APPLYING SIMULATION TO IMPROVE RICE VARIETIES IN REDUCING THE ON-FARM YIELD GAP IN CAMBODIAN LOWLAND RICE ECOSYSTEMS

2014 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 264-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. L. POULTON ◽  
T. VESNA ◽  
N. P. DALGLIESH ◽  
V. SENG
Keyword(s):  
Climate Variability ◽  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Rice Production ◽  
Lowland Rice ◽  
Yield Gap ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Seasonal Climate ◽  
Rice Ecosystems ◽  
On Farm

SUMMARYAchieving export growth in rice production from variable rainfed lowland rice ecosystems is at risk if depending on conventional breeding or genetic development alone. Sustained, long-term production requires building adaption capacity of smallholder farmers to better manage the challenges of seasonal climate variability and future climate change. Better understanding of the risks and constraints that farmers face in managing their current cropping system helps develop strategies for improving rice production in Cambodia. System models are now considered valuable assessment tools for evaluating cropping systems performance worldwide but require validation at the local level. This paper presents an evaluation of the APSIM-Oryza model for 15 Cambodian rice varieties under recommended practice. Data from a field experiment in 2011, conducted in a non-limiting water and nutrient environment, are used to calibrate varietal-specific coefficients and model input parameters. An independent dataset is then used to validate the model performance for a ‘real-world’ situation using on-farm data for six rice varieties planted in 54 farmer fields on 32 farms in two villages of Southeastern Cambodia. From this analysis, the APSIM-Oryza model is shown to be an acceptable tool for exploring the mismatch between current on-farm yields and potential production through yield gap analysis and the exploration of cropping system options for smallholder farmers to increase production, adapt to seasonal climate variability and be prepared for potential climate changes.

scholarly journals Practices and constraints of tomato production among smallholder farmers in Uganda

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (02) ◽  
pp. 17560-17580
Author(s):  
G Ddamulira ◽  
◽  
O Isaac ◽  
M Kiryowa ◽  
R Akullo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infections ◽  
Market Access ◽  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Potential Yield ◽  
Tomato Production ◽  
Tomato Yield ◽  
On Farm

Tomato(Solanum esculentum)is one of the most promising vegetables whose production is being intensified in Uganda. However, tomato yields remain low due to several constraints. The study aimed at identifying production and marketing practices, and constraints affecting tomato productivity in major tomato growing areas of Uganda. A survey was conducted in eight major tomato producing districts using a questionnaire to guide interviews for 240 farmers and 16 key informants. The data were analyzed using SPSS software. Results revealed that tomato production in Uganda is dominated by males who grow them on 0.68 acres of land on average. Mosttomatofarmers (78.4%) use mono cropping system with varietiesAsilla F1 (35.3%), Tengeru97(21.1%), Rambo (18.1%), NovelaF1(17.7%) and Riogrande (10.3%) dominating. The choice of tomato varieties used by farmers mainly depend on yield potential, pest and disease tolerance and market preference attributes such as long shelf life. In the study area, tomato is mainly fertilized using foliar fertilizers, followed by Diammonium phosphate and cattle manure. The key pests affecting tomato include caterpillars, thrips, worms and whitefly, while bacterial wilt, blight, leaf spots and viral infections are the major diseases. Majority (95.7%) of farmers use chemical sprays(pesticides and fungicides)and 4.3% of farmers used other control methods. The other methods of pest and disease control included rogueing, hand picking, ash, organic extracts, urine and frequent weeding. Average tomato yield was 4,846.3 kg/acre lower than the potential yield of 6000kg/acre. Thirty five percent of farmers market their tomato individually on-farm, 32.8% sell in rural markets, while 32.2% send to the nearest urban markets. The study revealed intensive chemical use accounting for 20% of the production costs, high seed costs (11%) and drought (10%) as the major production constraints impeding tomato production; and price fluctuations, low prices, high transport costs, post-harvest loss on farm, and poor market access as the major marketing constraints. The research findings will aid in the development of new market-oriented, highly productive tomato varieties with improved access to seed and designing initiatives to address production and marketing constraints, which will eventually enhance tomato production.

scholarly journals Smallholder Farmers’ Knowledge, Perception and Management of Rice Blast Disease in Upland Rice Production in Tanzania

