Methods and applications of fracture trace analysis in the quantification of structural geology

1969 ◽  
Vol 106 (5) ◽  
pp. 430-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Huntington
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Mechanical Analysis ◽  
Aerial Photographs ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Linear Features ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis ◽  
Linear Elements ◽  
Dimensional Parameters ◽  
Air Photo

SUMMARYNaturally occurring linear features recognisable on aerial photographs may be related to bedrock tectonics. The identification and analysis of such linear elements, “megajoints”, reveals much information about the style and dimensions of subsurface geologic structures. Various terminologies, as applicable to air photo linears, are brought together and analysis is carried out in four test applications of Permyakov's original methods, the calculation of three-dimensional parameters from two-dimensional data. Some comparison is made with other techniques. Much of this linear vector analysis is carried out manually but possibilities exist for mechanical analysis and synthesis using certain up-to-date techniques. The methods described are applicable to many fields of academic and practical geology at or above the reconnaissance level.

Micro-CT analysis of two-dimensional and three-dimensional parameters in severely curved roots prepared with 3 instrumentation systems: An in vitro study

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 62
Author(s):  
AntonioMiranda da Cruz-Filho ◽  
LuisEduardo Souza-Flamini ◽  
BrunoMonguilhott Crozeta ◽  
RicardoGariba Silva ◽  
RicardoNovak Savioli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Vitro Study ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Micro Ct ◽  
Ct Analysis ◽  
Dimensional Parameters

scholarly journals Quantitative three-dimensional assessment of Madelung deformity

2019 ◽  
Vol 44 (10) ◽  
pp. 1041-1048
Author(s):  
Abbas Peymani ◽  
Johannes G. G. Dobbe ◽  
Geert J. Streekstra ◽  
Henry R. McCarroll ◽  
Simon D. Strackee
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Madelung Deformity ◽  
Radiocarpal Joint ◽  
Dimensional Parameters ◽  
Wrist Anatomy ◽  
Diagnostic Work ◽  
Dimensional Assessment ◽  
Work Up ◽  
Lunate Fossa

In the diagnostic work-up of Madelung deformity conventional radiographic imaging is often used, assessing the three-dimensional deformity in a two-dimensional manner. A three-dimensional approach could expand our understanding of Madelung deformity’s complex wrist anatomy, while removing inter- and intra-rater differences. We measured previous two-dimensional-based and newly developed three-dimensional-based parameters in 18 patients with Madelung deformity (28 wrists) and 35 healthy participants (56 wrists). Madelung deformity wrists have increased levels of ulnar tilt, lunate subsidence, lunate fossa angle, and palmar carpal displacement. The lunate fossa is more concave and irregular, and angles between scaphoid, lunate, and triquetral bones are decreased. These findings validate the underlying principles of current two-dimensional criteria and reveal previously unknown anatomical abnormalities by utilizing novel three-dimensional parameters to quantify the radiocarpal joint.

Parameter correlation study of cylinder liner roughness for production and quality control

2008 ◽  
Vol 222 (11) ◽  
pp. 1475-1487 ◽  
Author(s):  
B-G Rosen ◽  
C Anderberg ◽  
R Ohlsson
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cylinder Liner ◽  
Correlation Study ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Strong Correlations ◽  
Intrinsic Variability ◽  
Dimensional Parameters ◽  
Liner Surface ◽  
Highly Correlated

Surface roughness plays an important role in the control of emissions and friction losses in the cylinder liner—piston ring system as well as securing economically favourable manufacturing. A number of different commercial cylinder liner types have been characterized using traditional two-dimensional stylus and ISO parameters together with the latest three-dimensional characterization. The results highlight the weak and strong correlations between different families of parameters traditionally used for liner surface specifications. The bearing curve based Rxq and Rk parameter families have been evaluated and show systematic and consistent differences when characterizing the same surface features when trying to establish independent characterization of the highly stratified, two-process cylinder liner surfaces. No significant improvement in discrimination results from using ensemble averages. Presentation of correlations in the form of topological diagrams helps to show when parameters with a high intrinsic variability can be effectively replaced by other more robust parameters with which they have a high correlation. Plateau parameters are in general more highly correlated than valley parameters. Three-dimensional parameters show high internal correlations and also correlate highly with some corresponding two-dimensional parameters.

