scholarly journals Coal potential of Patala Formation, Dandli area, Kotli district, Kashmir, Pakistan

2016 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-17
Author(s):  
Shahid Jamil Sameeni ◽  
Zafar Mahmood
Keyword(s):  
Late Miocene ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Geological Mapping ◽  
Sulphur Content ◽  
Chemical Analyses ◽  
The South ◽  
Coal Seams ◽  
Fixed Carbon ◽  
Middle Cambrian ◽  
Upper Paleocene

  Detailed geological mapping was carried out in Dandli of the Kotli district where Middle Cambrian to Late Miocene rocks are exposed. The coal bearing Patala Formation of the Upper Paleocene epoch is well exposed on both limbs of the doubly plunging Tattapani-Karela anticline and also on the eastern plunge of the doubly plunging Devigarh-Palana anticline. These anticlines are considered as the continuation of the Riasi anticline in Jammu, India. Structurally, the Kotli area lies to the south east of the Hazara-Kashmir Syntaxis. The 73.2 m thick Patala Formation contains two coal seams. The exposed thickness of individual seam ranges from 1 m to 1.2 m and in the underground, it reaches upto 4 m at some places. The coal from the Dandli area has medium volatiles and low moisture with generally low ash content and good fixed carbon. Sulphur content varies from 0.51 to 3.17% and occurs in the form of pyrite nodules. The chemical analyses reveal that the coal is bituminous to semi-anthracite variety.

scholarly journals CHARACTERISTICS AND LIQUEFACTION OF COAL FROM WARUKIN FORMATION, TABALONG AREA, SOUTH KALIMANTAN–INDONESIA

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Edy Nursanto ◽  
Arifudin Idrus ◽  
Hendra Amijaya ◽  
Subagyo Pramumijoyo
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Matter ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Coal Liquefaction ◽  
Low Rank ◽  
Coal Rank ◽  
Low Rank Coal ◽  
Coal Seams ◽  
Fixed Carbon ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Coal Properties

Since the coal characteristic is the main controlling factors in coal liquefaction, thus five coal seams with different coal rank from Warukin Formation in Tabalong Area, South Kalimantan have been used in this study. Three seams were low rank coal (Wara 110, Wara 120, Wara 200) while two seams were medium rank (Tutupan 210 and Paringin 712). The objectives of this study was to investigate the effect of coal rank on the rate of coal conversion factor. Coal liquefaction was conducted in an autoclave on low pressure (14.7 psi) and temperature 120°C. Experiments were designed with time intervals 30, 60 and 90 minutes, respectively. The average coal properties of seam Wara 110, Wara 120 and Wara 200 were 26.65%, 5.08%, 46.26% and 30.60% for inherent moisture, ash content, volatile matter and. fixed carbon, respectively. In contrast, coal properties for seam Tutupan 210 and Paringin 712 were 18.42%, 1.81%, 23.02% and 35.76% for inherent moisture, ash content, volatile matter and fixed carbon, respectively. The maximum yields for Wara 110, Wara 120 and Wara 200 were 48.60% (30 minutes), 51.27% (60 minutes) and 46.72% (90 minutes). In comparison, Tutupan 210 and Paringin 712 resulted maximum yields of 8.22% (30 minutes), 18.35% (60 minutes), 6.23% (90 minutes). In conclusion, low rank coal has higher yield conversion compared to medium rank coal since it has higher H/C ratio. Keywords: Coal liquefaction, low rank coal, Kalimantan.

scholarly journals CLASSSFICATION OF COAL RESERVES AT THE TYAGLIV AND LYUBELYA FIELDS OF THE SOUTH-WESTERN COAL-BEARING REGION OF THE LVIV-VOLYN BASIN BASED ON THE MAIN NATURAL INDICATORS

2021 ◽  
pp. 53-69
Author(s):  
I.O. Kostyk ◽  
I.V. Buchynska ◽  
A.V. Poberezhsky
Keyword(s):  
Ash Content ◽  
Material Base ◽  
The South ◽  
Coal Seams ◽  
Commercial Development ◽  
Coal Resources ◽  
Gas Coal ◽  
Coal Reserves ◽  
Coal Region ◽  
High Sulphur Coal

