Growth and development of representatives of the genus Rosa L. in the Stavropol Botanical Garden

Relevance. To identify the features of the growth and development of species of roses of different geographical origin, to establish the biological minimum temperatures necessary for the beginning of flowering of representatives of the genus Rosa L., to study the morphological indicators of fruits.Methodology. The research material was 12 wild roses belonging to 4 sections: Canina Crep, Cinnamomeae DC, Luteae Crep, Pimpinellifoliae DC. The research was carried out using the methods of the Main Botanical Garden, floral and geographical analyses — according to Hrzhanovsky. A caliper was used to measure the length and diameter of 10 fruits. For the analysis of statistical data, the MS Excel table processor and the integrated MATLAB mathematical package were used.Results. The article presents the results of a study of species of roses in the Stavropol Botanical Garden of various geographical origin. The study involved 12 species belonging to 4 sections. The features of growth and development of plants in new soil and climatic conditions are revealed. The dates of the beginning of the main phenological phases andtheir duration have been established: spring regrowth of shoots, budding, beginning and end of flowering, fruiting. In the studied species of roses, the growing season begins in the first — second decade of March, flowering occurs in late May — early June, the fruits ripen in August — September. The dependence of the timing of the beginning of flowering in the studied roses on the dynamics of the accumulated average daily air temperatures and the sum of effective temperatures above 5 °C was revealed. Mathematically, it was proved that the lower limit of the air temperature required for the beginning of flowering of species of roses is +16 °C, when the sum of the average daily temperature air St° = 1007.75–1069.48 °С and St эф > 5 °С = 530.75–594.75 °С are accumulated. Early flowering species of roses include Rosa foetida Herrm., R. pendulina L., R. pimpinellifolia L., late flowering — R. caudata Baker and R. corymbifera Borkh. The shortest flowering period is in R. caudata Baker, R. jacutica Juz. and R. kamtschatica Vent. Representatives of those types mostly bloom once. Their flowers are formed on biennial and more mature shoots. The flowering period is 13–23 days. Rosa rugosa Thunb. blooms again, its flowering period is extended and long — from 40 to 48 days. All species of roses form fruits. The longest fruits are in R. pendulina L., R. caudata Baker, R. rugosa Thunb., R. corymbifera Borkh. and R. canina L., and large ones — in R. rugosa Thunb., R. marretii Lev. and R. roxburghi Tratt.

Influence of temperature conditions on seasonal development of Cydalima Perspectalis Walker, 1859 (lepidoptera: crambidae) in the Crimea

In 2018-2020 phenological observations of Cydalima perspectalis Walker were carried out in two agroclimatic regions of the Crimea. The pest, both on the Southern Coast of the Crimea and in the central foothill zone, develops in three generations. The sum of effective temperatures required for the development of generations varies over the years in a wide range, which is due to the asynchronous development of the caterpillars of C. perspectalis . The beginning of summer of the adults of the overwintered generation over the years of research in both regions differed insignificantly and was noted with the accumulation of the sums of effective air temperatures above 10°С on the Southern Coast of the Crimea from 210 to 297 degree days, and in Simferopol - from 222 to 299 degree days. It was found that in the summer months in the central foothill zone of the Crimea, in terms of temperature indicators, more favorable conditions are created for the development of boxwood firewood than on the Southern Coast of the Crimea. The combination of hydrothermal conditions, in which air temperatures exceed 33-36°C, and the relative humidity drops below 19-49%, cause the death of up to 20-28% of Cydalima perspectalis egg embryos at an early stage of embryogenesis. From the embryos of eggs of later stages of embryogenesis, under these conditions, the hatching of caterpillars occurred by 100%.

Structure and morphogenesis of shoots of species of the genus Viburnum L. in the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine

The research was conducted on the structure and characteristics of the growth of shoots of the genus Viburnum L. There are significant differences in the structure and dynamics of growth within the genus, so the determination of the structural features of the shoots of species of the genus Viburnum is relevant. The research of the dynamics of shoot growth was carried out according to the method of A.A. Molchanov and V.V. Smirnov (1967). The species studied by us belong to three sections of the genus Viburnum; the peculiarities of buds structure generally determine the structure of the shoots in the species of each section. It was found that the type of each of the three sections of the genus is characterized by a special structure of the shoots. It has been studied the rhythm of growth and development of native and introduced species of the genus Viburnum L. The terms of shoots growth of the species of the genus were analyzed, and the length of the annual growth of shoots was determined. Phenological date of the beginning and end of shoot growth was established. It was revealed that the onset of individual phenophases quite clearly correlates with the sum of effective temperatures above 5 ° C. The species of the genus Viburnum are characterized by the following types of shoots: tillering, stem, generative. Intensive growth of shoots of all studied species occurs in May - mid-June. In the species of the section Lantana, there are 2 peaks of shoot growth - May and mid-July. According to the duration of growth of shoots, viburnum can be divided into two groups: 1) with a short period of growth (65 - 75 days): V.opulus L., V.sargentii Koehne, V.prunifolium L., V.rufidulum Raf., V.lentago L; 2) with a long period of growth (100 or more days): V.lantana L., V.carlesii Hemsl., V.veitchii C.H. Wright, V.rhytidophyllum Hemsl., V.buddleifolium C.H. Wright, V.burejaeticum Rgl. et Herd. The data obtained demonstrated that the greatest annual growth of all Viburnum species was recorded at the age of 4-7 years. A decrease in the annual growth of axial shoots states the need for works on preliminary rejuvenation of the bush.

Features of seasonal growth of Arundo donax var. versicolor Mill. (Stokes) in the conditions of the M. M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine

Purpose. To define of phenological and morphological features of A. donax var. versicolor growth during the introduction in the M. M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (NBG). Methods. The object of research was the plants of A. donax var. versicolor in the collection of ornamental grasses of the department of flower and ornamental plants of NBG. The plants were grown on a sunny experimental area during 2014–2020. Since under NBG conditions, A. donax var. versicolor did not enter the flowering phase, the beginning of the phases of spring regrowth, leaf unfolding, and the end of the growing season were recorded. Morphometric parameters and shoot-forming ability were investigated for 3–5 years of cultivation. Results. The beginning and duration of the phases of shoot spring regrowth and the unfolding of leaves of A. donax var. versicolor as well as their dependence on the sum of effective temperatures was established. Thus, spring regrowth begins with renewal buds on May 11 ± 5 days at the effective temperature sums of 226.6 ± 19.7 °С. The phase of leaf development in plants occurred on May 20 ± 7 days. The effective temperature sum at the beginning of this phase was 309.45 ± 11.66 °C. The productivity of shoot formation (1.6 ± 0.3 shoot per plant) under the conditions of introduction was determined. Conclusions. A. donax var. versicolor plants did not have a full cycle of seasonal development in the conditions of the NBG. Plants formed vegetative monocyclic shoots 240–260 cm tall. The duration of their vegetation was 182–189 days. The optimal period for the growth of the ground mass of plants fell on July-August. During this period, the leaves were quickly formed, the number of which was 28.8 ± 6.68 on the shoot. The correlation between the rate of accumulation of effective temperatures and the rate of regrowth of plant shoots was recorded.

The effect of meteorological factors on apple tree productivity in the Piedmont zone of Crimea

Приведены результаты изучения четырех сортов яблони (Красное Раннее, Виста Белла, Киммерия, Таврия), на основании которых сорта были распределены по срокам цветения. Продолжительность цветения изменялась по годам и имела сортовые различия. В среднем цветение занимало от 8 до 14 дней. Конец цветения у всех изученных сортов при накоплении суммы эффективных температур выше 5С - от 216 до 260С. Среднесуточная температура воздуха варьировала от 7,1 до 14,8С. Периодические весенние заморозки повреждают генеративные почки, степень их воздействия значительна. В результате проведенных исследований установлено, что имеется корреляционная связь между среднесуточными минимальными температурами и урожайностью раннецветущих сортов яблони. Большое влияние оказывают среднесуточные и минимальные температуры воздуха на раноцветущие сорта, а для поздноцветущих сортов определена корреляционная зависимость от суммы осадков. За исследуемый период были отмечены ночные заморозки до -2С, что повлияло на завязываемость плодов и урожайность сортов, заморозки наблюдались в 2011, 2015, 2017 гг. Урожайность яблони была определена как совокупный показатель, зависящий от количества генеративных почек, числа цветков в соцветии, среднего количества завязавшихся плодов и их массы, а также степени адаптивности сорта к стресс-факторам. Также было отмечено, что урожайность изученных сортов яблони была нестабильна и имела сортовые различия, наивысшее значение данного показателя за период исследования было отмечено у сорта Таврия (66,6 т/га). The results of study of four apple varieties (‘Krasnoye Ranneye’, ‘Vista Bella’, ‘Cimmeria’, ‘Tavria’) are presented. On its basis the varieties are classified by the time of flowering. The duration of flowering of the studied apple varieties was changing over the years and had varietal differences. On average the period of flowering timed 8 - 14 days. The end of flowering in all studied varieties with the accumulation of the sum of effective temperatures above 5 °C was registered with values from 216 to 260 °C. The average daily air temperature varied from 7.1 to 14.8 °C. Periodic spring frosts damage the reproductive buds, the degree of their impact is significant. As a result of the conducted studies, a correlation between the average daily minimum temperatures and cropping capacity of early-flowering apple varieties was found. The average daily and minimum air temperatures have a great impact on early-flowering apple varieties, and for late-flowering apple varieties the correlation dependence on the amount of precipitation is determined. During the study period, night frosts of up to -2 °C, affecting the setting and cropping capacity of varieties, were observed. Frosts were registered in 2011, 2015 and 2017. The apple tree cropping capacity was determined as a cumulative indicator that depends on the number of reproductive buds, the number of flowers in inflorescences, the average number of set fruits and their weight, as well as the adaptability degree of the variety to stress factors. It was also noted that cropping capacity of the studied apple varieties was unstable and had varietal differences, the highest value of this indicator during the study period was noted in the ‘Tavria’ variety (66.6 t/ha).