Three-dimensional thermo-mechanical analysis of continuous casting and comparison with two-dimensional models

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (6) ◽  
pp. 421-434
Author(s):  
Reza Vaghefi ◽  
MR Hematiyan ◽  
Ali Nayebi
Keyword(s):  
Continuous Casting ◽  
Phase Change ◽  
Galerkin Method ◽  
Plane Strain ◽  
Plane Stress ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Casting Process ◽  
Mechanical Analysis ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Generalized Plane Strain

In this study, a three-dimensional thermo-elasto-plastic model is developed for simulating a continuous casting process. The obtained results are compared with those from different two-dimensional analyses, which are based on plane stress, plane strain, and generalized plane strain assumptions. All analyses are carried out using the meshless local Petrov–Galerkin method. The effective heat capacity method is employed to simulate the phase change process. The von Mises yield criterion and elastic–perfectly-plastic model are used to simulate the stress state during the casting process; while, material parameters are assumed to be temperature-dependent. Based on the three-dimensional and two-dimensional models, numerical results are provided to determine the stress, displacement, and temperature fields induced in the cast material. It is observed that the present meshless local Petrov–Galerkin method is accurate in three-dimensional thermo-mechanical analysis of highly nonlinear phase change problems. Reasonable agreements are observed between the results obtained from the three-dimensional analysis with those retrieved by the generalized plane strain assumption. However, it is observed that the results obtained under plane stress/strain conditions have some significant differences with the results obtained from three-dimensional modeling of continuous casting.

The Place of Painting in the Problem of Cinema Frame Composition

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gergana Tabakova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Arts ◽  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Formal Theory ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Sergei Eisenstein ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis ◽  
Unifying Principles

I offer a glimpse at the essence of the visual arts, which is related to the conceptual and the visual constructions through which the image is constructed. Although very different from painting, cinema, as a visual art, is influenced by it at a depth that is hard to imagine. I am taking into account the views of Sergei Eisenstein – one of the proponents of the formal theory of cinema, displayed in his theoretical works, as well as several of his films. Changes in the visual arts that result from the advent of photography give new meaning and role of painting. Artists occupied in painting are beginning to look for new ways to solve the problem of three-dimensional space in a two-dimensional surface. In the time that cinema develops own language, it sets to itself similar tasks. At that moment, cinema turns to the familiar visual-artistic experience and its forms in order to construct its own imaginative language. Cinema, like painting, gives us the joy of looking at the form in which the correlation of the elements is sensed. Accordingly, in order to bring pleasure and meaning, this form is created in constructions that we know from the field of painting. Editing, the basis of cinematic language, is built by putting together frames that serve as building blocks of the film. In this capacity they are of utmost importance. It is frame’s compositional organization, which at first takes place in a two-dimensional space as in picture that plays a major role in the approach to the editing. The composition of the frame which is the core of the editing process is built in the parameters of the main points through which the composition in painting can be built – rhythm, dynamics, statics, symmetry, asymmetry, analysis and synthesis of form, and at a later stage of the development of cinema – even color. The visual arts are based on similar structures and ways of building the form though they do it through different languages. There are unifying principles that define the world of images. Whether they are moving or static, their construction is often done on the basis of similar intentions and through similar instruments. Knowing them, understanding them, is a tool for creating quality images.

