Synergy between chemical and biological control in the IPM of currant-lettuce aphid (Nasonovia ribisnigri) in Canterbury, New Zealand

2009 ◽  
Vol 100 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.L. Fagan ◽  
A. McLachlan ◽  
C.M. Till ◽  
M.K. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Pest Damage ◽  
Nasonovia Ribisnigri ◽  
Chemical Usage

AbstractField trials were conducted at four Canterbury, New Zealand locations in 2005–06 to determine if the synergistic effects of biological control by natural enemies and standard drenching techniques controlled lettuce aphid populations throughout the entire growing season. Chemical usage significantly lowered aphid densities in the outer, wrapper and heart leaves compared to control plants at most times. However, in mid-summer, natural enemies, such as the brown lacewing (Micromus tasmaniae), 11-spotted ladybird beetle (Coccinella undecimpunctata) and small hoverfly larvae (Melanostoma fasciatum), were more than sufficient to control lettuce aphids without the use of insecticides. Drenching, in addition to natural enemy attack, appears to be required in early spring and late summer to maintain very low levels of lettuce aphid. Given the potential for imidacloprid resistance to develop, it may be advisable to restrict drenches to these key periods in order to allow populations of natural enemies to maintain control of prey populations. We recommend industry support the validation of action thresholds across different regions within New Zealand and focus on the seasonal biology of predators to assist growers with the sustainable long-term control of lettuce aphids. The inclusion of additional data into an economic model to compare pest damage with predator loading would be useful for growers in managing aphid problems. These results will assist in the continued improvement and development of a sustainable IPM strategy for lettuce aphids in New Zealand and elsewhere.

Reproduction of paua, Haliotis iris Gmelin 1791 (Mollusca:Gastropoda), in north-eastern New Zealand

1995 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 617 ◽  
Author(s):  
SH Hooker ◽  
RG Creese
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Gonad Index ◽  
Sharp Decrease ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Reproductive Pattern ◽  
Marine Gastropods ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Autumn And Winter

An examination of the reproductive condition of a population of paua, H. iris, at Leigh in north-eastern New Zealand during 1986-87 revealed a long breeding season extending from late summer through autumn and winter and into early spring. Within this period, a sharp decrease of over 60% in the gonad index for both males and females indicated major spawning events in July and October. A smaller decrease in the gonad index in March suggested a third, minor spawning. These spawning events were confirmed by regular examination of histological sections of gonadal material. This breeding pattern is different from that previously described for southern localities in New Zealand, where spawning activity is limited to a four-month period from late summer into autumn. Paua in this northern population had a sex ratio slightly biased towards males (1 female to every 1.3 males) and achieved reproductive maturity between the sizes of 48 and 60 mm shell length. These features are also different from those described for southern populations of H. iris. These findings highlight the need to take regional differences in reproductive pattern into account when describing the population dynamics of marine gastropods.

502. The vitamin A potency of New Zealand butter

1953 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. K. R. McDowell ◽  
F. H. McDowall
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Northern Hemisphere ◽  
Seasonal Variations ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Seasonal Trends ◽  
Late Autumn ◽  
Grazing Period ◽  
Summer Grazing

Results of a survey of the carotene and vitamin A contents, and of the vitamin A potency, of New Zealand butterfat and butter, are presented. The butter samples were drawn from twenty representative commercial factories at fortnightly intervals over three successive years (1946–8). The survey covers the analysis of 1517 samples of fresh butter and 670 samples of stored butter.There were uniform and regularly recurring seasonal variations in both carotene and vitamin A contents of butterfats from all North Island districts. Maximum values were found in the late-autumn/winter/early-spring, and minimum values in the late-summer/early-autumn butterfats. The seasonal trends were thus distinctly different from those which have been reported for northern hemisphere butterfats, for which the maximum values are commonly found during the summer grazing period.The seasonal variations in carotene and vitamin A contents of South Island butterfat were less marked and less consistent than those in the corresponding values for North Island butterfat.

