Taxation and the Working Class, 1915–24

1990 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 895-916 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Whiting
Keyword(s):  
Political System ◽  
First World War ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
World War ◽  
Tax System ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Common Purpose ◽  
Tax Payments ◽  
The Individual ◽  
First World

The working class's experience of the tax system is an important aspect of its relationship with the state. This article examines the nature of this connexion during the First World War and its aftermath when fiscal policy was subject to intense political pressure. Two themes are paramount, those of resistance and appropriation. From the point of view of governments the less tax collection encouraged class-based opposition the better. Because the level of tax payments depended on varied circumstances within social groups – caused by family size or patterns of consumption, for example – the lines of differentiation were more finely drawn than the contours of social class. Many tax payments affected the individual as a citizen within the political system rather than as a producer within the economy. The articulation of resentment about tax burdens with conflicts in the economy was not therefore automatic. However, when governments were closely involved in the running of the economy, as in the First World War, it was helpful to use the tax system as an instrument of social justice, so that efforts to generate a common purpose might not be impaired by resentment of the disproportionate gains of others. In these circumstances taxpayers might well be encouraged to see the tax system as a way of appropriating or limiting the wealth of other classes, in a way which did bring it into closer relationship with the economy.

The Development of Flight Deck Displays

1984 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-231
Author(s):  
F. S. Stringer
Keyword(s):  
Engine Speed ◽  
High Technology ◽  
First World War ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
World War ◽  
The First World War ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Flight Deck ◽  
First World

In this review of the evolution of displays and controls in military and civil fixed-wing aircraft, the author traces the development of flight instruments, largely in this country, from their rudimentary beginning before the first World War to the present high degree of automation and suggests certain pitfalls from the pilot's point of view in high-technology solutions.The Wright Brothers' aeroplane flew with only a stopwatch, a tachometer to measure engine speed, and an anemometer, all for measuring performance; the pilot had no instrumentation to help him fly the aircraft. There was little change up to the beginning of the first world war in 1914. The cockpit hardly existed as such: controls varied in design; some were levers, and often there was a wheel which, in the early days, controlled wing warping to change the lift of each wing to allow the aircraft to bank.

Decentralization, Imperialism, and Ottoman Sovereignty in the Arab Lands before 1914

2013 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdurrahman Atçıl
Keyword(s):  
Political System ◽  
First World War ◽  
Central Control ◽  
World War ◽  
Political Views ◽  
The First World War ◽  
And Control ◽  
Administrative Decentralization ◽  
First World

Before the First World War, Shakīb Arslān’s political views and polemic against the Ottoman Administrative Decentralization Party was primarily based on his and his family’s experiences in the politics of Mount Lebanon since 1861. His contacts with Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī and Muḥammad ʿAbduh did not inspire him to adopt a pan-Islamist or reformist stance. When he became involved in politics at the Ottoman imperial level after 1911, he called for strengthening Ottoman central control in the Arab lands. He interpreted the demands of decentralization and autonomy as the desire to establish a political system along the lines of the special administration in Mount Lebanon, which he viewed as an invitation to increase of European influence. He therefore accused those who promoted decentralization of dishonesty and treason. His essential motive at this time was to preserve and justify the strength and control of the Ottoman center. His view of Islam as a political unifier did not have a reformist edge, but was designed as a counterpoise to the idea of Arab exclusivity. 


scholarly journals Beyond the Warring States

Asian Studies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 49-77
Author(s):  
Ady Van den Stock
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual History ◽  
Social Evolution ◽  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Fourth Movement ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Modern Chinese Intellectual History ◽  
Post War ◽  
The Individual ◽  
First World

The intellectual impact of the First World War in China is often understood as having led to a disenchantment with the West and a discrediting of the authority of “science”, while at the same time ushering in a renewed sense of cultural as well as national “awakening”. Important developments such as the May Fourth Movement, the rise of Chinese Marxism, and the emergence of modern Confucianism have become integral parts of the narrative surrounding the effects of the “European War” in China, and bear witness to the contested relation between tradition and modernity in twentieth-century Chinese thought. Through a case study of a number of wartime and post-war texts written by the “cultural conservative” thinker and publicist Du Yaquan (1873–1933), this paper tries to draw attention to the complexity and occasional ambiguity of responses to the “Great War” in modern Chinese intellectual history. More specifically, the following pages offer an analysis of Du’s critique of “materialism” in the context of his quest for social freedom and cultural continuity, his enduring commitment to scientific notions of social evolution and political governance, and his approach to the relations among war, the nation-state, the individual, and the international interstate order developed against the background of the First World War.