A geological-statistic analysis of commercial resources and the predictive coal-bearing potential of the fields of the South-Western coal region, the principal promising part of the Lviv-Volyn Coal Basin, has been carried out. Based on the detailed analysis and systematization of data from prospecting and exploratory-assessment works regarding the depth of occurrence and the thickness of coal seams, ash content, sulphur content and grade composition of coal, resources of the Tyagliv and Lyubelya fields has been re-evaluated. These characteristics have been studied by discrete intervals. Re-evaluation of resources and their classification were carried out for every coal seam, the mine field, the field, and the coal-bearing region on the whole. In total, the analysis was performed for 24 coal seams. By the depth of occurrence of coal seams the majority of coal reserves at the Tyagliv and Lyubelya fields belong to the group of 600-900 m. The majority of predictive resources of coal within the Lyubelya field (6.6%) falls to the group of 900-1200 m. According to the thickness of coal seams, the most of the balance and overbalance reserves at the Tyagliv field is attributed to the groups of 0.61-0.80; 0.81-1.00 m, and at the Lyubelya field to the groups of 0.81-1.00; 1.01-1.20; 1,21-1.50 and over 1.5 m. Within the Lyubelya field, the predictive resources of coal are contained in the group of 0.81-1.00 m. According to the value of ash content, 50 % of balance and overbalance reserves of coal at the Tyagliv field are related to the groups of the medium-ash and ash coal. At the Lyubelya field, the most of coal reserves (66.4%) also corresponds to the group of medium-ash coal, and predictive resources — to the groups of medium-ash (43.1%) and ash (53.1%) coal. According to the content of the mass fraction of sulphur, at the Tyagliv field the balance and overbalance reserves of high-sulphur coal prevail, with the amount of sulphur, low-sulphur and medium-sulphur coal being at the equal ratios. At the Lyubelya field, high-sulphur and low-sulphur coal prevail almost at the equal ratios. Regarding predictive resources, the group of high-sulphur coal prevails within the field. The coal seams within the Tyagliv and Lyubelya fields differ from analogous ones in the industrial part of the basin by the higher thickness and the area of distribution. The depth of occurrence of the seams increases for 15-300 m. Coal in the fields of the South-Western coal region has higher quality and the least ash content. According to brand composition of coal, the technologic groups of gas coal, gas-fat coal and fat coal (according to the Ukrainian classification) prevail at the Tyagliv field. It is proved that gas coal is suitable for coking. At the Lyubelya field, fat, coke-fat and coke coal prevail. Сoke coal comprises almost a half of the reserves. In the region, reserves and resources of coal are estimated to be over two billion tons, which exceeds in two times the residual reserves of the commercial part of the basin. The analysis of the raw material base of the Tyagliv and Lyubelya fields, estimation of reserves and evaluation of coal resources have a great importance for developing and working-out of the feasibility study for their commercial development.

The Devolatilization Equation for South Wales Coals

1950 ◽  
Vol 87 (3) ◽  
pp. 196-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. M. Trotter
Keyword(s):  
Original Composition ◽  
Coal Seam ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Frictional Heat ◽  
The South ◽  
Coal Seams ◽  
Fixed Carbon ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Loss Of Weight ◽  
Image Position

SummaryRecent published work on the origin of the South Wales coals has shown that the “original deposition theory” is invalid; the pronounced devolatilization of the coals is due to a cause which operated after the formation of all of the seams and the rate of change of the volatiles is governed by a function which can be expressed as an empirical equation. Nevertheless minor variations in coal seam volatiles arising from differences in original composition of vegetation are recognized, and of several examples one is given from the Northumbrian geo-syncline where the highest volatiles are in the lowest Carboniferous Limestone coals and where the extreme variation throughout a sequence of 7,000 feet of coal-bearing strata is 11%. The minor variations lessen progressively if the coal seams become devolatilized. As illustrated by examples from American and European fields, a most important factor in coal seam devolatilization is orogenic pressure with incidental frictional heat.The present basis of comparison of essential coal-substances (fixed carbon and volatiles) is shown to be empirical; a mathematical comparison should be based on the original composition of the coal (not peat) substance. it is shown that 50% fixed carbon and 50% volatiles (d.a.f.) constitute good average figures for the original composition of the coal substance of Carboniferous coals. Loss of weight in devolatilized coals is suffered only by the volatiles so that the best basis of mathematical comparison is the 50% fixed carbon (d.a.f.). The volatile percentages of the South Wales seams when calculated on this basis all show a pronounced drop in values, and on the 50% fixed carbon basis it is necessary to find a new controlling function for the rate of change of volatiles in coal seams lying in vertical sequence. It is found that this is best expressed by the following exponential equation:where v2 and v1 represent the volatiles of the lower and upper seams respectively, y is the vertical distance in feet of v2 below v1; and θ is the angle of dip of the zero plane previously determined in South Wales as 5°.