scholarly journals Californian thistle and its variable response to the biological control agent Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

2016 ◽  
Vol 69 ◽  
pp. 258-262
Author(s):  
B. Smith ◽  
S.G. Casonato ◽  
A. Noble ◽  
G. Bourd?t
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Variable Response ◽  
Fungal Isolates ◽  
Californian Thistle

Californian thistle (Cirsium arvense) is a problematic weed particularly in permanent pastures The fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum has potential as a bioherbicide to control this weed but its variable efficacy in historical field trials suggest that there are differences in susceptibility to S sclerotiorum within the species To test this hypothesis the responses of 32 New Zealand provenances of C arvense to a foliageapplied myceliumonbarley preparation of S sclerotiorum were compared under common conditions Significant differences between provenances were found supporting the hypothesis that there is variation within C arvense in New Zealand in its susceptibility to S sclerotiorum Further work will examine differences in the efficacy of fungal isolates against different C arvense provenances

scholarly journals Miticides against citrus red mites (Panonychus citri)

2009 ◽  
Vol 62 ◽  
pp. 302-309
Author(s):  
L.E. Jamieson ◽  
P.S. Stevens
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Predatory Mite ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Panonychus Citri ◽  
Citrus Red Mite

Citrus red mite (CRM) Panonychus citri is only a significant pest of citrus in New Zealand when the broadspectrum activity of insecticides targeting other key pests disrupts the activity of its natural enemies The longterm solution to CRM control is to eliminate the use of disruptive agrichemicals but until this happens effective miticides are needed to control CRM Two smallplot field trials were conducted in 2004 and 2005 in a lemon orchard in Kerikeri In the first trial two applications of milbemectin abamectin fenpyroximate or propargite were effective against eggs and motile life stages Oil at 1 was not as effective as milbemectin at suppressing the incidence of eggs on leaves 6 weeks after application but was more effective than a 05 rate In the second trial the Stethorus sp ladybird and Agistemus longisetus predatory mite reduced CRM populations in both unsprayed trees and trees treated with miticides

Eutypa armeniacae. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1974 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. V. Carter
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Juglans Regia ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Prunus Dulcis ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Prunus Armeniaca ◽  
Abscission Layer ◽  
Water Splash

Abstract A description is provided for Eutypa armeniacae. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: As a pathogen on apricot (Prunus armeniaca) and Ceanothus spp. As a saprophyte on apricot (Prunus armeniaca), almond (Prunus amygdalus[Prunus dulcis]), apple (Malus sylvestris, walnut (Juglans regia), grapevine (Vitis vinifera), tamarisk (Tamarix sp.), Ceanothus spp. and Berberis darwinii. DISEASE: 'Gummosis' or 'dieback' of apricots in Australia (Adam et al., 1952). 'Cytosporina dieback' of apricots in California (42, 474). A contributing factor to the syndrome known as 'apricot apoplexy' in various European countries (Carter, private communications). Dieback of Ceanothus spp. in Australia and California (Moller et al., 1971). The dieback disease of apricots is also known to be associated with this pathogen in New Zealand (40, 88) and South Africa (Price, 1973). On apricot, the classical symptoms occur on trees of all ages: cankering, sometimes associated with exudation of gum, in the vicinity of wounds which expose the sapwood, most commonly those made by pruning instruments. Ultimately the leaves on the part of the branch distal to the canker wither and die, usually in mid- to late summer, typically remaining attached for many months because no abscission layer has formed. Internally, the sapwood is discoloured light brown to dark brown, with a dffluse margin. Pycnidia may appear, usually in winter, on wood and bark nearby advanced infections. The pycnidiospores have never been seen to germinate and appear to have no role in transmission of the pathogen. Perithecia are immersed in a stroma which may develop two or more years after death of a branch. The stroma may remain productive for at least six years, producing one generation of perithecia annually, maturing in early spring. In California and in South Africa, external canker symptoms were for many years confused with those caused by bacteria or the genus Pseudomonas, but the internal symptoms are usually quite distinctive and the presence of E. armeniacae has been confirmed by culturing and by serology. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australia, New Zealand, North America (California), Europe (France, Spain, Switzerland), South Africa. Absent from Chile in a disease survey conducted by English et al. (1967). Absence of records from the Asian continent are attributed to lack of information. TRANSMISSION: Entirely by air-borne ascospores; secondary dispersal from the tree surfaces is by water-splash and run during rainfall, carrying ascospores to the vessels exposed at wounds (45, 511).

