scholarly journals MODELING HISTORY: RETROSPECTION AS AN ARTISTIC DEVICE IN WILLIAM ESSEX’S MINIATURES

Author(s):  
Анна Алексеевна Троицкая

Статья посвящена одной из сторон творчества английского миниатюриста-эмальера Уильяма Эссекса, выполнившего серию исторических портретов представителей тюдоровской династии. В контексте общего интереса к английской истории, а также определенной ретроспективной тенденции, свойственной викторианской эпохе, работы Эссекса демонстрируют восприятие портретной миниатюры как воплощение образов прошлого и как характерную «вещицу из прошлого». Традиция создавать небольшие изображения, предназначенные для приватного созерцания, довольно стара, и англичане, преуспевшие в развитии портретного жанра, на протяжении нескольких столетий были долгое время увлечены ею. В данной статье произведения Уильяма Эссекса рассматриваются с точки зрения стилистических и технических аспектов создания миниатюры, что позволяет осветить вопросы, связанные со сменой восприятия этой малой формы портретного искусства. Парадоксальность ситуации воспроизведения в миниатюре портретов английских монархов c миниатюрных же оригиналов, написанных в XVI – начале XVII вв., исследуется в статье с позиций теории и практики коллекционирования как способа взаимодействия с историей. Интерес к прошлому, разнообразно проявившийся в культуре викторианской Англии, здесь усиливается необходимостью представления фамильной истории английской короны. Выбор формы для ее визуализации определен предпочтением личного, приватного искусства миниатюры, которое придает обращению к истории сентиментальный характер. В контексте зарождения и распространения фотографических портретов той эпохи эмалевые миниатюры выступают как носители образов прошлого, как воплощение угасающего рукотворного искусства, вытесняемого новыми техническими средствами. Наконец, работа Эссекса над историческими портретами тюдоровской Англии, с его стремлением к формально-стилистическому подобию, становится частью сложного ретроспективного механизма, подобного двойной цитате, поскольку оригиналы воспроизводимых миниатюр также не являлись исходными изображениями. Анализ художественно-образных средств, характерных для серии портретов-миниатюр, и исторических обстоятельств возникновения интереса заказчика к конкретным образам прошлого позволяет выявить тонкую грань между воспроизведением и стилизацией, следованием традиции и идеализацией. Исследование специфического художественного опыта создания этих миниатюр обнаруживает особый способ обращения к культурной памяти, а также характер семейных и национальных ценностей, воплощенных через формирование коллекции. Практика коллекционирования – одно из проявлений викторианской визуальной культуры – в данном случае оказывает определенное влияние и на моделирование английской истории, и на формирование художественного вкуса эпохи. The article addresses the artworks of William Essex, an English enamel-painter, who created a series of the Tudors’ historical portraits. In the context of general interest in English history, as well as a certain retrospective trend peculiar for the Victorian era, William Essex`s works exemplify the miniature portraits as the embodiment of images from the past and as something characteristic to the past. The tradition of small-size portraits intended for private contemplation is quite old, and the British, who have succeeded in the development of the portrait genre, have been rather keen on it for several centuries. The article considers William Essex’s miniatures from the point of view of the stylistic and technical aspects of the genre, which allows casting some light on the issues related to the change of perception of this minor art form. The paradox of duplication by Essex of original sixteenth- and early-seventeenth-century miniatures is investigated in the article from the standpoint of the theory and practice of collecting as a way of interaction with history. The reason why the miniatures were commissioned by the Queen is both in necessity to create a gallery of family history of the English crown and in the Victorians` taste for reconstruction of the past. The choice of form for its embodiment is determined by the preference for personal, private miniature art, which gives a sentimental character to the appeal to history. In the context of the origin and spread of daguerreotypes at the time, enamel miniatures act as representatives of images of the past and the phenomenon of the fading handmade art, displaced by new technical means. In addition, Essex’s work on the Tudors’ historical portraits, with his aim for formal and stylistic resemblance, is included in a complex retrospective mechanism, like a double quote, since the sources of the reproduced miniatures were also not painted from the life and had their own originals. The analysis of artistic and imagery methods, characteristic for this series of miniatures, as well as the description of the historical circumstances in which the customer took interest in the specific images from the past, allows exposing a fine line between imitation and stylization, between tradition and idealization. In conclusion, it is stated that the specific artistic experience of the creation of these miniatures reveals a peculiar way to refer to the cultural memory, to assert some family and national values evoked in the process of the formation of the collection. Here the practice of collecting (one of the manifestations of the Victorian visual culture) is closely connected with the modeling of English history and the artistic taste of the era.

