Captures of MFO-resistant Cydia pomonella adults as affected by lure, crop management system and flight

AbstractThe main resistance mechanism of codling moth (Cydia pomonella) in the tree fruit area of Lleida (NE Spain) is multifunction oxidases (MFO). We studied the frequency of MFO-resistant adults captured by different lures, with and without pear ester, and flights in orchards under different crop management systems. The factor year affected codling moth MFO-resistance level, particularly in the untreated orchards, highlighting the great influence of codling moth migration on the spread of resistance in field populations. Chemical treatments and adult flight were also very important but mating disruption technique showed no influence. The second adult flight showed the highest frequency, followed by the first flight and the third flight. In untreated orchards, there were no significant differences in the frequency of MFO-resistant individuals attracted by Combo and BioLure. Red septa lures baited with pear ester (DA) captured sufficient insects only in the first generation of 2010, obtaining a significantly lower proportion of MFO-resistant adults than Combo and BioLure. In the chemically treated orchards, in 2009 BioLure caught a significantly lower proportion of MFO-resistant adults than Combo during the first and third flight, and also than DA during the first flight. No significant differences were found between the lures or flights in 2010. These results cannot support the idea of a higher attractiveness of the pear ester for MFO-resistant adults in the field but do suggest a high influence of the response to the attractant depending on the management of the orchard, particularly with regard to the use of chemical insecticides.

Download Full-text

Timing of egg hatch by early-season codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) predicted by moth catch in pear ester- and codlemone-baited traps

The Canadian Entomologist ◽

10.4039/n05-039 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 137 (6) ◽

pp. 728-738 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

A.L. Knight ◽

D.M. Light

Keyword(s):

Cydia Pomonella ◽

Codling Moth ◽

Daily Temperature ◽

Temperature Threshold ◽

Degree Days ◽

Egg Hatch ◽

Female Moth ◽

Baited Traps ◽

Temperature Thresholds ◽

Pear Ester

AbstractThe use of the timing of moth catch in traps to predict the start of egg hatch by first-generation codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), in apple, Malus domestica Borkh. (Rosaceae), was evaluated with ethyl (E,Z)-2,4-decadienoate (pear ester) and (E,E)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol (codlemone) lures. Two sets of paired traps baited with either lure were placed in each of seven orchards and checked daily during the spring flight in 2000 and 2001. Rearing of field-collected eggs and sampling of fruit for injury were used to estimate the date of first egg hatch. Moth catch in traps baited with codlemone and pear ester occurred approximately 144 and 105 degree-days prior to the start of egg hatch, respectively. The effectiveness of using the timing of sustained moth catch in traps baited with these lures as a biological reference point (Biofix) to predict the start of egg hatch when traps were checked every 3–4 d was evaluated in 11 orchards from 2000 to 2002. The calendar date for the start of sustained moth catch in traps baited with either lure varied widely among orchards and years. Significant differences in mean cumulative degree-days from first sustained moth catch until egg hatch were found among male moth catch in codlemone-baited traps and total and female moth catch in pear ester-baited traps. Adjusting the Biofix based on daily temperature thresholds significantly changed the cumulative degree-days required until egg hatch only for female moth catch. No significant differences were found in the accuracy of predicting the date of egg hatch using either the codlemone or pear ester lure or by adjusting the Biofix date using daily temperature thresholds. The cumulative degree-day totals required from Biofix until egg hatch had the lowest variability when the Biofix was (i) based on the sustained catch of female moths in a pear ester-baited trap and (ii) adjusted with a temperature threshold for moth activity.

Download Full-text

Use of Phenylacetonitrile Plus Acetic Acid to Monitor Pandemis pyrusana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Apple