scholarly journals Viral haemorrhagic disease of rabbits and human health

1998 ◽  
Vol 121 (2) ◽  
pp. 409-418 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. CARMAN ◽  
M. G. GARNER ◽  
M. G. CATTON ◽  
S. THOMAS ◽  
H. A. WESTBURY ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Enzyme Immunoassay ◽  
Specific Antibody ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Occupationally Exposed ◽  
Haemorrhagic Disease ◽  
Very High

Viral haemorrhagic disease of rabbits (VHD), a potential biological control for wild rabbits in Australia and New Zealand, escaped from quarantined field trials on Wardang Island and spread to the mainland of Australia in October 1995. This study looked for any evidence of infection or illness in people occupationally exposed to the virus. Two hundred and sixty-nine people were interviewed and 259 blood samples were collected. Exposures to VHD-infected rabbits ranged from nil to very high. No VHD antibodies were detected in any of the 259 sera when tested by VHD competitive enzyme immunoassay, which had been validated with 1013 VHDV-specific antibody negative sera. A questionnaire designed to elicit symptoms of disease in a range of organ systems found no significant differences between illness in those exposed and those not exposed to VHD, nor could an association be found between exposure and subsequent episodes of illness. The findings are consistent with the view that exposure to VHD is not associated with infection or disease in humans.

Seasonality and global public interest in psoriasis: an infodemiology study

2019 ◽  
Vol 96 (1133) ◽  
pp. 139-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qian Wu ◽  
Zhiwei Xu ◽  
Yi-Lin Dan ◽  
Chan-Na Zhao ◽  
Yan-Mei Mao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Public Interest ◽  
Seasonal Pattern ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Search Volume ◽  
Early Autumn ◽  
Search Data ◽  
Google Search

ObjectiveAlthough patients with psoriasis frequently report seasonal changes in their symptoms, the seasonality of psoriasis has rarely been explored. This study aims to investigate the seasonal pattern of and global public interest in psoriasis using Google search data.MethodsInternet search data were collected from Google Trends. Data on the relative search volume (RSV) from January 2004 to December 2018 were retrieved using the term psoriasis. Cosinor analyses were conducted to examine the seasonality of psoriasis using data from two southern hemisphere countries (Australia and New Zealand) and four northern hemisphere countries (USA, Canada, UK and Ireland).ResultsOverall, searches for psoriasis steadily decreased between 2004 and 2010, and then rose from 2011 to 2018. On cosinor analyses, RSV of ‘psoriasis’ displayed a significant seasonal variation worldwide (p<0.025). Further analyses confirmed the seasonality of psoriasis-related RSV in Australia, New Zealand, USA, Canada, UK and Ireland (p<0.025 for all), with peaks in the late winter/early spring months and troughs in the late summer/early autumn months. The top 11 rising topics were calcipotriol/betamethasone dipropionate, ustekinumab, apremilast, shampoo, eczema, guttate psoriasis, seborrhoeic dermatitis, dermatitis, psoriatic arthritis, atopic dermatitis and arthritis.ConclusionThere was a significant seasonal pattern for psoriasis, with peaks in the late winter/early spring and troughs in the late summer/early autumn. Further studies are warranted to confirm the seasonal pattern of psoriasis using clinical data and to explore the underlying mechanisms.

