Identity, Belonging, and Conflict

The concept of community is a controversial concept in terms of social sciences. However, today, when considered together with the concepts of identity and belonging, it can be said that the community has strong connotations. Where the community begins and ends is explained by the concept of boundary. The inside or outside of the border is a map of meaning. Because giving meaning to complex nature and society is one of the most important needs of human beings, the crisis of meaning created by modern times for humanity has led to the strengthening of grand narratives. The narratives, which propose various ways of life for the salvation of humanity, especially make use of symbols and symbolic forms. Because symbols are carriers of meaning, in this study, the identity factor, which constitutes the essence of the endless conflicts in the world, has been investigated with the symbolic constructs of the ideological view. For this, a connection has been established between identity, belonging and the community, which includes the meaning of collective action.

Rupture, Suture, Nietzsche: Impossible Intersubjectivity in Alien

The concept of suture has long been an important and controversial concept in investigations of the relationships between narrative, diegesis, character, and spectator. The dominant understanding of suture has paid more attention to its Lacanian derivation – and to the account given by Daniel Dayan – than to the work of Jean-Pierre Oudart which first introduced suture into Film Studies. This article, however, follows the recent work of George Butte, who argues that the way Oudart understands suture is very illuminating for the study of the complex forms of intersubjectivity that cinema so readily, and so richly, dramatises – famously (but by no means exclusively) by means of shot/reverse shot figures. It argues that certain key moments in Ridley Scott's Alien (1979) activate ideas of corporeality, desire, and intersubjectivity in ways that contribute to a wider thematic and figurative nexus at work in the film directed at the exploration of impossible intersubjectivities. The article also proposes that, via this nexus, the film offers an intriguing instantiation of Nietzsche's notion of the “human, all too human”, thereby demonstrating that there is much more in Nietzsche of relevance to Alien than the xenomorph's superhuman “will-to-power”. The android Ash's admiration for the alien's lack both of conscience and consciousness ironically indicates his own all-too-human recognition of the superfluity but inescapability of his own consciousness. The article concludes by drawing briefly on the work of Stanley Cavell on acknowledgment, proposing that much of the horror of Alien lies not only in how bodies are ruptured but in the fact that some subjectivities cannot even be sutured.

THE CONCEPT OF ACCUMULATION (CONCENTRATION) OF SOCIALLY SIGNIFICANT PUBLIC ELEMENTS IN LEGAL RELATION AS A BASIS FOR NON-ARBITRABILITY OF A DISPUTE

This article examines a relatively new phenomenon of domestic law enforcement practice – the arbitrability of disputes with a “public element”. Increasingly, the possibility of arbitration in disputes in which there is a so-called public element is being questioned. The courts do not disclose the concept of a public element. From the general understanding, it is only deduced that we are talking about public entities as participants in civil law relations, about the involvement of public property and budget financing in such relations. All the above relationships form an urgent problem of arbitration, which has a consequence in the form of refusal of state courts to enforce arbitral awards. This controversial judicial practice also gave rise to a controversial concept, which in the doctrine is called the concept of accumulation (concentration) of socially significant public elements. This concept raises questions from the point of view of the theoretical perception of this phenomenon: neither foreign nor domestic doctrine knew this phenomenon. Until this moment, only minor attempts were made to analyze this concept, as well as to analyze individual public elements and their impact on the legal relationship in terms of the possibility of a dispute from this legal relationship to be considered by arbitration. Bridging this gap is this article.

Islamophobia: With or without Islam?

Islamophobia has been a controversial concept ever since it first gained popular currency. One of the main sticking points over the term is whether or not it refers to religion. For both detractors and advocates of the term alike, religion should be or is removed from the meaning of Islamophobia, which is conceived as a form of anti-Muslim racism. Islam, we might say, is thereby removed from Islamophobia. Yet, in doing so, it falls short on two of its key objectives, i.e., identifying the particular forms of discrimination that Muslims face in society and subsequently providing a positive basis from which to address this discrimination. In this article, the question asked is if we should put Islam back into Islamophobia and, if so, on what basis? According to the existing literature as well as a study of converts to Islam, it is suggested that Islam as a religion is both an important feature of Islamophobia as well as central to the identities of many Muslims, and then it is suggested why and how we should think about including religion into the scope of thinking on Islamophobia and how it is addressed.

The policy consequences of defining rewilding

More than 30 years after it was first proposed as a biodiversity conservation strategy, rewilding remains a controversial concept. There is currently little agreement about what the goals of rewilding are, and how these are best achieved, limiting the utility of rewilding in mainstream conservation. Achieving consensus about rewilding requires agreeing about what “wild” means, but many different definitions exist, reflecting the diversity of values in conservation. There are three key debates that must be addressed to find a consensual definition of “wild”: (1) to which extent can people and “wild” nature co-exist?; (2) how much space does “wild” nature need? and (3) what kinds of “wild” nature do we value? Depending on the kinds of “wild” nature rewilding aims to create, rewilding policy will be faced with managing different opportunities and risks for biodiversity and people.