Analisis Nutrisi Umbi Ubi Jalar (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) untuk Konsumsi Bayo dan Anak-anak Suku Dani di Distrik Kurulu Kabupaten Jayawijaya

Agrotek ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew B. Pattikawa ◽  
Antonius Suparno ◽  
Saraswati Prabawardani
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Potato ◽  
Ipomoea Batatas ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Infants And Children ◽  
Chemical Analyses ◽  
Food Crop ◽  
Sweet Potatoes ◽  
Development Center

<em>Sweet potato is an important staple food crop especially for the local people of Central Highlands Jayawijaya. There are many accessions that have always been maintained its existence to enrich their various uses. Traditionally, sweet potato accessions were grouped based on the utilization, such as for animal feed, cultural ceremonies, consumption for adults, as well as for infants and children. This study was aimed to analyze the nutritional value of sweet potatoes consumed by infants and children of the Dani tribe. Chemical analyses were conducted at the Laboratory of Post-Harvest Research and Development Center, Cimanggu, Bogor. The results showed that each of 4 (four) sweet potato accessions which were consumed by infants and children had good nutrient levels. Accession Sabe showed the highest water content (72.56%), vitamin C (72.71 mg/100 g), Fe (11.85 mg/100 g), and K levels (130.41 mg / 100 grams). The highest levels of protein (1.44%), fat (1.00%), energy (154.43 kkal/100 gram), carbohydrate (35.47%), starch (30.26%), reducing sugar (3.44%), riboflavin (0.18 mg/100 g), and vitamin A (574.40 grams IU/100 were produced by accession Manis. On the other hand, accession Saborok produced the highest value for ash content (1.32%), vitamin E (28.30 mg/100 g), and ?-carotene (64.69 ppm). The highest level of crude fiber (1.81 %) and thiamin (0.36 mg/100 g) was produced by accession Yuaiken.</em>

scholarly journals Assessment of Pellets from Three Forest Species: From Raw Material to End Use

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 447
Author(s):  
Miguel Alfonso Quiñones-Reveles ◽  
Víctor Manuel Ruiz-García ◽  
Sarai Ramos-Vargas ◽  
Benedicto Vargas-Larreta ◽  
Omar Masera-Cerutti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Energy Yield ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Fixed Carbon ◽  
End Use ◽  
The Impact

This study aimed to evaluate and compare the relationship between chemical properties, energy efficiency, and emissions of wood and pellets from madroño Arbutus xalapensis Kunth, tázcate Juniperus deppeana Steud, and encino colorado Quercus sideroxyla Humb. & Bonpl. in two gasifiers (top-lit-up-draft (T-LUD) and electricity generation wood camp stove (EGWCS)) in order to determine the reduction of footprint carbon. In accordance with conventional methodologies, we determined the extracts and chemical components (lignin, cellulose, holocellulose), and the immediate analyses were carried out (volatile materials, fixed carbon, ash content and microanalysis of said ash), as well as the evaluation of emission factors (total suspended particulate matter (PM2.5), CO, CO2, CH4, black carbon (BC), elemental carbon (EC), and organic carbon (OC)). The results were statistically analyzed to compare each variable among species and gasifiers. The raw material analyzed showed how the pH ranged from 5.01 to 5.57, and the ash content ranged between 0.39 and 0.53%. The content values of Cu, Zn, Fe, Mg, and Ca ranged from 0.08 to 0.22, 0.18 to 0.19, 0.38 to 0.84, 1.75 to 1.90, and 3.62 to 3.74 mg kg−1, respectively. The extractive ranges from cyclohexane were 2.48–4.79%, acetone 2.42–4.08%, methanol 3.17–7.99%, and hot water 2.12–4.83%. The range of lignin was 18.08–28.60%. The cellulose content ranged from 43.30 to 53.90%, and holocellulose from 53.50 to 64.02%. The volatile material range was 81.2–87.42%, while fixed carbon was 11.30–17.48%; the higher heating value (HHV) of raw material and pellets presented the ranges 17.68–20.21 and 19.72–21.81 MJ kg−1, respectively. Thermal efficiency showed statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) between pellets and gasifiers, with an average of 31% Tier 3 in ISO (International Organization for Standardization) for the T-LUD and 14% (ISO Tier 1) for EGWCS, with Arbutus xalapensis being the species with the highest energy yield. The use of improved combustion devices, as well as that of selected raw material species, can reduce the impact of global warming by up to 33% on a cooking task compared to the three-stone burner.

