The Devolatilization Equation for South Wales Coals

1950 ◽  
Vol 87 (3) ◽  
pp. 196-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. M. Trotter
Keyword(s):  
Original Composition ◽  
Coal Seam ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Frictional Heat ◽  
The South ◽  
Coal Seams ◽  
Fixed Carbon ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Loss Of Weight ◽  
Image Position

SummaryRecent published work on the origin of the South Wales coals has shown that the “original deposition theory” is invalid; the pronounced devolatilization of the coals is due to a cause which operated after the formation of all of the seams and the rate of change of the volatiles is governed by a function which can be expressed as an empirical equation. Nevertheless minor variations in coal seam volatiles arising from differences in original composition of vegetation are recognized, and of several examples one is given from the Northumbrian geo-syncline where the highest volatiles are in the lowest Carboniferous Limestone coals and where the extreme variation throughout a sequence of 7,000 feet of coal-bearing strata is 11%. The minor variations lessen progressively if the coal seams become devolatilized. As illustrated by examples from American and European fields, a most important factor in coal seam devolatilization is orogenic pressure with incidental frictional heat.The present basis of comparison of essential coal-substances (fixed carbon and volatiles) is shown to be empirical; a mathematical comparison should be based on the original composition of the coal (not peat) substance. it is shown that 50% fixed carbon and 50% volatiles (d.a.f.) constitute good average figures for the original composition of the coal substance of Carboniferous coals. Loss of weight in devolatilized coals is suffered only by the volatiles so that the best basis of mathematical comparison is the 50% fixed carbon (d.a.f.). The volatile percentages of the South Wales seams when calculated on this basis all show a pronounced drop in values, and on the 50% fixed carbon basis it is necessary to find a new controlling function for the rate of change of volatiles in coal seams lying in vertical sequence. It is found that this is best expressed by the following exponential equation:where v2 and v1 represent the volatiles of the lower and upper seams respectively, y is the vertical distance in feet of v2 below v1; and θ is the angle of dip of the zero plane previously determined in South Wales as 5°.

Palynology of late Westphalian–early Stephanian coal-bearing deposits in the eastern South Wales Coalfield

2005 ◽  
Vol 142 (6) ◽  
pp. 809-821 ◽  
Author(s):  
TATIANA KH. DIMITROVA ◽  
CHRISTOPHER J. CLEAL ◽  
BARRY A. THOMAS
Keyword(s):  
Coal Seam ◽  
The South ◽  
South Wales

Mudstones above coals in the eastern part of the South Wales Coalfield have yielded diverse and well-preserved palynofloras. They indicate that the Llantwit No. 1 and No. 2 seams are Stephanian in age, and thus correlate with the Household Coals Member in the Forest of Dean. Until the formation of the highest coal seam in the succession (No. 1 Llantwit Seam), conditions were progressively becoming wetter, as indicated by an increase in abundance of lycophytes and a decline in the cordaites. However, after the formation of this stratigraphically highest coal, the lycophytes declined significantly, indicating that conditions suddenly became drier, perhaps as a result of uplift of the area as the Variscan Front to the south steadily pressed forward.

Beidellitic montmorillonite from Swansea, New South Wales

Clay Minerals ◽  
1971 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Hamilton
Keyword(s):  
Coal Seam ◽  
Infrared Absorption ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Structural Formula ◽  
X Ray ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Saturated Form ◽  
Image Position

AbstractThe minus 1μm fraction of an argillized vitric tuff, overlying the Wallarah Coal Seam near Swansea, N.S.W. is a nearly monomineralic (95%+) expandite clay, which hydrates and reacts to glycerol and heat treatments like montmorillonite. Results of X-ray, differential thermal, thermogravimetric and infrared absorption analyses confirm the general montmorillonoid character of the mineral, but chemical data indicate that much of its structure charge arises from substitutions in the tetrahedral zones of the lattice, as in beidellite rather than montmorillonite. The structural fOrmula deduced for the Ca++-saturated form of the minus 0.1μm clay is:The distinctive behaviours of the heat-treated NH4+- and Li+-saturated structures also suggest that the mineral is a 'beidellitic montmorillonite' rather than a montmorillonite.

scholarly journals Coal potential of Patala Formation, Dandli area, Kotli district, Kashmir, Pakistan

2016 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-17
Author(s):  
Shahid Jamil Sameeni ◽  
Zafar Mahmood
Keyword(s):  
Late Miocene ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Geological Mapping ◽  
Sulphur Content ◽  
Chemical Analyses ◽  
The South ◽  
Coal Seams ◽  
Fixed Carbon ◽  
Middle Cambrian ◽  
Upper Paleocene

  Detailed geological mapping was carried out in Dandli of the Kotli district where Middle Cambrian to Late Miocene rocks are exposed. The coal bearing Patala Formation of the Upper Paleocene epoch is well exposed on both limbs of the doubly plunging Tattapani-Karela anticline and also on the eastern plunge of the doubly plunging Devigarh-Palana anticline. These anticlines are considered as the continuation of the Riasi anticline in Jammu, India. Structurally, the Kotli area lies to the south east of the Hazara-Kashmir Syntaxis. The 73.2 m thick Patala Formation contains two coal seams. The exposed thickness of individual seam ranges from 1 m to 1.2 m and in the underground, it reaches upto 4 m at some places. The coal from the Dandli area has medium volatiles and low moisture with generally low ash content and good fixed carbon. Sulphur content varies from 0.51 to 3.17% and occurs in the form of pyrite nodules. The chemical analyses reveal that the coal is bituminous to semi-anthracite variety.

scholarly journals Draft Genome Sequence of Dietzia sp. Strain SYD-A1, Isolated from Coal Seam Formation Water

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Silas H. W. Vick ◽  
Paul Greenfield ◽  
Sasha G. Tetu ◽  
David J. Midgley ◽  
Ian T. Paulsen
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Coal Seam ◽  
Genome Sequence ◽  
New South ◽  
Draft Genome ◽  
Formation Water ◽  
Coal Seams ◽  
Microbial Species ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Terrestrial Subsurface

ABSTRACT Subsurface coal seams harbor an array of diverse microbial species subsisting as a community on the organic matter present in coal. Here, we present the annotated genome sequence of Dietzia sp. strain SYD-A1, a bacterium isolated from a terrestrial subsurface coal seam in New South Wales, Australia.