From Adam to Tsar’ Kosmos.

Setting out from the short dialogue in which the Cynic philosopher Diogenes of Sinope was asked “Where are you from?” and he replied “I am a citizen of the world [ὃ κοσμοπολίτης; a cosmopolitan]”, the purpose of this article is to explore cosmopolitanism from Byzantine and Constantinopolitan perspectives. The intention is toreflect on the significance of cosmopolitanism for world-making in European historical literature by considering it within the framework of various languages, most importantly Greek. Inspired by Lettevall and Petrov (2014), and Robbins and Horta (2017), cosmopolitanisms are discussed in the plural as a controversial concept that encompasses both unity and plurality. Textual examples from the first centuries adpresent Homer, Adam and Moses, as citizens of the world. Later, in the twelfth century, Orthodox Christian monks are in contrast instead called citizens of heaven (οὐρανοπολίται; ouranopolitans), and at around the same time, the Constantinopolitan writer John Tzetzes records in a unique text the multilingual soundscape of the cosmopolitan city. Furthermore, the Byzantine tradition of Orthodox Christian hymnography, homilies, and iconography is explored. The selected examples concern the celebration of Pentecost as the multilingual event which unites and enlightens kosmos(κόσμος), in contrast to the confusion of tongues in Babel. It is concluded that cosmopolitanism, like the notion of Byzantinism (Bodin 2016), functions as a bordering concept that simultaneously unites and separates semiospheres (Lotman 1990) in the times and spaces in which it operates, oscillating between a homogenising (monolingual) and a heterogenising (multilingual) mode.

Autism as a Controversial Concept. What Kind of Special Educational Needs Can We Find with Autism?

<p>Sto lat po pojawieniu się na scenie naukowej autyzm coraz częściej znajduje się w centrum uwagi nie tylko psychologii klinicznej i terapeutycznej, oprócz medycyny, psychologii i neuronauki zajmują się nim bowiem szeroko także szkoły i służba zdrowia. Koncepcja autyzmu pozostaje jednak kontrowersyjna, poza tym zjawisko to nie do końca zostało wyjaśnione. Psychoanaliza może pomóc zrozumieć, w jaki sposób koncepcja ta powstała w psychologii i jak zmieniała się aż do czasów współczesnych. W większości przypadków – zarówno słynnych, jak i zwykłych – dziecko autystyczne, które trafia do szkoły, wydaje się niewykształcone i unika bliskiego kontaktu. Jakie specjalne potrzeby edukacyjne istnieją w przypadku autyzmu? Artykuł został oparty na odkryciach Z. Freuda, aby wskazać kierunek prowadzący do wyjaśnienia subiektywnego pragnienia bycia człowiekiem wśród ludzi, nawet w przypadku osób autystycznych.</p>

The limits of Intellectual Property: Exhaustion of rights, international trademarks and digital copyright

Strong Intellectual Property (IP) protection is a fundamental point in the establishment of a market for new products and services. IP can give significant power to the owner of intangible assets in financing, manufacturing or in general commercial transactions. However, as with any sort of power, too much of it can have detrimental effects. This work provides a discussion on the limits of IP by examining the exhaustion of rights doctrine. The paper briefly presents the legal evolution of the doctrine for trademarks and digital copyright. A discussion follows on the controversial concept of international exhaustion and on the most important points of digital exhaustion.

Economic Implications of Digital Transformation

In a firm perspective the simply availability of digital systems does not necessarily lead to success. On the contrary, it requires that firms accompany digital resources with the development of best organizational practices which implicates a transformation in term of e.g. organizational changes and innovation. Digital technologies allow companies to improve productivity in two ways: by making hard improvements that dramatically increase the efficiency of intelligent machine and processes, and by making soft improvements that increase the efficiency of people working together. The paper highlights various discussions on the relationship between ICT investment and productivity. However, this framework has outlined a relatively more cohesive body of thought which, by seeking to overcome the controversial concept of the productivity paradox, highlights the existence of a significant relationship, not just between ICT and productivity, but also between certain multiplying variables which represent ICT and other complementary factors.

Insulin as a predictor of diabetes type 2: a new medical hypothesis

Since the discovery of diabetes, it is about insulin production, or function. In this study, we may introduce a controversial concept. Insulin as a predictor of diabetes, in other words, insulin can cause diabetes type 2. We think that this could serve as a new medical hypothesis. To examine this hypothesis, we analyzed dataset posted in Kaggle from India. The dataset included 763 female patients of whom 497 had no diabetes, and 266 with type 2 diabetes. We used routine statistical analysis and neural network analysis. The results showed that insulin level increases as the diabetes is progressed, and its relative contribution to diabetes was estimated as 28.4%. Taken together, insulin measurement is recommended to be considered in the management of diabetes.