Influence of Metsulfuron-Containing Herbicides and Application Timings on Tall Fescue Seedhead Production and Forage Yield

2013 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bryan C. Sather ◽  
Craig A. Roberts ◽  
Kevin W. Bradley
Keyword(s):  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Forage Yield ◽  
Vegetative Stage ◽  
Application Timing ◽  
Boot Stage ◽  
Reduced Height

Field trials were conducted in 2009 and 2010 to investigate the effects of metsulfuron-containing herbicides on tall fescue growth, seedhead production, yield, and forage nutritive value. Several rates of metsulfuron-containing products and picloram plus 2,4-D were applied to a weed-free tall fescue hay field in the early spring vegetative, late spring boot, and late summer dormancy stages of growth. Compared to the nontreated control, applying metsulfuron-containing herbicides to vegetative tall fescue reduced plant height by 13 to 40% whereas boot-stage applications of these same herbicides reduced height by 28 to 45%. Metsulfuron-containing herbicides reduced seedhead density from 14 to 61% when applied to vegetative tall fescue, and from 53 to 88% when applied at the boot stage. Metsulfuron plus 2,4-D plus dicamba (0.01 + 0.40 + 0.14 kg ai ha−1) was the only metsulfuron-containing treatment applied at the vegetative application timing that did not reduce tall fescue seedheads or yield when compared to the nontreated control. Vegetative-stage applications of metsulfuron-containing herbicides reduced tall fescue yields by 33 to 63%, whereas boot-stage applications reduced yields by 15 to 35%. Picloram plus 2,4-D did not reduce tall fescue height, seedhead density, or yield when applied at either timing. Tall fescue crude protein (CP) concentration was greater in response to the vegetative compared to boot-stage herbicide applications, and vegetative-stage applications of metsulfuron-containing herbicides increased CP concentration of tall fescue by 1.5 to 3.4% compared to the nontreated control. Results from these experiments indicate that spring applications of metsulfuron-containing herbicides can be utilized to reduce tall fescue seedhead production and increase CP content of tall fescue pastures and hay fields, but summer applications of these same herbicide treatments will have only limited effects on yield, nutritive values, or seedhead density of tall fescue harvested in the fall or the spring following treatment.

scholarly journals Detection and identification of a selfintroduced parasitoid of the Acacia tortoise beetle

2010 ◽  
Vol 63 ◽  
pp. 282-282
Author(s):  
T.J. Murray ◽  
T.M. Withers
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
New Species ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Biocontrol Agent ◽  
Biological Control Agents ◽  
The Third ◽  
Acacia Melanoxylon ◽  
Detection And Identification ◽  
Tortoise Beetle

Dicranosterna semipunctata (Coleoptera Chrysomelidae) was detected in New Zealand in 1996 This Australian tortoise beetle has no specific natural enemies in New Zealand and has become a moderate pest of blackwood (Acacia melanoxylon) Although a number of potential biological control agents have been identified in Australia none has been intentionally introduced In January 2009 parasitised eggs of D semipunctata were found in Rotorua Comparison of the emergent parasitoids to hymenoptera held in the NZIC and ANIC confirm that the wasp is from the genus Neopolycystus The taxonomy of this genus is poorly resolved but there were three species of particular interest to which to compare the new specimens The first Neopolycystus sp nr insectifurax was introduced from Perth against Paropsis charybdis in 1989 but did not establish The second Neopolycystus sp was reared from D semipunctata eggs in NSW but was never imported into New Zealand as a biocontrol agent for D semipunctata The third N insectifurax Girault is selfintroduced since 2001 and is well established in New Zealand contributing significantly to the control of P charybdis The parasitoids reared from D semipunctata eggs in Rotorua were not analogous to any of these This new species Neopolycystus sp from Rotorua has since been recorded in the Northland Auckland Waikato and Bay of Plenty regions

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