effects have been developed to predict tree and stand growth, but with simplified representations of competitive interactions. While these studies provided guidance useful for forest management, they contributed only partially to furthering our understanding of competitive mechanisms. Also, most competition studies were conducted in single-species stands. As competitive interactions occurring in mixed stands are characterized by a higher degree of complexity than those in single-species stands, a better understanding of these mechanisms can contribute to developing optimal management scenarios. The dynamics of forest stands with at least two species may be affected not only by competition, but also by facilitation or complementarity mechanisms. Thus, knowledge of the mechanisms may provide insight into the relative importance of intra- versus inter-specific competition and whether competition is symmetric or asymmetric. Special attention to the implementation of field experimental designs is warranted for mixed stands. While traditional spacing trials are appropriate for single-species stands, the examination of competitive interactions in mixed stands requires more complex experimental designs to examine the relative importance of species combinations. Forest productivity models allow resource managers to test different management scenarios, but again most of these models were developed for single-species stands. As competitive interactions are more complex in mixed stands, models developed to predict their dynamics will need to include more mechanistic representations of competition.

The Estimation of the Efficiency of Sampling, with Special Reference to Sampling for Yield in Cereal Experiments

1935 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 545-577 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Yates ◽  
I. Zacopanay
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Special Reference ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Sampling Methods ◽  
Cereal Crops ◽  
Loss Of Information ◽  
Preliminary Discussion ◽  
Experimental Errors ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
The Mean

The estimation of the experimental yields of cereal crops by sampling methods is considered in the light of results of eighteen experiments which were harvested by these methods at Rothamsted and its associated centres. The harvesting results of the Crop-Weather series of experiments are also included.A preliminary discussion of the interpretation of the analysis of variance as applied to sampling results is given, and an expression is found for the loss of information arising out of sampling. The results of the discussion are applicable to all types of sampling carried out on replicated experiments.The sampling and experimental errors of all the experiments have been calculated. The variation between sampling units in the same subplot (usually between l/100th and l/200th acre) was found to be such as would arise if each metre length of row had a standard deviation (about the plot mean) of the order of 25–30 per cent. of the mean yield.

scholarly journals Genetic diversity study of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moenc) genotypes, Ethiopia

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kassahun Tesfaye
Keyword(s):  
Sorghum Bicolor ◽  
Genetic Resource ◽  
Quality Analysis ◽  
Cereal Crops ◽  
New Variety ◽  
The World ◽  
Augmented Design ◽  
Genetic Diversity Study ◽  
Sorghum Bicolor L ◽  
Diversity Study

Abstract Sorghum bicolor is one of the most important cereal crops around the world, particularly in Africa, highly cultivated for dietary staple. For this reason, a good knowledge and usage of this genetic resource in sorghum accessions is highly vital for improving crop quality. Analysis of genetic variability among the accessions will enable accurate results in breeding. The research design used was augmented design, which is common in many gene banks. This research finding would be used later by plant breeders to select best performers for further evaluation of the crop and obtain a new variety of sorghum.

scholarly journals Evapotranspiração do feijoeiro irrigado em plantio direto sobre diferentes palhadas de culturas de cobertura

2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 577-582 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luís Fernando Stone ◽  
Pedro Marques da Silveira ◽  
José Aloísio Alves Moreira ◽  
Antônio Joaquim Braga Pereira Braz
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Sorghum Bicolor ◽  
Cajanus Cajan ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Pennisetum Glaucum ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Brachiaria Brizantha ◽  
Crotalaria Juncea ◽  
Stylosanthes Guianensis ◽  
Sorghum Bicolor L

O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o efeito das palhadas de diferentes culturas de cobertura na evapotranspiração do feijoeiro irrigado cultivar Pérola. O experimento foi conduzido por dois anos, 2002/2003 e 2003/2004, na Embrapa Arroz e Feijão, em Santo Antônio de Goiás, GO, em Latossolo Vermelho distrófico, em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. No primeiro ano, os tratamentos consistiram de sete culturas de cobertura, conduzidas em plantio direto: braquiária (Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu); milho (Zea mays L.) consorciado com braquiária; guandu anão (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millisp); milheto (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br. cv. BN-2); mombaça (Panicum maximum cv. Mombaça); sorgo granífero (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench cv. BR 304); e estilosantes (Stylosanthes guianensis cv. Mineirão). No segundo ano, foi acrescentada a crotalária (Crotalaria juncea L.). A evapotranspiração, durante o ciclo do feijoeiro, foi determinada pela metodologia do balanço hídrico de campo e variou de 259,8 a 343,7 mm, dependendo da cultura de cobertura e do ano. As palhadas de braquiária e mombaça, pela maior produção de matéria seca, propiciaram as menores perdas de água por evapotranspiração. As maiores diferenças entre as palhadas das culturas de cobertura, com relação à evapotranspiração do feijoeiro, ocorrem nos estádios iniciais e finais do ciclo.

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