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ibrahim Hashim ◽  
Delphina P. Mamiro ◽  
Robert B. Mabagala ◽  
Tadele Tefera
Keyword(s):  
Rice Blast ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Upland Rice ◽  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Rice Production ◽  
Rice Blast Disease ◽  
Blast Disease ◽  
Rice Varieties

The objective of this paper was to investigate farmers’ knowledge and management of rice blast disease in Tanzania. Farmers’ household survey was conducted in five districts namely Mvomero, Morogoro rural, Ulanga, Korogwe and Muheza in April and May 2017. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews using semi-structured questionnaire and observations made through transect walks across selected villages. Farmers observed symptoms of rice blast disease for the first time in the past 3 to 10 years, with higher severity of blast disease in April to May each year. About 46.3% of the respondents were not aware of the cause and spread of rice blast disease. About 39.9% of the respondents associated rice blast disease with drought, high rainfall and temperature (8.7%) and soil fertility problems (5.1%). About 18.7% of the farmers reported burning of crop residues, 17.0% use of ash, 4.0% use of nitrogen fertilizer and 6.3% application of fungicide for management of rice blast disease. The majority (54.0%) of farmers did not apply any management method. Most farmers planted local upland rice varieties, with only 7.7% using improved varieties. About 69.6% of the respondents shared information on disease management among themselves. Lack of knowledge, ability to afford and unavailability of effective blast disease control methods were reported to affect the management of the disease. Strengthening the capacity of farmers to identify the disease and proper management practices will sustainably solve the problem of rice blast disease in upland rice production.

scholarly journals Cropping System Dynamics, Climate Variability, and Seed Losses among East African Smallholder Farmers: A Retrospective Survey

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 354-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Leclerc ◽  
Caroline Mwongera ◽  
Pierre Camberlin ◽  
Vincent Moron
Keyword(s):  
Climate Variability ◽  
System Dynamics ◽  
Pearl Millet ◽  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Rainfall Variability ◽  
Precipitation Amount ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Retrospective Survey ◽  
Seed Loss

Abstract Climate variability directly affects traditional low input and rain-fed farming systems, but few studies have paid attention retrospectively to the cropping system’s ability to mitigate climate risk. This study analyzes the impacts of rainfall variability on farmers’ seed variety losses over time, considering changes in smallholder farming systems. The cropping system dynamics, in favoring maize at the expense of sorghum and pearl millet, have induced an increasing risk of seed loss during drought. Combining ecological anthropology and climatology, a retrospective survey asking farmers about the period 1961–2006 was carried out at three altitudinal levels (750, 950, and 1100 m) on the eastern slope of Mount Kenya. Over that period, based on 3204 seed loss events reported orally and independently by 208 farmers, the probability to lose sorghum seed (0.056–0.065) was significantly lower than the probability to lose maize seed (0.071–0.087). All crops were more impacted by droughts than by very wet years. Seed loss probability increased for rainy seasons shorter than 50 days, with less than 28 rain days, and with a precipitation amount under 400 mm. Losses are almost linearly related to the frequency of rain days. Logistic regression confirmed that a change in cropping systems, favoring maize at the expense of sorghum and pearl millet, increased the risk of seed losses due to drought over the 46-yr period.

scholarly journals Growth and yield of rice fields with posbidik compost and jajar legowo planting system

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
I Ketut Suweta ◽  
Hertasning Yatim ◽  
Mihwan Sataral
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Plant Population ◽  
Rice Production ◽  
Lowland Rice ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Innovative Product ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Planting System

Posbidik compost is an innovative product that is expected to solve the scarcity of subsidized fertilizers for farmers. The principle of the jajar legowo planting system is to increase plant population and lowland rice production. This study aimed to determine the influence of posbidik compost and jajar legowo planting system on the growth and yield of Ciherang rice varieties. This study was conducted on irrigation paddy fields owned by farmers in West Toili District, Banggai Regency, in August-December 2020. This study used a factorial randomized block design consisting of 2 factors, namely posbidik compost consisting of 3 levels, namely: K1 = 5 tons/ha; K2 = 7.5 tons/ha; K3 = 10 tons / ha, and planting system legowo 2:1 line consisting of 3 levels, namely: L1 = 20 x 10 x 40 cm; L2 = 25 x 12.5 x 50 cm; L3 = 30 x 15 x 60 cm. The results showed that the interaction of posbidik compost and jajar legowo planting system does not affect the plant height; however, it affects the number of productive tillers, the weight of 1000 grains and productivity. The results showed that the best performance of the yield rice in the treatments of 7.5 tons/ha posbidik dose with planting space of 25 x 12.5 x 50 cm.