10.1101/092452 ◽

2016 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

A. L. Knight ◽

E. Basoalto ◽

G. J. R. Judd ◽

R. Hilton ◽

D. M. Suckling ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Acetic Acid ◽

Sex Pheromone ◽

Cydia Pomonella ◽

Codling Moth ◽

Emission Rates ◽

Horticultural Crops ◽

Plant Volatile ◽

Pandemis Pyrusana ◽

Pear Ester ◽

Plant Volatile Compounds

ABSTRACTA recent discovery have demonstrated that herbivore induced plant volatile compounds from apple tree infested with leafrollers were highly attractive to con-specific adult male and female leafrollers. However, this work has been conducted in New Zealand and Canada testing only low doses of kairomone. This study has been conducted in US to assess the attractiveness of higher doses of the six apple volatiles provisory identified in apple trees infested by tortricid larvaeto the leafroller, Pandemis pyrusana Kearfott. These volatiles included, β-caryophyllene, germacrene D, benzyl alcohol, phenylacetonitrile, (E)-nerolidol, and indole. No volatiles were attractive to P. pyrusana when used alone. However, traps baited with phenylacetonitrile plus acetic acid caught both sexes of P. pyrusana. Traps baited with the other volatiles plus acetic acid caught zero to only incidental numbers of moths, ≤ 1.0. Adding phenylacetonitrile to traps baited with pear ester, ethyl (E,Z)-2,4-decadienoate plus acetic acid significantly reduced catches of codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.). However, adding phenylacetonitrile to traps baited with codling moth sex pheromone, pear ester, and acetic acid did not similarly reduce moth catches of C. pomonella. Interestingly, traps baited with phenylacetonitrile plus acetic acid caught significantly more P. pyrusana than traps baited with a commercial sex pheromone lure. The evaporation rate of the acetic acid co-lure was an important factor affecting catches of P. pyrusana with phenylacetonitrile, and studies are needed to optimize the emission rates of both lure components. Further studies are warranted to develop phenylacetonitrile and possibly other aromatic plant volatiles as bisexual lures for the range of tortricid pests attacking horticultural crops.

Download Full-text

Cydia pomonella granulovirus Genotypes Overcome Virus Resistance in the Codling Moth and Improve Virus Efficiency by Selection against Resistant Hosts

Applied and Environmental Microbiology ◽

10.1128/aem.01998-08 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 75 (4) ◽

pp. 925-930 ◽

Cited By ~ 62

Author(s):

Marie Berling ◽

Christine Blachere-Lopez ◽

Olivier Soubabere ◽

Xavier Lery ◽

Antoine Bonhomme ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Genetic Characterization ◽

Cydia Pomonella ◽

Codling Moth ◽

Resistance Level ◽

Laboratory Colony ◽

Occlusion Bodies ◽

Insect Populations ◽

Cydia Pomonella Granulovirus ◽

First Time ◽

Resistant Trait

ABSTRACT Cydia pomonella granulovirus (CpGV) has been used for 15 years as a bioinsecticide in codling moth (Cydia pomonella) control. In 2004, some insect populations with low susceptibility to the virus were detected for the first time in southeast France. RGV, a laboratory colony of codling moths resistant to the CpGV-M isolate used in the field, was established with collection of resistant insects in the field followed by an introgression of the resistant trait into a susceptible colony (Sv). The resistance level (based on the 50% lethal concentrations [LC50s]) of the RGV colony to the CpGV-M isolate, the active ingredient in all commercial virus formulations in Europe, appeared to be over 60,000-fold compared to the Sv colony. The efficiency of CpGV isolates from various other regions was tested on RGV. Among them, two isolates (I12 and NPP-R1) presented an increased pathogenicity on RGV. I12 had already been identified as effective against a resistant C. pomonella colony in Germany and was observed to partially overcome the resistance in the RGV colony. The recently identified isolate NPP-R1 showed an even higher pathogenicity on RGV than other isolates, with an LC50 of 166 occlusion bodies (OBs)/μl, compared to 1.36 ï¿½ 106 OBs/μl for CpGV-M. Genetic characterization showed that NPP-R1 is a mixture of at least two genotypes, one of which is similar to CpGV-M. The 2016-r4 isolate obtained from four successive passages of NPP-R1 in RGV larvae had a sharply reduced proportion of the CpGV-M-like genotype and an increased pathogenicity against insects from the RGV colony.

Download Full-text

Partial Loss of Inheritable Type I Resistance of Codling Moth to Cydia pomonella granulovirus

Viruses ◽

10.3390/v11060570 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

pp. 570 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jiangbin Fan ◽

Jörg Wennmann ◽

Johannes Jehle

Keyword(s):

Current Knowledge ◽

Full Range ◽

Cydia Pomonella ◽

Codling Moth ◽

Single Pair ◽

Type I ◽

Partial Loss ◽

Resistance Level ◽

Type I Resistance ◽

Cydia Pomonella Granulovirus

Current knowledge of the field resistance of codling moth (CM, Cydia pomonella, L) against Cydia pomonella granulovirus (CpGV) is based mainly on the interaction between the Mexican isolate CpGV-M and CpRR1, a genetically homogeneous CM inbreed line carrying type I resistance. The resistance level of laboratory-reared CpRR1 to CpGV-M was recently found to have decreased considerably, compared to the initially high resistance. To understand the background of this phenomenon, CpRR1 larvae were exposed over several generations to CpGV-M for re-selection of the original resistance level. After five and seven generations of selection, new CpRR1_F5 and CpRR1_F7 lines were established. The resistance ratio of these selected lines was determined by full range bioassays. The CpRR1_F5 strain regained a higher level of resistance against CpGV up to 104-fold based on LC50 values compared to susceptible larvae (CpS), which indicated that the absence of virus selection had resulted in a reduction of resistance under laboratory rearing conditions. In addition, some fitness costs of fecundity were observed in CpRR1_F5. Single-pair crossings between CpRR1_F5 or CpRR1_F7 with susceptible CpS moths revealed a dominant but not fully sex-linked inheritance, which suggests a partial loss of previous resistance traits in CpRR1.