A garnet peridotite and a garnet-amphibole pyroxenite from South Harris, Outer Hebrides, and their bearing on the South Harris eclogite facies status

1967 ◽  
Vol 36 (279) ◽  
pp. 380-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Livingstone
Keyword(s):  
Optical Properties ◽  
Granulite Facies ◽  
Garnet Peridotite ◽  
Ultramafic Rocks ◽  
Chemical Analyses ◽  
The South ◽  
Outer Hebrides ◽  
Eclogite Facies

SummaryA garnet-olivine metaperidotite and a garnet-amphibole pyroxenite are described. Chemical analyses are presented for six rocks and optical properties and chemical analyses are tabulated for clinopyroxene, almandine-pyrope garnet, and hastingsitie amphibole from the garnet-amphibole pyroxenite. A possible origin for the garnet peridotite and chemically similar granulite facies ultramafic rocks is suggested. The eclogite facies in South Harris is reinstated in the light of the data presented.

Evaluation of the higher heating value, volatile matter, fixed carbon and ash content of ground bamboo using near infrared spectroscopy

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 301-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jetsada Posom ◽  
Panmanas Sirisomboon
Keyword(s):  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Model Development ◽  
Volatile Matter ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
Fixed Carbon ◽  
Bomb Calorimetry ◽  
Heating Value

This research aimed to determine the higher heating value, volatile matter, fixed carbon and ash content of ground bamboo using Fourier transform near infrared spectroscopy as an alternative to bomb calorimetry and thermogravimetry. Bamboo culms used in this study had circumferences ranging from 16 to 40 cm. Model development was performed using partial least squares regression. The higher heating value, volatile matter, fixed carbon and ash content were predicted with coefficients of determination (r2) of 0.92, 0.82, 0.85 and 0.51; root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) of 122 J g−1, 1.15%, 1.00% and 0.77%; ratio of the standard deviation to standard error of validation (RPD) of 3.66, 2.55, 2.62 and 1.44; and bias of 14.4 J g−1, −0.43%, 0.03% and −0.11%, respectively. This report shows that near infrared spectroscopy is quite successful in predicting the higher heating value, and is usable with screening for the determination of fixed carbon and volatile matter. For ash content, the method is not recommended. The models should be able to predict the properties of bamboo samples which are suitable for achieving higher efficiency for the biomass conversion process.

scholarly journals Valorization of briquettes fuel using Pinus spp. sawdust from five regions of Mexico

BioResources ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 2249-2263
Author(s):  
María Alejandra Ramírez-Ramírez ◽  
Artemio Carrillo-Parra ◽  
Faustino Ruíz-Aquino ◽  
Luis Fernando Pintor-Ibarra ◽  
Nicolás González-Ortega ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Impact Resistance ◽  
Resistance Index ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Volatile Matter ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Fixed Carbon ◽  
Volumetric Expansion ◽  
Pinus Spp ◽  
The Impact