COAL SEAM GAS IN THE SOUTHERN SYDNEY BASIN, NEW SOUTH WALES

1997 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 415 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.M. Faiz ◽  
A.C. Hutton
Keyword(s):  
Coal Seam ◽  
New South ◽  
Geological Structure ◽  
Gas Content ◽  
Gas Composition ◽  
Late Permian ◽  
Coal Seams ◽  
Coal Seam Gas ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Coal Measures

The coal seam gas content of the Late Permian Illawarra Coal Measures ranges from Methane that occurs within the basin was mainly derived as a by-product of coalification. Most of the CO2 was derived from intermittent magmatic activity between the Triassic and the Tertiary. This gas has subsequently migrated, mainly in solution, towards structural highs and accumulated in anticlines and near sealed faults.The total desorbable gas content of the coal seams is mainly related to depth, gas composition and geological structure. At depths

II.— On a New Species of Fossil Cockroach, Archimylacirs (Etoblattina) Woodwardi, from the South Wales Coal-field

1910 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 147-151
Author(s):  
Herbert Bolton
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Coal Seam ◽  
Coal Field ◽  
The South ◽  
South Wales ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Dark Blue ◽  
A New Species

The Orthopteron wing which forms the subject of the present paper was obtained by Mr. David Davies from a dark-blue shale, about 10 feet in thickness, overlying the No. 2 Rhondda coal-seam in Clydach Vale (see Plate XV). The shale decreases to the east, dying out wholly 2 miles beyond the colliery, giving place to sandstone. I am indebted to Mr. Davies for the opportunity of describing the specimen.

Hilt's Law and the Volatile Contents of Coal Seams

1949 ◽  
Vol 86 (6) ◽  
pp. 346-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. T. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Least Squares ◽  
Horizontal Plane ◽  
Volatile Content ◽  
The South ◽  
Coal Seams ◽  
The West ◽  
Least Squares Solution ◽  
A Value ◽  
South Wales ◽  
The Difference

Arbitrary relations between volatile percentage and depth of the seams can be established readily for both the South Wales and Kent coalfields by means of the Hilt rates: this is perhaps most clearly indicated by the South Wales sequences, which are considered first. If we take as a horizontal datum plane a seam which contains 40 per cent of volatiles we can calculate from the Hilt rate the depth for any given sequence at which the Nine-Foot seam would lie below that datum. Thus, at New Bridge the recorded volatile content of the Nine-Foot seam is 28; a least squares solution gives 26·7; adopting a value of 27 and a Hilt rate of 5·32, that seam would be 2,440 feet below the datum. At Treherbert the recorded volatile is 11, while a least squares solution gives 11·5; the depth of the Nine-Foot seam below the datum would thus be 5,400 feet. It is clear, therefore, that if the 40 per cent seam were regarded as a horizontal plane, depression was at one time more rapid in the west than in the east. It is known that a rapid increase in the thickness of the measures below the Pennant Sandstone takes place westward, but the difference of 3,000 feet indicated above is much more than occurred by differential warping during the formation of the lower measures among which the Nine-Foot seam lies. The tendency which is evident, however, in these lower measures must have continued into much later Coal Measure times, in which case a 40 per cent datum was itself warped down.

COAL SEAM METHANE—MEETING THE REQUIREMENTS OF BUYERS, FINANCIERS AND REGULATORS

2000 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 751
Author(s):  
P.F. Dighton
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Coal Seam ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Commercial Production ◽  
Coal Seams ◽  
Economic Basis ◽  
South Wales ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Coal Seam Methane

Significant work is taking place in Queensland and New South Wales to make the recovery of natural gas from coal seams (Coal Seam Methane) a viable industry. At this stage there are still some daunting hurdles to overcome. Australian buyers and financiers remain sceptical on resource risk and continuity of supply issues. In the USA commercial production has been taking place for 20 years, but the industry was only able to achieve credibility and viability by relying on tax breaks. Unfortunately, the same type of government incentives are not present in Australia. Whether, in the absence of these incentives, Australian producers can harness the resource on an economic basis remains to be seen.

scholarly journals III. Correlation and palæontology of the coal measures in East Glamorganshire

1929 ◽  
Vol 217 (440-449) ◽  
pp. 91-153 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
The South ◽  
Coal Seams ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Coal Measures

The following Paper gives the results of an investigation of the Flora and Fauna associated with the various coal seams in a part of the South Wales Coalfield. An account of the ecology of some of the lower seams was given in ‘Quart. Jl. Geol. Soc.,’ vol. 77, 1921, and a preliminary list of the species recorded from the Westphalian and lower part of the Staffordian Measures was given, in 1920, to the Manchester Institution of Mining Engineers (‘Transacts.,’ vol. 59, Part III).

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document