Download Full-text

Monitoring of Codling Moth (Cydia Pomonella L.) in Apple Orchards Using Two Methods

Journal of Plant Protection Research ◽

10.2478/v10045-010-0038-9 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 50 (2) ◽

pp. 220-223 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Izabela Kot

Keyword(s):

First Generation ◽

Cydia Pomonella ◽

Codling Moth ◽

Pheromone Traps ◽

Apple Orchards ◽

Different Types ◽

Two Generations ◽

Sum Of Effective Temperatures ◽

The Mean ◽

Effective Temperatures

Monitoring of Codling Moth (Cydia Pomonella L.) in Apple Orchards Using Two MethodsThe present studies were conducted in 1999-2001 in three apple orchards differing from each other by the system of cultivation, the type of agricultural treatments and chemical control of pests. Their purpose was to monitor codling moth (Cydia pomonellaL.) in different types of apple orchards using pheromone traps, finding out the relation between the occurrence of moths and the sum of effective temperatures as well as determining the number of wintering caterpillars of this species with the use of bands of corrugated paper. The analysis of male flight of codling moth on the basis of pheromone traps makes it possible to state the occurrence of two generations in each studied year. The maximum population of the first generation was observed in the second or third ten days of June, while that of the second generation in the first ten days of August. The moths flight began when the sum of effective temperatures was 109.2-145.2°C, and the mean diurnal temperature was 12.3-17.2°C.

Download Full-text

Developing action thresholds for codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) with pear ester- and codlemone-baited traps in apple orchards treated with sex pheromone mating disruption

The Canadian Entomologist ◽

10.4039/n05-040 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 137 (6) ◽

pp. 739-747 ◽

Cited By ~ 38

Author(s):

A. L. Knight ◽

D.M. Light

Keyword(s):

Cydia Pomonella ◽

Codling Moth ◽

Cumulative Number ◽

Egg Hatch ◽

Baited Traps ◽

Action Threshold ◽

Pear Ester ◽

Low Levels ◽

Action Thresholds ◽

Insecticide Spray

AbstractTraps baited with either ethyl (E,Z)-2,4-decadienoate (pear ester) or (E,E)- 8,10- dodecadien-1-ol (codlemone) (Pherocon® CM-DA™ and Megalure CM™ lures, respectively) were used to develop action thresholds for codling moth (Cydia pomonella (L.)) in apple (Malus domestica Borkh.; Rosaceae) orchards treated with sex pheromones for control of this pest. Studies were conducted in 102 orchards treated with 500–1000 ISOMATE®-C PLUS dispensers per hectare during 2000–2002. Pairs of traps were placed within two 1.0-ha plots within each orchard. Fruit injury was assessed at mid-season and prior to harvest in each plot. The numbers of female and total moths caught in pear ester-baited traps and male moths caught in codlemone-baited traps were used to develop action thresholds. Thresholds were based on the minimum cumulative number of moths per trap in ≥95% of traps in unsprayed plots with no fruit injury. Specific thresholds were established for the first insecticide spray targeting the start of egg hatch and for the first and second moth flights. The proportion of plots with mid-season fruit injury that had cumulative moth catches below the action threshold at first spray and at second moth flight was determined using the established action threshold and thresholds reduced incrementally to ≥1 moth per trap. Moth catches below the threshold at first spray were less common in plots with high levels of fruit injury (>0.3%) than in plots with low levels of fruit injury and more common with codlemone-baited traps than with pear ester-baited traps. An action threshold of ≥1 moth in a pear ester-baited trap at first spray eliminated the error in predicting fruit injury in plots at mid-season. Conversely, a high proportion of traps baited with either lure failed to predict low levels of fruit injury at harvest in unsprayed plots regardless of the cumulative moth threshold used during the second moth flight.

