scholarly journals A “Syncretism of Piety”: Imagining Global Protestantism in Early Eighteenth-Century Boston, Tranquebar, and Halle

2020 ◽  
Vol 89 (4) ◽  
pp. 829-856
Author(s):  
Jan Stievermann
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Religious Identity ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
Christian Religion ◽  
Cotton Mather ◽  
Early Eighteenth Century ◽  
Anglo American

AbstractThis essay reexamines the network centered on the Boston Congregational minister and theologian Cotton Mather, the great Pietist theologian August Hermann Francke, several of the latter's associates in Halle and London, and Halle-sponsored Lutheran missionaries in the Danish colony of Tranquebar. It pursues the question what this network (which existed from circa 1710 into the 1730s) reveals about how the idea of a “Protestant religion” evolved as a theological construct and how “Protestantism” as a category of religious identity came to have meaning and resonance across denominational and linguistic divides. Through the Boston-Halle-Tranquebar exchange, the essay argues, “awakened souls” from Anglo-American Reformed and German Lutheran churches converged toward a conservative but dogmatically minimalistic understanding of the Christian religion that combined an intensely Christocentric, biblicist, and experiential piety with an activist-missionary and eschatological orientation—a package which was now equated with being truly “Protestant” or “protestantisch,” respectively. This reflects how the historical development of “Protestantism” intersected with larger philosophical and theological debates about “religion” and the different “religions” of humanity that involved Enlightenment thinkers as much as awakened Christians. The distinct version of “the Protestant religion” that first developed among the correspondents of this network would continue to evolve through the transatlantic awakenings of the eighteenth century and remain influential into the nineteenth century.

Schopenhauer’s Pessimism in Context

2020 ◽  
pp. 283-298
Author(s):  
Mark Migotti
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Human Flourishing ◽  
History Of ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Early Eighteenth Century

In this chapter, the author attempts to establish what is philosophically living and what is philosophically dead in Schopenhauer’s pessimism. Against the background of the intriguing the history of the terms “optimism” and “pessimism”—in debates about Leibniz’s theodicy in the early eighteenth century and the popularity of Schopenhauer in the late nineteenth century, respectively—the author points up the distinction between affirming life, which all living beings do naturally, and subscribing to philosophical optimism (or pessimism), which is possible only for reflective beings like us. Next, the author notes the significance of Schopenhauer’s claim that optimism is a necessary condition of theism and explains its bearing on his pessimistic argument for the moral unacceptability of suicide. The chapter concludes that Schopenhauer’s case for pessimism is not conclusive, but instructive; his dim view of the prospects for leading a truly rewarding, worthwhile human life draws vivid attention to important questions about how and to what degree an atheistic world can nevertheless be conducive to human flourishing.

The Historical Development of the Application of Humanitarian Law in Non-International Armed Conflicts to 1949

1998 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 337-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsay Moir
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
International Law ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Humanitarian Law ◽  
Similar Magnitude ◽  
International Conflicts ◽  
International Regulation ◽  
Internal Armed Conflicts

That humanitarian rules were applicable in armed conflicts was accepted long before the nineteenth century, but the fact that non-international armed conflicts were regarded as beyond the ambit of international regulation meant that the application of such norms to internal armed conflicts was certainly not a matter of course. Towards the end of the eighteenth century there had been a move towards the application of the laws of warfare to non-international armed conflicts as well as international conflicts, but this was based on the character of the conflicts and the fact that both were often of a similar magnitude, rather than any humanitarian concern to treat the victims of both equally. Not until the nineteenth century did the application of the laws of war to non-international armed conflicts become a widespread issue in international law.