scholarly journals Institutions for the Administration of Vilnius at the Beginning of the German Occupation during the First World War

2015 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-174
Author(s):  
Edmundas Gimžauskas
Keyword(s):  
Empty Space ◽  
First World War ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
World War ◽  
Russian Government ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Cast Doubt ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Administrative Structures ◽  
First World

The entrenched opinion in historiography is that during the First World War, the German army, after entering the lands belonging to the Russian Empire, created its own occupying administrative structures essentially in an empty space. This also applies to the case of Vilnius. Nevertheless, the diaries and memoirs of witnesses of the events of that time cast doubt on this very entrenched stereotype. Indeed, the entry of the Germans into Vilnius in September 1915 meant radical changes in the development of the city’s administration, but from an administrative point of view, the arriving conquerors did not really find an empty space here. Certain structures, the city magistrate, police and Citizens’ Committee were approved for retention. This was done not at the initiative of the Russian government that carried it out, but of the local public itself. After the Germans marched in, they did not destroy the structures of civil administration they found, but adapted them to meet their own interests. Along with this, they created military structures, leaving civilian rule on the sidelines. As the Germans gradually established themselves, the rudiments of occupation civilian rule, which were drawn from cadres of local Poles, began to emerge. This was associated with the trend the German authorities expressed in the first months of the occupation to link the future of the Vilnius region with Poland. The Poles of Vilnius, dominating in the structures of the civil administration, hoped for a liberal system of government, similar to that of occupied ethnic Poland. However, in the late autumn of 1915, at the initiative of the highest German military command in the East, a special administrative formation, the Oberost, began to be created, which was to become an economic and military colony of Germany. The Vilnius region was also to be part of it. From then on, the creation of the German civil administration began on a purely military basis, with the suppression of the Polish identity and the gradual restriction and pressure on all former local administrative structures, which was fully revealed at the beginning of 1916.

scholarly journals Epistolary genre: «Holy letter» in cross-cultural context

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Plotnikova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Context ◽  
First World War ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
World War ◽  
Xxth Century ◽  
The First World War ◽  
The Cross ◽  
First World ◽  
Corre Spondence

Published letters of Burgenland’s Croats living in Chunovo on the border of Slovakia and Hungary are under consideration from the point of view of the features of the epistolary genre of the early XXth century. The cross-cultural context dictates the use of such lexemes and turns, which were possible only in this particular Slavic region. Against this background, the so-called “heavenly letter” stands out, which is a letter-amulet written on the eve of the First World War by a soldier and sent to his loved ones. The genre features of this letter are very different from the entire corre-spondence, which allows us to consider this text in a num-ber of so-called “Holy letters”.

The impact of war on French and German political cultures

1994 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 209-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antoine Prost
Keyword(s):  
Strong Relationship ◽  
First World War ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Political ◽  
World War ◽  
The Core ◽  
The First World War ◽  
War Experience ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First World

I would like to discuss George Mosse's excellent and stimulating book, Fallen soldiers, mainly from a French point of view, and to comment upon some issues about the political and moral consequences of the First World War upon French and German societies.The core of the question is Mosse's assumption of a strong relationship between the war experience and the emergence of nazism in Germany. Hence, I shall examine first the reasons why, in Mosse's argument, Hitlerism appears as a consequence of the war. Then I ask why such an evolution did not happen in France, although the war experience was quite similar in the two countries.

scholarly journals Protest und Streiks in der Schweiz in der zweiten Hälfte des Ersten Weltkriegs

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-82
Author(s):  
Bernard Degen ◽  
Christian Koller
Keyword(s):  
Political System ◽  
First World War ◽  
The Political ◽  
World War ◽  
Labour Movement ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Linguistic Groups ◽  
Post War ◽  
First World ◽  
General Strike

Zusammenfassung Switzerland was spared direct involvement into the First World War, nevertheless the global conflict had tremendous political and economic impact on the neutral republic. Major antagonisms emerged between the different linguistic groups sympathising with opposing belligerent coalitions as well as between different social strata. Food and fuel shortages and wartime inflation as well as a lack of integration of the labour movement into the political system and its partial shift to the left resulted in a wave of strikes and protest in the second half of the war that continued into the first two post-war years. Its culmination was a national general strike in November 1918 lasting for three days upon the war’s conclusion, and that in bourgeois circles was wrongly considered an attempted revolution. Whilst this is considered the most severe crisis in modern Swiss history, from a transnational perspective, it was no more than a relatively mild variation of the worldwide upheavals going on at the time.