Download Full-text

Comparison of New Kairomone-Based Lures for Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Italy and USA

Insects ◽

10.3390/insects12010072 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 72

Author(s):

Michele Preti ◽

Alan L. Knight ◽

Riccardo Favaro ◽

Esteban Basoalto ◽

Marco Tasin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Acetic Acid ◽

Sex Pheromone ◽

Mating Disruption ◽

Cydia Pomonella ◽

Codling Moth ◽

Linalool Oxide ◽

Pome Fruits ◽

Pear Ester ◽

The Usa

Studies were conducted during the period 2019/2020 to evaluate the effectiveness of four lures for codling moth (Cydia pomonella L.) in pome fruits in Italy and the USA. Multi-component blends of sex pheromone ((E,E)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol, PH), pear ester ((E,Z)-2,4-ethyl decadienoate, PE), (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene (DMNT), and pyranoid linalool oxide (6-ethenyl-2,2,6-trimethyloxan-3-ol, LOX) were loaded in either a halobutyl elastomer septum or a PVC matrix and always used in combination with acetic acid (AA) loaded in a closed membrane co-lure. Total moth capture was significantly greater with the PVC than the septum lure loaded with PH/PE + AA in both countries. Female capture in the USA study was significantly greater for 8 weeks in traps baited with the PE/DMNT/LOX blend + AA co-lure than with other lures and adding PH to this blend in a PVC lure significantly reduced female capture. In contrast, female capture in Italy did not differ among lures and counts were similar in both apple and pear crops treated with or without mating disruption. These results suggest that the effectiveness of ‘female removal’ strategies to manage codling moth may be geographically limited and further comparisons are needed in other production regions and in walnut.

Download Full-text

The life history of Codling Moth, Cydia pomonella (L) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in the Australian Capital Territory.

Australian Journal of Zoology ◽

10.1071/zo9630323 ◽

1963 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 323 ◽

Cited By ~ 90

Author(s):

PW Geier

Keyword(s):

First Generation ◽

Cydia Pomonella ◽

Ecological Factors ◽

Weather Conditions ◽

Codling Moth ◽

Australian Capital Territory ◽

Australian Capital ◽

History Of ◽

Life Habits

The life habits of codling moth in the Australian Capital Territory are described, and the ecological characteristics of the species and its environment are defined. In the Capital Territory, codling moth produces a complete first generation, a partial second generation, and some third generation individuals each summer. On an average, females lay between 40 and 50 eggs in all generations, but fecundity varies much between individuals. The observed distribution pattern of eggs and larval injuries to fruit suggest that oviposition occurs predominantly on trees at, or near, sources of females. In uniformly infested, homogeneous orchards, egg and damage distribution are almost random between trees. No significant departure from randomness was detected either between fruits, or between locations within trees. Fruits are often penetrated by more than one larva, either simultaneously or in succession, and competition occurs. Its forms and effects were examined. Fruits penetrated by several larvae tended to produce more mature larvae than fruits penetrated once, but the chances of survival fell as the numbers of entries per fruit increased. Fully fed larvae move from the fruit to an appropriate place on, or very close to, the host tree, where they spin a cocoon and eventually pupate. Under natural conditions in the Capital Territory, most mature larvae perish before establishing a cocoon. The rate of establishment was shown to be directly dependent upon the abundance and accessibility of suitable cocooning sites. The injuriousness of codling moth is always extremely high in the Capital Territory because of the generally favourable weather conditions. Particular effects of climate and weather on codling moth activity are discussed. Optimum environmental conditions for codling moth are defined. Conditions in the Capital Territory were found to be nearly optimum in most respects. Codling moth abundance cannot be explained by single ecological factors. Comprehensive studies of local populations are required to understand the numerical determination of the pest.

Download Full-text

Monitoring of Moth Pests in Apple Tree Orchard

Acta Horticulturae et Regiotecturae ◽

10.2478/ahr-2018-0012 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 21 (2) ◽

pp. 54-57

Author(s):

Oleg Paulen ◽

Radoslav Kobolka

Keyword(s):

First Generation ◽

Apple Tree ◽

Cydia Pomonella ◽

Codling Moth ◽

Botanical Garden ◽

Surrounding Area ◽

Rainy Weather ◽

Growing Conditions ◽

Two Peaks ◽

Summer Fruit

Abstract The work suggests importance of monitoring apple tree pests from moth group in growing conditions of Nitra, Slovakia. In 2014 there was observed occurrence of moths e.g. Codling moth (Cydia pomonella L.), Appleseed moth (Grapholita lobarzewskii Now.), Hawthorn berry moth (G. janthinana Dup.), and Summer fruit tortrix moth (Adoxophyes orana Fish. v. Roesl.) in the apple tree orchard located in the Botanical Garden of SUA in Nitra with help of pheromone traps. The date of first generation occurrence of Codling moth, Appleseed moth and Summer fruit tortrix moth was recorded on April 23. All the pests showed two peaks of flight activity, but with Hawthorn berry moth three periods of higher occurrence were recorded. The course of temperatures influenced number of pests trapped in traps remarkably. The number of pest individuals was highly influenced by rainy weather and lower temperatures in months when there was expected their highest harmfulness. The recorded values might be influenced by plant species diversity of the experimental orchard as well as that of the surrounding area.

Download Full-text