Effect of autumn vegetation conditions on overwintering of winter rye and wheat with different sowing dates

The research was carried out in order to study the effect of autumn vegetation conditions on the growth, development and overwintering of winter wheat and rye depending on different sowing dates. The work was performed in 2016–2019 in the conditions of the forest-steppe of the Ob region. The research material included the varieties of tetraploid winter rye Vlada and Tetra short and winter wheat varieties Novosibirskaya 40 and Novosibirskaya 3. Sowing was carried out on three dates: 1st – 23 August, 2nd – 31 August and 3rd – 7 September under bare fallow. The choice of the optimal sowing time creates favorable conditions for the growth and development of winter crops and their preparation for further overwintering. According to the studies, it was noted that the intensity of autumn shoot formation and plant growth to a greater extent depends on the duration of the autumn growing season. A decrease in the plant growth rate and formation of tillering shoots from the first sowing date to the third date was associated with a decrease in the sum of effective temperatures. When sowing on a later date, the sum of effective temperatures varied in the range of 90–197° over the years. Under these conditions, overwintering rate of winter rye remained at the level of 94–100%, while in winter wheat it decreased to 40%. The best option, which ensured the stability of winter resistance, was the second sowing date (August 31) with a sum of effective temperatures of 250-300°, whereby the plants formed 3–4 tillering shoots and the plant height reached 18–25 cm. Winter rye outperforms winter wheat in autumn growth rate, shoot formation and in the vegetation cone development.

The length of the development phases and the growing season of Nigella sativa L. along altitude gradients (the example of Dagestan)

Aim. To study of the duration life cycle and phenological phases of plants of Nigella sativa L. (variability depending on height above sea level, seed quality and climatic conditions of the year). Material and Methods. Generally accepted methods described in the relevant guidelines were used in conducting the research. Samples of Nigella sativa (black cumin) were sourced from various eco‐geographical origins: Saudi Arabia, Ethiopia, Syria, Egypt and Azerbaijan. Results. It was determined that with an increase in height above sea level of the place of growth, the life cycle of plants of N. sativa samples is prolonged and their content of palmitic acid decreases. Conclusion. The main reason for the above‐mentioned negative changes is a decrease in the average daily temperature with altitude above sea level and, as a result, a delay in the accumulation of the sum of effective temperatures necessary for the passage of certain stages of individual development and the life cycle as a whole.

Phenological features of the growth and development of Itoh Group peony cultivars in the conditions of the M. M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine

Purpose. To reveal the peculiarities of the seasonal rhythm of growth and development of Itoh Group peony cultivars in the conditions of the M. M. Hryshko National Botanical Garden National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. Methods. The objects of research were plants of 24 cultivars of Itoh Group peonies. The research was conducted on the experimental field of the Department of Flowering and Ornamental Plants of the M. M. Hryshko National Botanical Garden National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine during 2017–2020. The sum of effective temperatures was calculated by summing the daily air temperatures reduced by the biological zero. Results. The phenological phases of Ito Group cultivars growth were determined. Phenological spectra for different groups are presented. It was determined that the flowering of early cultivars: ‘First Arrival’, ‘Hillary’, ‘Julia Rose’, ‘Morning Lilac’, ‘Old Rose Dandy’, ‘Sonoma Apricot’ starts at the sum of effective temperatures ≥ 400 °С. The middle group hybrids bloom when the sum of temperatures reaches 450 °С. This group includes: ‘Bartzella’, ‘Callie’s Memory’, ‘Cora Louise’, ‘Lollipop’, ‘Scarlet Heaven’, ‘Sonoma Velvet Ruby’, ‘Yellow Dream’, ‘Yellow Emperor’, ‘Yellow Heaven’, ‘Yellow Waterlily’. Late flowering group includes: ‘Border Charm’, ‘Garden Treasure’, ‘Kopper Kettle’, ‘Pastel Splendor’, ‘Prairie Charm’, ‘Viking Full Moon’, ‘White Emperor’, ‘Yankee Doodle Dandy’; accumulation of effective temperatures above 500 °С is an essential requirement for their flowering. Conclusions. Itoh Group cultivars successfully pass all phases of seasonal development and manage to complete the growing season. Cultivars belong to the spring-summer-autumn-green phenorhythmotype. The onset of the corresponding phenological phases in peonies of the studied group of cultivars requires a certain sum of effective temperatures. Plant outgrowth begins on March 23 – April 2, when the sum of effective temperatures ranges from 20–40 °С. The flowering of varieties characterized as late spring, lasts 6–9 days ± 3–4 days, depending on the varietal characteristics and the year of cultivation. A rapid increase in the sum of effective temperatures up to 700 °C shortens the flowering phase by 4–5 days. An assortment of early (May 22–25 ± 2–3 days), medium (May 26–28 ± 3–5 days) and late-flowering (May 29–31 ± 4–6 days) cultivars has been selected, what ensures the continuity of peony flowering during two months.

Biophenology peach twig borer (Anarsia lineatella Zell.) in the south of Ukraine

Goal. Clarification of certain biological features of development and seasonal dynamics of the flight of peach twig borer in peach orchards of the Southern Steppe of Ukraine. Methods. Field — research of the biological features of peach twig borer development using pheromone-trap method was conducted in accordance with generally accepted methods in peach orchards of SPS “Naukova” of Melitopol fruit growing research station named after M.F. Sydorenko of IH of NAAS of Ukraine Results. It was determined that in the conditions of peach orchards in the South of Ukraine restoration of feeding peach twig borer caterpillars began in the end of March — the middle of April, and the hatching — in the end of April — the beginning of May. During 2018—2020, the beginning of the flight of butterflies of the pest was observed starting from 06 to 18 May, with the accumulation of the sum of effective temperatures (SET) >8°С 154.5—254.3 and lasted continuously until September 18—30 (134—141 days) with three peaks. The appearance of the pest caterpillars was observed from the 2—3rd ten-day period of May (SET>8°С 299.0—349.5°С). The peaks of peach twig borer flight were observed in the 3rd ten-day period of May, late June — early July, and during the 3rd ten-day period of July — mid-August. The duration of the development of the first generation was 44—50 days, the next — 30—40 days, with accumulation of SET>8°С from imago to imago varying between 436.5 and 743.0°С. Conclusions. In the south of Ukraine, three peaks of flight and development of two full generations of peach twig borer are noted, caterpillars of the third generation completed the development in the spring of the following year. Fluctuations in the number of imago during the growing season were influenced by both meteorological factors and the degree of reproduction of the pest of the previous generation. During the years of research, the highest intensity of catching of butterflies of a fruit striped moth was noted in July — August at high mean weakly air temperatures (25.0—26.9°С) and the conditions of severe drought (HTC 0.2).

Features of the phenological phases of introduced strawberry cultivars in the conditions of the Orel region

Relevance. The study of the timing and duration of individual phases of the development of strawberry cultivars of different ecological and geographical origin in these climatic conditions is of great practical importance. The purpose of the study was the determination of the timing of the main phenophases of introduced strawberry cultivars in the Orel region, the compliance of the phenorhythms of the studied cultivars with climatic conditions, as well as the ranking of the cultivars by the terms of flowering and maturation.Methods and materials. The article presents the results of phenological observations for the period 2016-2019. 34 strawberry cultivars of domestic and foreign selection were studied. The research was carried out at the VNIISPK site of primary variety study.Results. Based on long - term observations, on the time of entry into the flowering and fruiting phase, the cultivars were ranked into early, medium and late-maturing. The influence of effective temperatures on the onset of phenophases was analyzed. The sum of effective temperatures necessary for the beginning of flowering of strawberry cultivars of different maturation periods in the conditions of the Orel region was determined. For the onset of strawberry flowering, it takes from126.68 to 260.37°effective temperatures. Early cultivars need the sum of effective temperatures of 126.68-197.55°, cultivars of middle maturation need 146.31-225.44°, late cultivars - 159.93-260.37 depending on the year of study. Fruiting occurs at the sum of effective temperatures in early cultivars from 351.73°C to 465.43°C, in middle-maturing cultivars from 390.96 to 535.44°C, in late-maturing cultivars from 450°C to 649°C.