I.—On ‘Cleat’ in Coal-Seams

1914 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 49-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Percy F. Kendall

My interest in cleat was first aroused by the study of the Geological Survey memoir on the coals of South Wales (1908), from which it became clear to me that the subject of the origin of anthracite was intimately bound up with that of cleat. The object of the present communication is, however, not directly connected with the anthracite question, upon which I hope to have something to say when researches upon which I am engaged with Mr. E. J. Edwards, M.Sc., of Cardiff, have reached a more advanced stage.

During the interval which has elapsed since the subject-matter of this paper was presented in lecture form, a memoir has been completed by the Cenozoic Research Laboratory of the Geological Survey of China, on the subject of “ Fossil Man in China ” and ancillary problems of Cenozoic research in that area (Black and others, 1933). By reason of this fortunate circumstance it has become possible to incorporate in the present communication a resume of the chief geological, palaeontological, and archaeological conclusions to which we have been led as a result of the completion to its present stage of that wider study. It is a pleasure to acknowledge here my indebtedness to my friends and colleagues of the staff of the Cenozoic Research Laboratory, without whose cordial co-operation and assistance the present paper could not have been written. To my friends Dr. V. K. Ting, Honorary Director of Cenozoic Research in China, and Dr. Wong Wen Hao, Director of the Geological Survey of China, I wish also to express again my most hearty thanks for their unfailing help and support throughout the whole course of my work in China. I wish further to thank Dr. Wong for permission to use here, in modified form, a number of illustrations which have appeared earlier in publications either of the Geological Survey, or of the Geological Society, of China. The general physiography and location of the Choukoutien area is admirably illustrated in Professor G. B. Barbour’s two block diagrams, figs. 1 and 2, and in the three field sketches by the same artist of the immediate Choukoutien terrain, here reproduced in fig. 3. I am much indebted to Professor Barbour for his kindness in preparing and permitting me to use these instructive and artistic illustrations.


1875 ◽  
Vol 2 (8) ◽  
pp. 337-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. T. Newton

The two substances known as “Tasmanite” and Australian “White Coal,” which are the subject of the present communication, have a special interest for the geologist on account of the light which they throw upon the microscopio structure and composition of many Coals. My attention was first directed to them when collecting materials for Professor Huxley’s examination into the microscopic structure of Coal. My esteemed colleague, Mr. Etheridge, at that time gave me a specimen of brown laminated substance, labelled “Lignite, the so-called White Coal, Australia,” and drew my attention to the fact that it was very largely composed of small seed-like bodies, very similar to, although smaller than, the macrospores of Flemingites, which are to be seen in many kinds of British Coal. A specimen of this same kind of White Coal is in the Museum of Practical Geology, and is labelled, “ Bituminous Shale (locally called White Coal), New South Wales, Australia.” I have likewise been able to examine the specimen of Tasmanite also in this Museum, which is labelled “ Tasmanite; combustible matter from the river Mersey on the north side of Tasmania; stratum of unknown thickness, but known to extend for some miles. Presented by Sir Won. Denison.” These specimens are very similar in appearance and structure, but the White Coal is softer than the Tasmanite. Chemical analyses of Tasmanite have been published, but I am not aware of any satisfactory account of ’its microscopic structure. The only mention of Australian White Coal with which I am acquainted is that in Prof. Huxley’s lecture on “On the Formation of Coal” (“Contemporary Keview,” Nov. 1870). And there is a figure, of a section and some separated spores, given by Sir C Lyell in the 2nd edition of his Student’s Elements of Geology, 1874.


1929 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Frederick Walker ◽  
John Irving

Though the conspicuous volcanic phenomena of the Fifeshire coast-line have for long attracted the attention of petrologists, the igneous geology of the interior has not been studied in any detail. The petrological sections of the relative Geological Survey Memoirs, together with Geikie's Ancient Volcanoes, describe numerous inland vents and intrusions, while a large number of the doleritic sills has recently been made the subject of a most interesting paper by Mr D. Balsillie, but a belt of country stretching from St Andrews to Loch Leven proved to be practically virgin ground from the point of view of the igneous geologist. It is the intrusions of this area, together with a few pyroclastic deposits, which form the subject of the present communication. Only rocks which have hitherto been undescribed are treated petrologically, though in the case of several better known intrusions alterations of the published maps have been found necessary.


