Gutsherrschaftin East Elbian Germany and Livonia, 1500–1800: A Critique of the Model

1988 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 315-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edgar Melton
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
German History ◽  
The West ◽  
Elbe River ◽  
Judicial Affairs ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
East And West ◽  
The Elbe River ◽  
Agrarian Development

For over a century now, scholars have viewed the divergent paths of agrarian development east and west of the Elbe river as a watershed in German history. In the west, according to this view, peasants from the late Middle Ages on enjoyed increasing freedom from direct seigniorial interference in their social, economic, and judicial affairs. Seigniorial obligations (often commuted to cash rents) remained, as did a degree of seigniorial control over peasant lands in many regions, but peasants west of the Elbe increasingly shed the more onerous seigniorial obligations, and could generally move without the lord's permission.

The church in the West Highlands in the late middle ages

2003 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-46
Author(s):  
A. D. M. Barrell
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
The West ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
The Church

scholarly journals The Elbe Sandstones - Bohemian Switzerland, Geographical Approach to the National Park

Geografie ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 100 (3) ◽  
pp. 222-233
Author(s):  
Alois Hynek
Keyword(s):  
Regional Development ◽  
Social Communication ◽  
National Park ◽  
Cultural Landscape ◽  
The West ◽  
Elbe River ◽  
Sandstone Rock ◽  
The Elbe River ◽  
Controversial Concept

The controversial concept of the Elbe Sandstones National Park as proposed hy the Czech Ministry of Environment is being examined both from physical and human geographical viewpoints. The project of a National Park in geographical version includes three parts: mesas and kuestas in the West, sandstone rock cities in the East, and the Elbe River canyon in the centre. A discourse and social communication is offered for scientific and legitimate evaluation of geographical version. Cultural landscape and balanced regional development are in the focus of the new National Park.

scholarly journals West-Eastern Poetic Compositions of the First Third of the 19th Century: from Goethe’s Divan to the ‘Sonnet/Ghazal’ by Mickiewicz / Topczi-Baszy

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 68-103
Author(s):  
Alexander B. Kudelin
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
The Other ◽  
Poetic Form ◽  
The West ◽  
Persian Version ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Persian Translation

The article is concerned with reciprocity between Western and Eastern literatures of the 19th century, when Orientalist motives began to take hold in European writings. Goethe, in his “West-Östlicher Divan” (1819), attributed this interest to the everlasting excellence and value, which the Eastern masterpieces hold for the West. However, as it is clear nowadays, the ‘West-Eastern’ compositions cannot be seen as truthfully retaining the spirit of the Eastern classics, which was based on a different system of meanings and values. On the other hand, it became clear that the Eastern reception of these European works in the 19th century could not be true to the Western original, either, since even most progressive Eastern literatures of the time kept to artistic principles and system of genres of the Late Middle Ages. Against this historical and critical background, the article investigates the outcome of one venture — the emergence of a Persian translation of Adam Mickiewicz’s poem, commissioned by himself for his “Sonnets” (1826). Dzafar Topczi-Baszy adjusted the sonnet for an Eastern audience. Having presented his translation as a sample of the medieval genre of tadhkira (which has to contain both biographical and anthological features), Topczi- Baszy supplied the Persian version of the poem with facts about Mickiewicz; he cast the poem into a Persian poetic form — ghazal; he replaced the elements of Romantic imagery with the Eastern ones.

HISTORIC ROOTS OF EASTERN EUROPEAN BACKWARDNESS

2002 ◽  
Vol 29 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 345-348
Author(s):  
Josette A. Baer
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
The Political ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Late Antique ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
Political Cultures ◽  
East And West

AbstractSelbst als Historiker erschrickt man ob der Einsicht, dass gewisse Voraussetzungen für das Auseinanderdriften der politischen Kulturen innerhalb Europas bis in die Spätantike zurückreichen und dass sich das sozialokonomische West-Ost-Gefalle von heute bereits im spaten Mittelalter abzeichnet (Goehrke, p. 741). <?CTRLerr type="1" mess="PBlanc posé à Verifier !" ?> (Even historians are surprised by the insight that certain conditions responsible for the gap between the political cultures of Europe reach back to the late Antique and that the contours of today's socio-economic declivity of East and West emerge in the late Middle Ages.)

Europeans in the Black Sea Area during the Late Middle Ages: The Genoese Colony of Caffa

Mediaevistik ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 213-234
Author(s):  
Evgeny A. Khvalkov
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
The West ◽  
The Public ◽  
Financial Transaction ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
Double Entry ◽  
Sea Area

The four brief papers following below continue the line of reports on the archival finds of the Western migrants to the Genoese overseas colony of Caffa from outside Liguria in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, previously published in Archivio Storico Messinese,1 Rassegna Storica Salernitana,2 Studi Piemontesi,3 Studi veneziani,4 and Atti della Società Ligure di Storia Patria.5 The main sources researched for these studies are Caffae Massariae – the public books of accounts of the treasury of the Commune of Caffa drawn by the officers called massarii. These officers were annually rotated and sent from metropolis (Genoa) to its colony (Caffa). Caffae Massariae reflect money transactions and operations of the treasury in the double-entry bookkeeping system. The sources are stored in the archival section of the Bank of Saint George.6 Since Caffae Massariae quote (directly or indirectly) all those city inhabitants, who did with the administration any kind of financial transaction, they reflect the main flows of Latin migration from the West to the overseas Eastern colonies.

Rus’ – Byzantium – Europe: An Attempt at Triangulation?