The Young Czech Party (1874-1914): An Appraisal

Slavic Review ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 426-444 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanley B. Winters
Keyword(s):  
Political System ◽  
First World War ◽  
Political Activity ◽  
World War ◽  
National Interests ◽  
Party Platforms ◽  
Elective Office ◽  
General Orientation ◽  
The First World War ◽  
First World

For forty eventful years, ending with the outbreak of the First World War, the Young Czech Party waged an unremitting struggle on behalf of Czech national interests within the limited constitutional framework of the Hapsburg Monarchy. Political activity for such a span of time would be enough to insure the party a niche in history, but in addition it dominated Czech politics for sixteen of those years and enlisted politicians of the caliber of Kaizl, Kramář, Rašín, and briefly Masaryk under its banner in their quest for elective office. The intent of this article is to evaluate the party's contributions to the development of the modern Czech political system by outlining its history and general orientation and by comparing party platforms with achievements.

scholarly journals PROPAGANDA CAMPAIGN AT THE SOUTH-WESTERN FRONT OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR: ANALYSIS OF HISTORIOGRAPHY

2018 ◽  
pp. 64-74
Author(s):  
Олександр Вікторович Мосієнко
Keyword(s):  
Cultural History ◽  
Mass Communication ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
First World War ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Historical Research ◽  
Information Warfare ◽  
World War ◽  
The First World War ◽  
First World

Modernity alongside with new technologies development, fundamental changes in the printing industry and informatization of society presented the mankind with such an invention as propaganda. It became an integral part of authoritarian and totalitarian political regimes of the XXth century. However, as a tool of consciousness manipulation, it was actively used by the empires during the "long" XIXth century. In the conditions of the First World War propaganda played a significant role in the mobilization processes and in the formation of the enemy's image. The article attempts to assess the effectiveness of the propaganda during the First World War. The article examines the researches that analyze the events of the war from the point of view of Soviet, modern Ukrainian and foreign historiography and contain descriptions of the propaganda campaign on the front line and in the rear. The state of modern historical research is highlighted and the prospects of further research are indicated. The study of the experience of the First World War and the information component of the fighting can be useful, given the fact that the Russian Federation today uses ideological stamps of that period.The analysis of existing studies on the issues of the First World War in general and its propaganda component in particular proves an increasing interest in the investigation of information warfare topic. Since 2014, the number of studies devoted to the First World War has increased in domestic and foreign research. The Ukrainian regions were a part of Austria-Hungary and Russia, so the usage of the Ukrainian national question in the propaganda of those states was significant. However, the issue of the propaganda war between the two empires is not covered comprehensively.The first study on this subject was of general practical character. The first foreign scholars who examined propaganda were mass communication specialists. For Soviet historical science, the priority task was to study the revolutionary events of 1917 and the period of the civil war. The events of 1914-1918 were interpreted only as an imperialist war, their study was conducted tendentiously. Modern historiography on the First World War reflects the main directions of the European historical school at the beginning of the XXIst century with a focus on social and socio-cultural history. Foreign historiography is represented by Russian, European and American authors. In their research considerable attention is paid to the topic of military psychology and cultural-anthropological aspects of war. The analysis of the extent of the given problem research in the studies of foreign historians suggests a sufficient level of its investigation. Modern historians pay much attention to the ideological aspect, the analysis of visual propaganda. The interest in considering the mechanisms for the formation of images of the enemy, its state and allies increased. A promising object of historical research is the study of the verbal and nonverbal aspects of the propaganda production of both empires.

scholarly journals Returning to Nature: An Eco-critical Study of “Big Two-Hearted River”

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 796
Author(s):  
Yufeng Wang
Keyword(s):  
Short Story ◽  
First World War ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Critical Study ◽  
World War ◽  
Ecological Consciousness ◽  
Short Story Collection ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Man And Nature ◽  
First World

“Big Two-Hearted River” is one of the Nick Adams Stories from Ernest Hemingway’s short story collection In Our Time. The story is told in a detailed description of Nick’s “trivial” experience in his Michigan resort after the veteran was back from the First World War. Up to now, the Nick Adams stories together with Hemingway’s other works have been interpreted by literary critics from different perspectives, among which the code hero image, death consciousness, nihilism, alienation and the artistic features are usually focused upon. This article intends to investigate “Big Two-Hearted River” from an eco-critical point of view. The study points out that Hemingway expressed his ecological consciousness in this short story about the harmonious relationship between man and nature; through the detailed narration of Nick’s simple experience of camping and fishing, “Big Two-Hearted River” vividly exposes the theme of returning to nature. The study actually reflects Hemingway’s ecological consciousness based on his yearning towards the beauty of nature.

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