The Gendering of the Postwar Agricultural Labor Shortage in Saxony, 1918–1925

1999 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 311-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Bright Jones
Keyword(s):  
Single Women ◽  
Labor Shortage ◽  
Family Farms ◽  
Agricultural Labor ◽  
Women's Labor ◽  
Agricultural Producers ◽  
Rural Labor ◽  
Agricultural Associations ◽  
Gender Divisions ◽  
Absolute Correlation

In March 1922, with spring planting imminent, the Agricultural Chamber of the Saxon Freestate surveyed 790 local agricultural associations, seeking information on the character and dimensions of the rural labor shortage. 640 reports were returned within six weeks, signaling Saxon farmers' desperation to be heard. According to their estimates, Saxon agriculture lacked a minimum of 7,834 men and 11,164 women, or just under 19,000 workers. Despite the substantial number of men needed, farmers overwhelmingly bemoaned the lack of young, single women willing and able to work in Saxon agriculture, and warned of dire consequences for both agricultural producers and the general public if the crisis were not resolved. Indeed, small and medium-sized Saxon farmers' testimonies about the postwar labor shortage linked agriculture's potential for recovery to the preservation of prewar gender divisions of labor, and drew an absolute correlation between the postwar shortage of women's labor and the impending ruin of family farms.

Women's Work and Informal Activities in Southern Europe

1994 ◽  
Vol 26 (8) ◽  
pp. 1221-1234 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Stratigaki ◽  
D Vaiou
Keyword(s):  
Women's Work ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Southern Europe ◽  
Family Farms ◽  
Informal Work ◽  
Women’S Work ◽  
Personal Services ◽  
Gender Divisions ◽  
Statistical Surveys ◽  
Southern European Countries

In Southern European countries, much of women's work lies out of the realm of ‘wage labour’ in forms of work which include agricultural labour in family farms, homeworking, unpaid domestic and caring labour, family helpers, and/or informal work in tourism, industry, or personal services. The importance of these forms of work is very likely to increase and several regions in Southern Europe present ‘ideal conditions’ for their proliferation. The bulk of women's work cannot be adequately grasped by looking exclusively at employment categories of economic and statistical surveys. These relegate to ‘nonwork’ many forms of women's labour in society. The authors discuss these ‘other’ forms of labour, focusing mainly on three issues: (a) the meaning and content of work for women in Southern Europe; (b) the connotations associated with terms such as ‘atypical’, ‘irregular’, ‘informal’, and so on, usually used to describe such activities and forms of work; (c) the effects of women's overrepresentation in such forms of work on gender divisions and on their own work prospects.

scholarly journals STATE SUPPORT FOR AGRIBUSINESS IN GERMANY: SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC ASPECT

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 155-162
Author(s):  
A.ZH. NUKESHEVA ◽  
◽  
E.V. KUDRYASHOVA ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Public Support ◽  
Professional Activity ◽  
Agricultural Labor ◽  
Agricultural Producers ◽  
Animal Protection ◽  
Rural Economic Development ◽  
High Standards ◽  
The Eu

The purpose of the study is to determine the possibilities of using mechanisms for supporting agribusiness in foreign countries and to develop recommendations for their adaptation in domestic agriculture. The current socio-demographic situation in rural areas of Germany, Kazakhstan and other states, measures of public support are considered. In the EU and Germany, agricultural policy is aimed at intensive development of the industry: increasing the level of innovation in agricultural sector and food industry; maintaining high standards of environmental and animal protection; introduction of advanced scientific developments in the branches of agroindustrial production; supporting the activities of research institutes; increasing contribution to diversifying rural economic development. It was revealed that the aggregated budget of funding sources allows you to control its implementation at all levels from planning to final use. Public administration guarantees a stable income to farmers; an appropriate standard of living comparable to the wealth of other social groups in society; the prospects for the professional activity of entrepreneurs in the countryside; conditions and directions of training of agricultural personnel. Modern challenges, among which the aging of the population employed in agriculture in Europe and Germany, is currently the most important problem, therefore, starting in 2015, a new financial instrument to help young farmers under 40 was included into the main program of assistance to the EU agricultural sector. Analysis of employment indicators in rural areas of Kazakhstan and the experience of public support in Germany made it possible to formulate measures to support agricultural producers, which will change the approach to agricultural labor, its prestige.

scholarly journals Storage of grains and technical plants through active ventilation for the purpose of maintaining the quality of stored products

2021 ◽  
Vol 286 ◽  
pp. 03010
Author(s):  
Anişoara Pӑun ◽  
Gheorghe Stroescu ◽  
Alexandru Zaica ◽  
Samir Yasbeck Khozamy ◽  
Ana Zaica ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Storage System ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Grain Storage ◽  
Stored Products ◽  
Agricultural Producers ◽  
Aeration System ◽  
Agricultural Associations ◽  
And Storage

The problem of grain storage and storage can be approached from two perspectives: storage and storage of cereals and technical plants within individual agricultural holdings; storage and storage of cereals and technical plants within agricultural associations and companies. At the level of Romania, the storage and storage of cereals at small agricultural producers are deficient in terms of ensuring optimal storage conditions according to standards. These variants include: preservation at low temperatures; preservation by active aeration; self-preservation; chemical preservation; conservation with the help of radiation. In the paper we will approach the conservation by active aeration because it folds better for small agricultural producers. Proper aeration is one of the most important processes in a grain storage system and is essential for maintaining the quality of stored products. Aeration means the movement of a relatively small volume of air through the grain mass in order to control the temperature of the grain and to reduce the risk of product degradation. The two main objectives of aeration are to maintain a uniform temperature in the grain mass and at the same time the temperature must be as low as possible from a practical point of view. The paper will present the results of experiments for storing bulk grain in a metal cell with central aeration system, which is based on a patent. This type of storage system can be used successfully in small agricultural producers.

scholarly journals Changes in Russia’s agrarian structure: What can we learn from agricultural census?