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 169-176
Author(s):  
Sergey A. Ivanov
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Intellectual Development ◽  
School Curriculum ◽  
The Other ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
The West ◽  
The People ◽  
The Common ◽  
East And West ◽  
The Middle Ages

The critique of Francis Thomson constitutes only part of Ostrowski’s book. The other part, completely unrelated to the first one, is dedicated to a comparison of the intellectual development of the two halves of the Christian world in the Middle Ages. Ostrowski’s assertion that the Byzantines did not include logic in their school curriculum is untrue. What seems to him to be the main difference between East and West does not take root until the end of the 12th century. The West was drifting away from the common patterns of ancient Mediterranean civilization. The East largely remained the same. The Byzantines did not feel any special inclination toward the practical application of theoretical ideas. The people of Old Rus’, on the contrary, were quick at learning and innovating. Respect for tradition inevitably played a smaller role in a nascent culture than in a culture that had been born old.

scholarly journals Foundations of Byzantine late middle ages architecture thoughtfulness

2003 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
pp. 395-404
Author(s):  
Predrag Milosevic
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Roman Catholic ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
Architectural Theory ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
The West ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
Good Account ◽  
North And South America ◽  
North And South

Only in the recent few years have a number of facsimile publications on architecture offered a possibility of studying the original texts from different time periods. Those, already rare studies on the theory of architecture in the western civilization, almost regularly completely omit the Byzantine achievements in the so-called entirety of thoughtfulness (enkyklios paideia), that was a main characteristic of Byzantine learning. This learning, based on the ancient Greek and Hellenistic foundations, in many ways concern architecture, especially the architectural theory. That is why writing a good account of the architectural theory of this, historically such an important country as Byzantium, in such a long historical period (since 312 till 1453), has been a difficult task (this contribution is just the initial part of the study). One should not be disregarded that the architectural theories are never completely independent of historical geographical or even personal prejudices of their authors. In this sense, a subject matter of this treatise is just one 1141 year long part of the architectural theory of the West (West - in civilizational terms, not a political West), the part that rests on Christian foundations that is the Orthodox, Roman Catholic and Protestant ones, mainly. It is all treated in order, from ancient pagan Greece and Rome, ancient and Middle Ages Orthodox Byzantium, until Middle Ages and New Age Europe, altogether, Orthodox, Roman Catholic and Protestant Europe, and then those parts of the world in which the said civilizational circle managed to take root in: parts of Asia, North and South America, parts of Africa and Australia.

More on the Sculpture of the West Front of Bath Abbey: Christ of the Charter and Antichrist

2003 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 299-322
Author(s):  
Julian Luxford
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
The Other ◽  
The West ◽  
Intrinsic Interest ◽  
The North ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
North Side ◽  
The Arts ◽  
Current Article

AbstractThe iconography of the early sixteenth century sculptural program of Bath Abbey's west front has been shown in a previous article (Religion and the Arts, 4.3 (2000), 313-36) to represent an allegory of spiritual ascent through the virtue of humility and descent through the vice of pride, as explained in chapter seven of the Rule of St Benedict. The current article focuses upon two sculptures largely overlooked by the earlier study, the iconography and positioning of which further substantiates the proposed meaning of the program. One sculpture represents Christ as the Man of Sorrows, holding the Charter of Human Redemption (a devotional text widespread in England during the late Middle Ages). The other represents Antichrist, who was a subject of much speculation during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. It is argued that Christ, standing on the north side of the west front, constitutes an additional symbol of humility, while Antichrist, standing on the south, makes another reference to pride. The iconography of these figures is further analyzed for its intrinsic interest, that of Antichrist being unusual, Christ holding the Charter of Human Redemption all but unique.

Sea Voyages and the Water-Earth Relationship

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsay J. Starkey
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
South America ◽  
Southern Hemisphere ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
West Coast ◽  
Spatial Model ◽  
Spatial Relationships ◽  
The West ◽  
Dry Land ◽  
Late Middle Ages

This chapter argues that it was fifteenth- and sixteenth-century sea voyages especially to the southern hemisphere that ultimately explain why particularly sixteenth-century Europeans re-evaluated the ontological and spatial relationships between water and earth. Though certainly there were some medieval scholars who argued differently, the most prevalent spatial model of the world’s landmasses and waterways in the late middle ages positioned the dry land in the northern hemisphere and placed a large amount of water in the southern hemisphere. As Europeans sailed down the west coast of Africa and to South America, the water that carried them and the texts that circulated about these voyages disproved many of the basic earlier assumptions about the water-earth spatial and ontological relationships.

Reflections on the Evolution of the Prophet’s Biographies in the East and West

2018 ◽  
pp. 41-60
Author(s):  
Hussein Ahmad Amin
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Ethical Standards ◽  
The West ◽  
History Of ◽  
East And West ◽  
The Middle Ages ◽  
The Way

This chapter explores the concept of history of early Muslim historians and their attitude towards the Prophet’s biography (Sira). It discusses how evolving tastes and values affected their biographical writing. It also discusses when and why facts began to get blurred and invented incidents and miracles began to be ascribed to the Prophet, leading to the way in which the Prophet’s biography is dealt with in the twentieth century. The chapter further discusses how the Prophet’s biography was written in Europe during the Middle Ages and the influence that modern European trends of thought and contact with the West had on its writing. The chapter highlights Montgomery Watt’s Defence of Muhammad and critically engages with it. The chapter closes with Hussein Amin’s wish for a new, objective, unapologetic and truthful biography that is grounded in the Prophet’s own time and milieu, reflecting his contemporary ethical standards and values.

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