Handel to Tempah

Migrant City ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 281-306
Author(s):  
Panikos Panayi
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
National Level ◽  
Cultural Transfer ◽  
External Influences ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Early Eighteenth Century ◽  
Evolution Of Music

This chapter explores how migrants have contributed to the evolution of music in London. Despite episodes of xenophobia in the London musical scene, xenophilia became stronger, partly driven by the fact that both music and musicians inevitably migrate. This is so that, while national traditions of music may emerge, the process of cultural transfer involving both sound and people mean that such traditions cannot remain sealed off from external influences, even if they may develop national-level identities, at least in the short run. While music and musicians crossed European boundaries, during the twentieth century both performers and their tunes have increasingly spanned global and consequently racial divides. The German assertion that nineteenth-century Britain constituted a ‘Land ohne Musik’ (land without music), while an exaggeration, partly explains the arrival of foreign musicians to Victorian London and the eras before and since. The constant settlement and visits by musicians to the British capital since the early eighteenth century meant that London did not become a city without music, even if the tunes and those who played them often originated from abroad.

scholarly journals As traduções e as adaptações para o inglês de Ali Babá e os quarenta ladrões nos séculos XVIII e XIX

2019 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-170
Author(s):  
Daniel Padilha Pacheco Da Costa
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Literary Translation ◽  
English Version ◽  
French Version ◽  
Early Eighteenth Century ◽  
Editorial Procedures

This paper aims to reconstruct of the editorial tradition which began in the early eighteenth century with the first English version of Ali Baba, and the forty thieves. During the next two centuries, this version gave origin to a great number of editions and adaptations into English, which were directly or indirectly mediated by Antoine Galland’s French version, who was responsible in the first place for introducing this tale into the Arabic compilation known as The Thousand and One Nights. It is our intention to analyze the different literary, translation and editorial procedures used by the agents involved in the tale’s popularization, since its indirect translation into English until its adaptation into the different formats of chapbooks published throughout the nineteenth century.

Lambs to the Slaughter: Leisure and Laboring-Class Poetry

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bridget Keegan
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
John Clare ◽  
Laboring Class ◽  
Ann Yearsley ◽  
Pastoral Mode ◽  
Early Eighteenth Century ◽  
Poetic Composition

Abstract The idea of leisure is essential to understanding how laboring-class poets conceived of themselves as writers, what they imagined the activity of poetic composition to be, and what kinds of poetic forms they felt were available to them. Further, in their poems exploring the concept of leisure, laboring-class poets illustrate an historical link between the exploitation and oppression of nature and the exploitation and oppression of the lower classes of society. It is an exploitation that is represented in poetry primarily through the suppression of leisure and the devastation of the natural or rural spaces where such leisure had occurred. This essay examines the implicit prohibition of pastoral themes for laboring-class poets from the early eighteenth to the early nineteenth centuries. Whereas early-eighteenth-century laboring-class poets depicted nature as a georgic realm, rarely representing it as the space for leisure, for early nineteenth-century poets such as Robert Bloomfield, Ann Yearsley and John Clare, the pastoral becomes the space for the poet to claim his or her rights to leisure in nature and the leisure of poetry itself. The essay argues that the expression of their protests is encoded within the generic markers of the pastoral mode, in particular through their representation of sheep and shepherds.

A Note on the Archives of the Republic of Cabo Verde

1980 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 347-348
Author(s):  
Christopher Fyfe
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Public Library ◽  
Chronological Order ◽  
Municipal Administration ◽  
Cabo Verde ◽  
Early Eighteenth Century ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Official Records ◽  
Thick Layers

The archives of the Republic of Cabo Verde contain the official records of Portuguese rule up to 1975. I did not see any documents that dated from before the early eighteenth century. At independence in 1975 the jubilant crowd broke into the main administrative building in Praia, the capital, and threw the records into the street. The records of the Praia municipal administration and of the Instituto de Trabalho were also ransacked. Eventually the dispersed documents, together with several thousand volumes from the Praia Public Library, were gathered up and packed haphazardly into wooden crates. In 1978 a large municipal warehouse was allocated as an archives store. Shelves were installed and the documents were slowly disinterred from the crates, where they had accumulated thick layers of dust.The earlier documents, about 1500 manuscript volumes of the eighteenth and earlier nineteenth centuries, have been put on shelves, but not in any systematic order. Many are defective or fragile. The documents from the later nineteenth century up to 1949 are preserved in about 1300 metal boxes. They too have been put on shelves, but not in chronological order (if only because many of the boxes have lost their labels). The documents from 1950 to 1975 were enclosed in cardboard file covers. Some have been put on shelves, others are stacked on the floor. None are in order. Many have come loose from their covers and have been tied up arbitrarily in bundles, along with documents from the municipal and Instituto de Trabalho archives. There are also many bundles of miscellaneous municipal records.