scholarly journals REVIEW ON ADOPTION, TREND, POTENTIAL, AND CONSTRAINTS OF RICE PRODUCTION TO LIVELIHOOD IN ETHIOPIA

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 644-658
Author(s):  
Tamirat Belayneh ◽  
Jember Tekle
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Rice Production ◽  
Export Market ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Irrigated Rice ◽  
Processing Technologies ◽  
Post Harvest ◽  
Production Area ◽  
The Government

Cultivation of rice in Ethiopia is generally a recent phenomenon it was started first at Fogera and Gambella Plains in the early 1970’s, which is preceded by its utilization as a food crop. Hence the present review was to review on adoption, Trend, potential, and constraints of rice production to livelihood in Ethiopia. Although rice was introduced to the country very recently, it has proven to be a crop that can assure food security in Ethiopia. It is reported that the potential rice production area in Ethiopia is estimated to be about thirty million hectares. Since 2006, Ethiopian rice production trends show increases in both area and productivity. Considering the importance and potential of the crop, it has been recognized by the Government as “the new millennium crop of Ethiopia” to attain food security. Rice has become a commodity of strategic significance across many parts of Ethiopia for domestic consumption as well as export market for economic development. Due to the introduction of upland and irrigated rice varieties in the country, rice farming has increased from time to time. There has been twelve upland/lowland NERICAs and Sativa-type, and three irrigated rice varieties released in Ethiopia from 1999 up to 2007. However, Ethiopian rice sector still faces remaining challenges such as high competition with imported rice, poor infrastructure, insufficient mechanization and post-harvest processing technologies, lack of skilled manpower and research facilities, poor marketing infrastructure, and channels. Therefore, building the capacity of the research community, experts, smallholder farmers and the private sector is necessary not only to further increase production but also to improve the quality of rice products through better post-harvest handling and processing.

scholarly journals Multi-agent modelling of climate outlooks and food security on a community garden scheme in Limpopo, South Africa

2005 ◽  
Vol 360 (1463) ◽  
pp. 2183-2194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sukaina Bharwani ◽  
Mike Bithell ◽  
Thomas E Downing ◽  
Mark New ◽  
Richard Washington ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Food Security ◽  
Climate Variability ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Limpopo Province ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Agent Based ◽  
Seasonal Climate

Seasonal climate outlooks provide one tool to help decision-makers allocate resources in anticipation of poor, fair or good seasons. The aim of the ‘Climate Outlooks and Agent-Based Simulation of Adaptation in South Africa’ project has been to investigate whether individuals, who adapt gradually to annual climate variability, are better equipped to respond to longer-term climate variability and change in a sustainable manner. Seasonal climate outlooks provide information on expected annual rainfall and thus can be used to adjust seasonal agricultural strategies to respond to expected climate conditions. A case study of smallholder farmers in a village in Vhembe district, Limpopo Province, South Africa has been used to examine how such climate outlooks might influence agricultural strategies and how this climate information can be improved to be more useful to farmers. Empirical field data has been collected using surveys, participatory approaches and computer-based knowledge elicitation tools to investigate the drivers of decision-making with a focus on the role of climate, market and livelihood needs. This data is used in an agent-based social simulation which incorporates household agents with varying adaptation options which result in differing impacts on crop yields and thus food security, as a result of using or ignoring the seasonal outlook. Key variables are the skill of the forecast, the social communication of the forecast and the range of available household and community-based risk coping strategies. This research provides a novel approach for exploring adaptation within the context of climate change.

scholarly journals Determinants of Yield Gap in Lowland Rice Production in North-Central Nigeria.

Agrosearch ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
OI Akintayo ◽  
MAY Rahji ◽  
TT Awoyemi ◽  
AI Adeoti
Keyword(s):  
Rice Production ◽  
Lowland Rice ◽  
Yield Gap ◽  
North Central
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