1965 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Quentin Skinner

Ideological arguments are commonly sustained by an appeal to the past, an appeal either to see precedents in history for new claims being advanced, or to see history itself as a development towards the point of view being advocated or denounced. Perhaps the most influential example from English history of this prescriptive use of historical information is provided by the ideological arguments associated with the constitutional revolution of the seventeenth century. It was from a propagandist version of early English history that the ‘whig’ ideology associated with the Parliamentarians—the ideology of customary law, regulated monarchy and immemorial Parliamentary right—drew its main evidence and strength. The process by which this ‘whig’ interpretation of history became bequeathed to the eighteenth century as accepted ideology has of course already been definitively labelled by Professor Butterfield, and described in his book on The Englishman and his History. It still remains, however, to analyse fully the various other ways in which awareness of the past became a politically relevant factor in English society during its constitutional upheavals. The acceptance of the ‘whig’ view of early English history in fact represented only the triumph of one among several conflicting ideologies which had relied on identical historical backing to their claims. And despite the resolution of this conflict by universal acceptance of the ‘whig’ view, the ‘whigs’ themselves were nevertheless to be covertly influenced by the rival ideologies which their triumph might seem to have suppressed. It is the further investigation of the complexity and interdependence of these historical and ideological attitudes which will be attempted here.


2013 ◽  
Vol 22 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 255-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimír Bačík ◽  
Michal Klobučník

Abstract The Tour de France, a three week bicycle race has a unique place in the world of sports. The 100th edition of the event took place in 2013. In the past of 110 years of its history, people noticed unique stories and duels in particular periods, celebrities that became legends that the world of sports will never forget. Also many places where the races unfolded made history in the Tour de France. In this article we tried to point out the spatial context of this event using advanced technologies for distribution of historical facts over the Internet. The Introduction briefly displays the attendance of a particular stage based on a regional point of view. The main topic deals with selected historical aspects of difficult ascents which every year decide the winner of Tour de France, and also attract fans from all over the world. In the final stage of the research, the distribution of results on the website available to a wide circle of fans of this sports event played a very significant part (www.tdfrance.eu). Using advanced methods and procedures we have tried to capture the historical and spatial dimensions of Tour de France in its general form and thus offering a new view of this unique sports event not only to the expert community, but for the general public as well.


2021 ◽  
pp. 389-405
Author(s):  
Lars Magnusson

In recent years there has been a renewed interest in Cameralism, both as a discourse and as an administrative political economy, in both theory and practice. Attention has been drawn to how Cameralism—defined as thought and practice—should be understood. The aim of this article is to take a step back and focus on the historiography of Cameralism from the nineteenth century onwards. Even though many in recent times have challenged old and seemingly dated conceptualizations and interpretations, they are still very much alive. Most profoundly this has implied that Cameralism most often in the past has been acknowledged as an expression of—German. as it were—exceptionalism to the general history of economic doctrine and thinking.


2021 ◽  
pp. 135
Author(s):  
Yinan Li

In 2009, the former Minister of Foreign Affairs of the USSR and President of Georgia E.A. Shevardnadze published his memoirs in Russian, which contain an “explosive” plot: while visiting China in February 1989, during his meeting with Deng Xiaoping, a lengthy dispute over border and territorial issues occurred. At that time, Deng allegedly expressed his point of view that vast lands of the Soviet Union, from three to four million square kilometers, belonged to China. Chinese can wait patiently until someday the lands return to China. This content is cited in scientific works by many historians from different countries as an argument. However, there is no other evidence which can prove this recollection. Many details in it contradict the well known historical facts or are completely illogical. There is a good reason to believe that the plot in the memoirs of Shevardnadze is an incorrect recollection. It could even be considered as a made-up story. Moreover, it is possible that it was fabricated for some reasons. Hence, the plot is not worthy of being quoted as a reliable source. At the Sino-Soviet summit Deng Xiaoping did have expressed the point of view that in the past Russia and then the Soviet Union cut off millions of square kilometers of land from China, but at the same time he promised the leader of the Soviet Union that China would not make territorial claims. Since the mid-1980s Deng Xiaoping actively promoted the settlement of the Sino-Soviet border issues through negotiations, which led to the result that 99% of the border between Russia and China was delimited on a legal basis in the last years of his life. At present, the problems of the Sino-Russian border have been finally resolved long ago. There is no doubt that the scientific research and discussions on issues related to territory and borders in the history of Sino-Soviet relations can be made. However, such research and discussions should be based on reliable sources.


2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 13-21
Author(s):  
Tatiana Le-van

The article deals with tutoring as a kind of pedagogical activity in Russia. It describes the history of formation and development of tutoring for the past 25 years. Particular attention is paid to the understanding of the tutoring in the context of the development of professional standards for the profession. The author’s understanding of tutoring as a social mechanism for self-development in the Russian education system is revealed. This social mechanism is considered from the staff development’s point of view at all levels of education (federal, regional, at the level of each educational organization) in the aspects of teachers’ participation in the students’ wellbeing, by the promotion of their healthy lifestyles.