Extraction of Three-Dimensional Parameters for Weld Pool Surface in Pulsed GTAW With Wire Filler

2003 ◽  
Vol 125 (3) ◽  
pp. 493-503 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. B. Zhao ◽  
J. Q. Yi ◽  
S. B. Chen ◽  
L. Wu ◽  
Q. Chen
Keyword(s):  
Weld Pool ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Shape Parameters ◽  
Image Processing Algorithm ◽  
Pool Surface ◽  
Pulsed Gtaw ◽  
Dimensional Parameters ◽  
Dimensional Shape ◽  
Wire Filler

By viewing the topside of a weld pool, a skilled operator can estimate the weld joint penetration. The weld pool shape or the solidified bead shape is crucial for weld quality. Automatic control of pulsed GTAW with wire filler is achieved by recording the image of the weld pool with an optical sensing method and then calculating shape parameters with an image processing algorithm. Three-dimensional shape parameters of the weld pool were determined that uniquely and accurately describe various weld pool shapes. Two-dimensional shape parameters were extracted from a two-dimensional image processing algorithm. Finally, a shape from shading (SFS) algorithm on a single image was used to recover the surface height from a single weld pool image. The extracted three-dimensional parameters for the weld pool surface were verified and used for double-sided shape control.

High Resolution Microscopy of Multi-Layered Biological Crystals

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 80-83
Author(s):  
H.A. Cohen ◽  
T.W. Jeng ◽  
W. Chiu
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Data Interpretation ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Biological Objects ◽  
Density Maps ◽  
Density Map ◽  
Complex Crystal ◽  
High Resolution Microscopy

This tutorial will discuss the methodology of low dose electron diffraction and imaging of crystalline biological objects, the problems of data interpretation for two-dimensional projected density maps of glucose embedded protein crystals, the factors to be considered in combining tilt data from three-dimensional crystals, and finally, the prospects of achieving a high resolution three-dimensional density map of a biological crystal. This methodology will be illustrated using two proteins under investigation in our laboratory, the T4 DNA helix destabilizing protein gp32*I and the crotoxin complex crystal.

Instrumentation For Quantitative Microscopy

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 206-209
Author(s):  
B. Ralph ◽  
A.R. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Automatic Data ◽  
Phase Volume Fraction ◽  
Statistical Confidence ◽  
Resultant Data ◽  
Automatic Data Collection ◽  
Third Dimension ◽  
Evolution Of Microstructure

In all fields of microscopy there is an increasing interest in the quantification of microstructure. This interest may stem from a desire to establish quality control parameters or may have a more fundamental requirement involving the derivation of parameters which partially or completely define the three dimensional nature of the microstructure. This latter categorey of study may arise from an interest in the evolution of microstructure or from a desire to generate detailed property/microstructure relationships. In the more fundamental studies some convolution of two-dimensional data into the third dimension (stereological analysis) will be necessary.In some cases the two-dimensional data may be acquired relatively easily without recourse to automatic data collection and further, it may prove possible to perform the data reduction and analysis relatively easily. In such cases the only recourse to machines may well be in establishing the statistical confidence of the resultant data. Such relatively straightforward studies tend to result from acquiring data on the whole assemblage of features making up the microstructure. In this field data mode, when parameters such as phase volume fraction, mean size etc. are sought, the main case for resorting to automation is in order to perform repetitive analyses since each analysis is relatively easily performed.

A linearity test for thick specimens imaged by HVEM over a 180° angular range

1991 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 552-553
Author(s):  
Yu Liu
Keyword(s):  
Phase Contrast ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Angular Range ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Back Projection ◽  
Line Integral ◽  
Exponential Law ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Absorption Law ◽  
Linearity Test

The image obtained in a transmission electron microscope is the two-dimensional projection of a three-dimensional (3D) object. The 3D reconstruction of the object can be calculated from a series of projections by back-projection, but this algorithm assumes that the image is linearly related to a line integral of the object function. However, there are two kinds of contrast in electron microscopy, scattering and phase contrast, of which only the latter is linear with the optical density (OD) in the micrograph. Therefore the OD can be used as a measure of the projection only for thin specimens where phase contrast dominates the image. For thick specimens, where scattering contrast predominates, an exponential absorption law holds, and a logarithm of OD must be used. However, for large thicknesses, the simple exponential law might break down due to multiple and inelastic scattering.

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