The material which forms the subject of the present communication was recently discovered at two different localities in New South Wales, and was received for investigation partly from Prof. Sir Edgeworth-David through Prof. A. C. Seward, F. R. S., partly from Mr. G. D. Osborne, Lecturer in Geology at the University of Sydney. The two localities are (1) near Mt. Tangorin, Hunter River District, (2) Lyndon, S. of Eccleston, Allyn River. The six specimens from the first locality were all found in situ by Mr. G. D. Osborne, in a fresh-water conglomerate belonging to the Kuttung Series of rocks, at an horizon at least 2,000 feet above the base of the series. The single specimen from the second locality was found as a loose pebble, but although the exact horizon is unknown the fossil probably also belongs to the Kuttung Series.


1921 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 157-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. E. L. Dixon

The object of the present communication is to place on record a section, apparently unique, in which the unconformity between the Millstone Grit and Carboniferous Limestone that exists in parts of South Wales and Monmouthshire is clearly displayed. The exposure was first examined at the suggestion of the brilliant worker who threw so much light on Lower Carboniferous problems, the late Dr. Vaughan. The writer had explained1 the attenuation of the Carboniferous Limestone Series in the Newport (Mon.) district as due to unconformable overstep by the Millstone Grit, similar to an overstep at this horizon that had already been observed near Haverfordwest, at the other end of the South Wales basin, by Professor O. T. Jones.1 The value of the Ifton section in demonstrating that this overstep was widespread was recognized, and photographs, two of which are here reproduced, were secured by H.M. Geological Survey. Since then the unconformity at the eastern end of the South Wales coalfield has been confirmed by the detailed examination of a large area by Mr. F. Dixey and Dr. T. F. Sibly,2 and has been found by the writer, in the course of work not yet published, to reach its greatest known extent in the Abergavenny district. Nevertheless, it seems desirable to describe the Ifton section because it is the clearest exposure known, in the whole of the South-West Province, of the unconformity between the Carboniferous Limestone and the Millstone Grit, and also on account of the remarkable inter-relations of the two formations which it reveals.


1883 ◽  
Vol 174 ◽  
pp. 575-582

In a former Paper on Thylacoleo was summed up what I then inferred from the fossil remains of the species “ carnifex ” which had reached me at that date, but acquiescence in those conclusions seemed, in the opinion of some contemporary Palæontologists, to require further evidence. I have, accordingly, omitted no opportunity of obtaining such, and the fossils so acquired form the subject of the present communication. The locality which promised success in this quest was the limestone district of Wellington Valley, New South Wales, from one of the caves of which the first evidence of Thylacoleo had been obtained.


1907 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 547-554
Author(s):  
C. G. Knott

The experiments which form the subject of the present communication were carried out two years ago, and supplement results already published. A brief note of some of the results was read before the Society in June 1904, and was also read before the British Association Meeting at Cambridge in August of the same year.The previous paper discussed the effect of high temperature on the relation between electrical resistance and magnetization when the wire was magnetized longitudinally, that is, in the direction in which the resistance was measured.The present results have to do with the effect of high temperature on the relation between resistance and magnetization when the magnetization was transverse to the direction along which the resistance was measured.


In the first paper of this series (Burgoyne 1937) the kinetics of the isothermal oxidation above 400° C of several aromatic hydrocarbons was studied. The present communication extends this work to include the phenomena of ignition in the same temperature range, whilst the corresponding reactions below 400° C form the subject of further investigations now in progress. The hydrocarbons at present under consideration are benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, n -propylbenzene, o-, m - and p -xylenes and mesitylene.


1894 ◽  
Vol 1 (7) ◽  
pp. 295-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur H. Foord ◽  
G. C. Crick

The specimens which form the subject of this paper were obtained by Mr. E. J. Garwood from the Carboniferous Limestone of Stebden Hill, near Cracoe, Yorkshire; and the writers are indebted to the kindness of Mr. Garwood for permission to describe them. Respecting the horizon and locality from which the species came, Mr. Garwood says, in a letter to one of the writers: “Stebden is a hill which Tiddeman [of the Geological Survey] describes as one of his knoll reefs


Referring to a statement by Dr. Nelson, in a paper “On the reproduction of the Ascaris Mystax ,” that the investigations in that paper “appear to be the first in which the fact of the penetration of spermatozoa into the ovum has been distinctly seen and clearly established in one of the most highly organized of the Entozoa,” the author of the present communication remarks, that when Dr. Nelson made this statement he was evidently not aware of what had been published on the subject. In proof of this Dr. Barry refers to his own paper, entitled “Spermatozoa observed within the Mammiferous Ovum” (Phil. Trans. 1843, p. 33), in which he states that he had met with ova of the Rabbit containing a number of spermatozoa in their interior; and to the Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal for October 1843, which contains a drawing in which seven spermatozoa are represented in the interior of an ovum, besides the statement that in one instance he had counted more than twenty spermatozoa in a single ovum.


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