This research characterized briquettes made with Pinus spp. sawdust without the use of additives. For this purpose, 19 samples of sawdust from different wood industries located in five states of the Mexican Republic were used. The densification process was carried out in a vertical hydraulic piston laboratory briquette machine. The briquettes were made with 40 g of sawdust, at 50 °C, 20 kPa and pressing for 5 min. The results obtained varied as follows: moisture content (4.1% to 7.2%), density (813.9 to 1,014.4 kg/m3), volumetric expansion (7.4% to 37.3%), compressive strength (4.9 to 40.8 N/mm), impact resistance index (46.7% to 200%), ash (0.1% to 1.1%), volatile matter (82.9% to 90.7%), fixed carbon (8.9% to 16.4%), and calorific value (20.5 to 22.8 MJ/kg). The density of the briquettes was within the “acceptable” classification (800 to 1,200 kg/m3). It was observed that, the higher the density, the lower the volumetric expansion, the higher the compressive strength, and the higher the impact resistance index. According to the ash content, the briquettes could achieve international quality. Due to high volatile matter values, rapid combustion of the briquettes with little generation of toxic smoke would be expected. Fixed carbon and calorific value results were acceptable.

scholarly journals AVALIAÇÃO DE TRÊS MADEIRAS NATIVAS DO CERRADO GOIANO VISANDO À UTILIZAÇÃO ENERGÉTICA

Nativa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 615-624
Author(s):  
Humberto Fauller De Siqueira ◽  
Evelym Poliana Santos Patrício ◽  
Michael Douglas Roque Lima ◽  
José Benedito Guimarães Junior ◽  
Angélica de Cássia Oliveira Carneiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Native Species ◽  
Basic Density ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Muffle Furnace ◽  
Fixed Carbon ◽  
Energy Potential ◽  
Final Temperature ◽  
Wood Basic Density ◽  
Longitudinal Position

Estudos que visem ampliar o conhecimento das madeiras oriundas do cerrado podem contribuir com o correto manejo das espécies. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a qualidade da madeira e do carvão vegetal de três espécies do cerrado (Tachigali vulgaris, Myracrodruon urundeuva e Amburana cearensis) para fins energéticos. Foram amostradas duas árvores por espécie e, destas, foram retirados discos da base, a 25, 50, 75 e 100% da altura total. Para a madeira, determinou-se longitudinalmente a densidade básica, composição química, estoque de carbono, poderes caloríficos superior (PCS) e inferior (PCI) e densidade energética. As carbonizações da madeira foram realizadas em forno elétrico, com temperatura final de 450 ºC e taxa de aquecimento de 1,67 ºC.min-1. A posição longitudinal de amostragem não influenciou a densidade da madeira. A madeira de M. urundeuva apresentou maior densidade básica e PCS, bem como menor teor de materiais voláteis. O carvão da espécie T. vulgaris apresentou a menor densidade aparente (298 kg.m-3) e baixo teor de cinzas (1,14%), porém elevado teor de carbono fixo e PCS. O carvão vegetal da espécie M. urundeuva se destacou com elevada densidade relativa aparente (475 kg.m-3). A ordem das melhores espécies é: M. urundeuva, A. cearensis e T. vulgaris. Palavras-chave: energia renovável; espécies nativas; potencial energético; qualidade do carvão.   ASSESSMENT OF THREE NATIVE WOODS FROM CERRADO OF GOIÁS FOR THE ENERGY PURPOSES   ABSTRACT: Studies aimed at expanding the knowledge of woods from cerrado can contribute to the correct management of the species. The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of wood and charcoal of three species from cerrado (Tachigali vulgaris, Myracrodruon urundeuva, and Amburana cearensis) for energy purposes. Two trees per species were sampled and, from these, disks were removed from the base, at 25, 50, 75, and 100% of the total height. For wood, the properties basic density, chemical analysis, carbon stock, higher (HHV) and lower (LHV) heating values were determined longitudinally. Carbonizations were carried out in a muffle furnace with a final temperature of 450 ºC and heating rate of 1.67 ºC.min-1. There was no effect of longitudinal position under the wood basic density. Myracrodruon urundeuva wood had the highest basic density and HHV, as well as the lowest content of volatile matters. The Tachigali vulgaris charcoal had the lowest bulk density (298 kg.m-3) and low ash content (1.14%), but a high content of fixed carbon and HHV. Charcoal of the species M. urundeuva stood out with high apparent relative density (475 kg.m-3). The order of the best species is M. urundeuva, A. cearensis, and T. vulgaris. Keywords: renewable energy; native species; energy potential; charcoal quality.

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