Politics, Patronage and Newtonianism: the Cambridge Example

1984 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Gascoigne
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Alma Mater ◽  
Early Eighteenth Century

Oxford has never quite recovered from Matthew Arnold's description of his belovedalma materas a ‘home of lost causes and forsaken beliefs, and unpopular names and impossible loyalties’. 1 While in popular stereotype Oxford is associated with such movements as the laudians, the Jacobites and the tractarians, Cambridge, by contrast, is seen as the home of more radical and reformist creeds: the puritans, the latitudinarians and the academic reformers of the nineteenth century. Consequently, we are predisposed to think it unremarkable that in the early eighteenth century Cambridge almost totally shed the last vestiges of the scholastic academic order which had its origins in the Tiigh middle ages and, in its place, adopted a style of education which, in its overriding emphasis on mathematics, departed significantly from the curriculum offered at Oxford.

The Laws of War in the 1812 Conflict

1980 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin F. A. Fabel
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
North America ◽  
International Law ◽  
French Revolution ◽  
War Of 1812 ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Limited War ◽  
Legal Restrictions ◽  
Anglo American

Few American wars have been as closely tied to international law as the Anglo-American conflict of 1812. The legality or otherwise of impressment and cargo confiscation, definitions of contraband, blockade and the permissible limits of neutrality have all been endlessly argued. Such questions concern the causes of the war. What has attracted little attention, despite the keen contemporary awareness of the existence of laws on the conduct of nations, is the extent to which legal restrictions were observed in the actual waging of the War of 1812.The notion that there were any limits at all is against the trend noted by those historians and specialists in military affairs who have observed that “restricted war was one of the loftiest achievements of the eighteenth century,” but that “the doctrines of the French Revolution brought a new intensity to warfare,” that unlimited war was reborn in August 1793, so that “by the beginning of tlie nineteenth century…the limitations on the violence of war that had been imposed by the small-scale eighteenth-century armies had already disappeared.”However true these generalizations may be for Europe, the idea of limited war still thrived in North America in 1812 and throughout the subsequent war there.

New Light on Venda Traditions: Mahumane's Account of 1730

1977 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 163-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerhard Liesegang
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
The South ◽  
The North ◽  
Project Groups ◽  
Early Eighteenth Century

In the early eighteenth century a Venda kingdom stretched from the Limpopo in the north to the Olifants or even Ngwenya (Crocodile) in the south and included the much smaller area now inhabited by the Venda. The main evidence for the existence of this polity comes from data on the Venda gathered between 1723 and 1730 by the Dutch at Delagoa Bay. The most substantial of these sources, part of which has been transcribed and translated here, is the so called ‘report of Mahumane’, an African from the chiefdom of Mpfumo near the Dutch trading factory who had visited the Venda king in 1727/28 and who named a number of rivers which can still be identified. Mahumane's account supports Venda traditions of an earlier and larger state, a tradition whose validity has sometimes been questioned in the last decades. The report shows that from the early eighteenth to the second half of the nineteenth centuries cultural and political changes occurred which influenced the identification of groups by outsiders and to some extent also their own self-identification. In turn this suggests that it is not always safe to project groups and polities as they existed in the second half of the nineteenth century into the remoter past.The report also contains some information on the Lemba and on the northern and eastern neighbors of the Venda. In order not to raise false hopes I might add that Mahumane's account contains no information on the identity of the royal lineage of the Venda in the 1720's and earlier.

Early Dances and Ballets

2020 ◽  
pp. 23-44
Author(s):  
Anna Pakes
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
Social Dance ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Early Eighteenth Century ◽  
Modern Sense

Chapter 1 explores the historical development of dance in Europe, from the Renaissance to the early eighteenth century, focusing particularly on the themes of dance structures, authorship, and autonomy. It considers early modern and secondary sources on social dance, the ballet de cour, and baroque dance, developing the argument that none of these practices produces dance works in the modern sense. Nonetheless, early dance sources to concepts of dance-as-object and dance as “performable” operating well before the idea of a work of dance art develops. This first chapter, then, explores what might be termed the early prehistory of the dance work, through analysis of different ways in which dances are conceived, composed, notated, performed, and linked to developing artistic traditions.

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