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renata Yanbykh ◽  
Valeriy Saraikin ◽  
Zvi Lerman
Keyword(s):  
A Priori ◽  
Family Farms ◽  
Dynamic Changes ◽  
Agricultural Producers ◽  
Agricultural Enterprises ◽  
Market Signals ◽  
Farm Type ◽  
Agricultural Census ◽  
Peasant Family

The classification of agricultural producers by legal-organizational form (agricultural enterprises, peasant (family farms), household plots and gardening associations), traditionally used by the Russian official statistics, is outdated and masks the dynamic changes that have taken place. Due to the lack of output and sales data in 2016 agricultural census, the paper uses some assumptions to calculate the so called “standard revenue” as a measure of the potential output in each census farm. The results highlight that there is only a small share of commercial production units in Russia and there is high heterogeneity of agricultural producers within each legal-organizational farm type. Contrary to a priori expectations, a large number of household plots became commercialized between the previous census in 2006 and the latest census in 2016 and they contribute 19% of the standard revenue of all commercial census units, more than the share of family farms. These results suggest that the old classification used for statistical purposes does not reflect adequately the dynamic changes stemming from the response to market signals.

“Everybody Works but Father”: Why the Census Misdirected Historians of Women's Employment

2016 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 369-383
Author(s):  
Ileen A. DeVault
Keyword(s):  
Women Workers ◽  
World War I ◽  
Labor History ◽  
Single Women ◽  
Census Bureau ◽  
Women's Labor ◽  
World War ◽  
The Us ◽  
Us Census ◽  
Women's Labor Force Participation

Because the US Census Bureau changed the way they reported workers’ marital status, the subfield of US women's labor history unwittingly perpetuated a key misinterpretation of women's labor force participation, allowing historians to believe that women in the workforce between 1880 and 1920 were overwhelmingly young and single women: the daughters of their families rather than the mothers and wives. This change in census reporting was reinforced and promulgated by Joseph A. Hill's 1929 work, Women in Gainful Occupations, 1870–1920. Why was this change made? This article argues that this change came about because of a confluence of various factors, including the Census Bureau's continual struggles with organizational and technological changes, the beginning of World War I, and reformers’ arguments about the efficacy of pushing for maternity insurance for women workers. The story of this change once again reminds us that statistics are never neutral nor apolitical.

scholarly journals Cross-Country Evidence on the Relationship between Overwork and Skilled Women's Job Choices

2017 ◽  
Vol 107 (5) ◽  
pp. 105-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Cortes ◽  
Jessica Pan
Keyword(s):  
Occupational Choice ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Single Women ◽  
Married Women ◽  
Level Variation ◽  
Women's Labor ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Women's Labor Force Participation ◽  
The Relationship

This paper examines the relationship between the prevalence of overwork and skilled women's labor force participation and occupational choice. Using country-level variation, we find a negative relationship between the share of males working 50+ hours a week and the LFP of young married women, with the correlation being much smaller for single women and older married women. Using a panel of occupations across countries, we find that overwork in an occupation is negatively correlated with the share of married women working in that occupation. This finding is robust to controlling for the occupational distribution of groups with fewer household responsibilities.

scholarly journals The Impact of Aging Agricultural Labor Population on Farmland Output: From the Perspective of Farmer Preferences

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guancheng Guo ◽  
Qiyu Wen ◽  
Jingjuan Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Agricultural Labor ◽  
Aging Workforce ◽  
Potential Threat ◽  
Agricultural Producers ◽  
Agricultural Output ◽  
Working Age ◽  
Older Farmers ◽  
The Impact

Chinese agriculture is facing an aging workforce which could negatively impact the industry. In this context, research is needed on how work preferences and age of farmers affect agricultural output. This paper attempts to investigate these factors to more fully understand the impact of an aging agricultural labor population on agricultural production. The results show that, in this context of aging, changes in the working-age households have a significant impact on agricultural output. Despite the fact that the impacts of intention to abandon land management were not significant, we can ignore this preference in the workforce. The combination of changes in the composition of the working-age households indicates that 58.53 percent of the agricultural producers will likely quit. This is a potential threat for the future of agricultural development. We also found that elderly farmers who do not intend to abandon farming had higher agricultural output compared to other farmers. This indicates that the adverse effects of changes in the agricultural population age result more from the agricultural output of older farmers who intend to give up farming. This intention adversely affected other elements and reduced investment. Therefore, various forms of training should increase efforts to cultivate modern professional farmers and policies should be simultaneously developed to increase agricultural production levels.

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