2003 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 249-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vilmos Benczik

Language emerges and changes primarily through communication; therefore communication technologies play a key role in the history of language change. The most powerful communication technology from this point of view is phonetic writing, which has a double effect on language: on the one hand it impoverishes suprasegmental linguistic resources; on the other hand it evokes in language a profound and sophisticated semantic precision, and also syntactic complexity. The huge progress in abstract human thought that has taken place over the past three or four centuries has come about on the basis of these linguistic changes. Today, when writing seems to be losing its earlier hegemony over communication, the question arises as to whether this will lead to the erosion of human language, and also of human thought.


1967 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-76
Author(s):  
Edwin Jones

John Lingard (1771–1851) was the first English historian to attempt to look at the history of England in the sixteenth century from an international point of view. He was unconvinced by the story of the Reformation in England as found in the works of previous historians such as Burnet and Hume, and believed that new light needed to be thrown on the subject. One way of doing this was to look at English history from the outside, so to speak, and Lingard held it to be a duty of the historian ‘to contrast foreign with native authorities, to hold the balance between them with an equal hand, and, forgetting that he is an Englishman, to judge impartially as a citizen of the world’. In pursuit of this ideal Lingard can be said to have given a new dimension to the source materials for English history. As parish priest in the small village of Hornby, near Lancaster, Lingard had few opportunities for travel. But he made good use of his various friends and former pupils at Douai and Ushaw colleges who were settled now in various parts of Europe. It was with the help of these friends that Lingard made contacts with and gained valuable information from archives in France, Italy and Spain. We shall concern ourselves here only with the story of Lingard's contacts with the great Spanish State Archives at Simancas.


1966 ◽  
Vol 98 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. R. Allchin

To the outside observer the history of Hindu sectarianism often appears as a disorganized tangle, lacking clarity and precision. The whole process is made if anything more complex by the ill-defined relationship of sect and non-sect. As Renou remarks: Though no statistics are available, even for the present day, we have grounds for supposing that the most active sects were themselves only isolated groups within the great body of believers. From another point of view, however, the history is more understandable. A considerable part of sectarian activity during the past 1,500 years has been concerned with the spread and regional development of a single great devotional movement. Seen from this position, the uniformity and theological coherence of the sects, whether they be called Vaiṣṇavite, Śaivite, or by some other name, is remarkable and often overrides the no less real disparities of doctrine or detail at another level. Again, in this process regional variations have arisen in no small measure as a result of the popular character of the writings of particular saints. Thus, for example, Basava or Purandara Dāsa hold pride of place in the Karnāṭka, the one Vīra Śaiva, the other Vaiṣṇava; in Mahārāṣṇra devotion has in no small part been moulded by the thought of Jāân Dev or Tukā Rām; in the Pañjāb by Nānak; and in the Hindī region by Kabīr Dās, Tulsī Dās, and Sūr Dās. Throughout north India the influences which lay behind the movement were largely, but by no means exclusively, Vaiṣṇavite; yet other streams contributed, Śaivite, Buddhist, Tāntrika, Yogī, etc.


2004 ◽  
Vol 118 (7) ◽  
pp. 487-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Dietrich

Tinnitus, that is defined as ’ringing in the ear’, is and has probably always been a very common phenomenon in the health history of mankind. A variety of pathomechanisms for its onset has been proposed in the past and this trend sees no stopping. Precise pathomechanisms still remain unclear. From the historical point of view, tinnitus is a very interesting topic but there is a lack of scientific enquiries. As its earliest historic reference, the Papyrus Ebers is often cited. By reviewing the original source, however, it is very unlikely that this contains the earliest historic reference of tinnitus. It is rather likely indeed that tinnitus was a known symptom in the ancient Egypt but it has never been exclusively been written down. This article reviews data provided by this fascinating historical period on the questionable reference and highlights the impact of history on the modern status of tinnitus.


2007 ◽  
Vol 11 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 406-435
Author(s):  
Kevin Gardner

AbstractThe defining characteristic of the poetry of C. H. Sisson (1914–2003) may be its complex understanding of time. Pervading his work is an incessant fascination with the history and landscape of England that hinges on a non-linear theory of time. Sisson imagines events past and present swirling together in eddies of dislocated English history. He associates the English landscape not only with a past still vibrantly alive but with moral virtue as well. A profound commitment to Anglicanism and monarchism also notably marks his poetry. Sisson's attention to the history and landscape of England substantiates and justifies his commitments to church and crown. This Drydenesque Toryism, rooted in the landscape of his poetic imagination, enables him to conceptualize time as an undisrupted flow in which history and the present merge seamlessly and offer comfort against an uncertain future. The poetry of C. H. Sisson is the poetry of hope, amid the desolation of the present, located in the living history of the past.


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