Modern Population Trends and Problems

1956 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 279-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Benjamin ◽  
P. R. Cox ◽  
F. A. A. Menzler
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Future Trend ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Population Trends ◽  
Royal Commission ◽  
Population Problem ◽  
World War ◽  
The Government ◽  
Modern Population ◽  
Second World

In March 1944, while the second world war was still raging, the Royal Commission on Population was appointed ‘to examine the facts relating to the present population trends in Great Britain; to investigate the causes of these trends and to consider their probable consequences; to consider what measures, if any, should be taken in the national interest to influence the future trend of population; and to make recommendations’. This step was of twofold significance. First, it marked the recognition by the Government of the possible need to take policy decisions in the field of population—to translate the subject from the academic to the political plane. Secondly, it marked official recognition of the fact that despite a flood, during the immediate prewar years, of reports of grave foreboding by the demographers of the day (whose anxieties have since proved to have been exaggerated) the Government had insufficient information to decide whether or not there was a 'population problem' in Great Britain. That the problem does not now appear to be so pressing as was once thought does not abate in any way the necessity for observing the facts. The Royal Commission, indeed, emphasized the necessity for continuous study of the population problem which, they said, will always be changing.

Population Trends in Great Britain

1965 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-67
Author(s):  
J. R. Ford ◽  
C. M. Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Age Distribution ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Population Trends ◽  
Royal Commission ◽  
World Population ◽  
World War ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Second World

Population trends in Great Britain have been discussed at the Institute on three occasions since the Second World War. The first occasion was in 1949 following the publication in that year of the Report of the Royal Commission on Population. The second was in 1956 on a two-part paper submitted by Benjamin, Cox and Menzler which dealt not only with the situation in Great Britain but also with the wider—and fundamentally more important—problems of world population and resources. More recently, the changing age distribution of the population of England and Wales was discussed in Benjamin's paper on Ageing.

scholarly journals Neznámá svědectví o činnosti Jana Šrámka v době okupace a druhé světové války

2020 ◽  
Vol 188 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 67-92
Author(s):  
Michal Pehr
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
The Government ◽  
Second World ◽  
Political Figure

The submitted study is devoted to the activities of Jan Šrámek during the occupation and during the Second World War. This period of his life is unusually observed chiefly by means of various types of ego-documents, such as the correspondence, memoirs and memories of his contemporaries; some of these sources are still unknown and many of them are in the private hands of the descendants of the actors of events themselves. The circumstances of Šrámek’s activities in Paris, his dramatic journey to Great Britain and subsequently his activities as chairman of the government in exile in London are described. These sources show J. Šrámek as a distinctive, respected and indispensible political figure, with his own effective style of work.

Problems of Iran’s relations with the leading world Powers in the initial period of the Second World War (1939–1941)

2021 ◽  
pp. 12-19
Author(s):  
Аlbert K. Dudaiti
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Initial Period ◽  
Logical Consequence ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Nazi Germany ◽  
World War ◽  
The Government ◽  
Second World

The article examines the complex relations between Iran and the leading world powers at the initial stage of the Second World War. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that Iran’s foreign policy is considered in the context of active diplomatic maneuvers of the Reza Shah government aimed at distancing itself from the belligerent powers and preserving Iran’s neutrality. The novelty of the research consists in studying the features of the foreign policy actions of the government of the Ira, which allow us to reveal the reasons for the formation of conflict relations with Great Britain and the USSR in the initial period of the war. It is established that despite the predominant military-political rivalry at the beginning of the war between Germany and Great Britain, the Iranian authorities were afraid of an invasion of the country by Anglo-Soviet troops. At the same time, it is emphasized that such a danger was real, given the active underground activities of Nazi agents in this country directed against the USSR, as well as the growth of pro-German sentiments in the Iranian government. These circumstances caused the desire of the USSR leadership to secure the southern borders of the country; In turn, the government of Great Britain set a goal to prevent Nazi Germany from implementing its long-term plans to invade the territories of the Near and Middle East controlled by the British, as well as British India. As a result of the conducted research, it is concluded that the entry of Anglo-Soviet troops into the territory of Iran was the logical consequence of the failed foreign policy actions of the Shah’s government aimed at further rapprochement with Nazi Germany, with the expectation that after its victory over the Soviet Union, Iran will be able to expand its borders at the expense of the border territories of the Soviet Transcaucasia.

Salvage and Destruction: The Recycling of Books and Manuscripts in Great Britain during the Second World War

2013 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 431-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
PETER THORSHEIM
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Cultural Inheritance ◽  
British Government ◽  
World War ◽  
The Third ◽  
Irreparable Harm ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Second World

AbstractAn analysis of Great Britain's campaigns to recycle books and paper reveals the paradoxes of wartime waste policies: destroying history and culture for the sake of reusing materials, and the impact of recycling on the war machinery's own wastefulness. Conscious of systematic recycling in Nazi Germany and its own dependence on imports, the British government established a salvage department only weeks after the outbreak of war. Beginning in 1940, this department required all large towns to collect recyclable materials. Salvage, beyond lessening shortages, served ideological and psychological aims, because reused materials were turned into weapons. This led to a critical redefinition of recycling as the war progressed. People who previously characterised the Third Reich's recycling programmes as typical fascist control now considered compulsory recycling in Great Britain wholly positive. However, protesters claimed the government was causing irreparable harm by salvaging items whose value far exceeded their worth as scrap. The harvesting of books, periodicals and manuscripts as ‘waste’ paper proved particularly contentious, with some arguing that their own government was adding to the destruction that bombs were causing to Great Britain's cultural inheritance.

To the Empire and Beyond

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory A. Barton
Keyword(s):  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Chemical Fertilizers ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
Organic Farmers ◽  
Southern Rhodesia ◽  
The Government ◽  
Second World

This chapter traces the expansion of industrial agricultural methods after the Second World War. Western governments and the Food and Agriculture Organization pushed for increased use of chemical fertilizers to aid development and resist Soviet encroachment. Meanwhile small groups of organic farmers and gardeners adopted Howard’s methods in the Anglo-sphere and elsewhere in the world. European movements paralleled these efforts and absorbed the basic principles of the Indore Method. British parliament debated the merits of organic farming, but Howard failed to persuade the government to adopt his policies. Southern Rhodesia, however, did implement his ideas in law. Desiccation theory aided his attempts in South Africa and elsewhere, and Louise Howard, after Albert’s death, kept alive a wide network of activists with her publications.

scholarly journals CONDITIONS AND DYNAMICS OF THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE OFFICER CORPS OF THE GREAT BRITAIN IN THE SECOND WORLD WAR

2021 ◽  
Vol 01 (05) ◽  
pp. 102-110
Author(s):  
R.R. Marchenkov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Officer Corps ◽  
Social Composition ◽  
The Military ◽  
Second World ◽  
Transformation Processes

This article covers the internal features of the British officer corps before and during the Second World War. The author touches upon the issues of social composition and ways of recruiting officers. The article describes the dynamics of transformation processes in this category of the military segment in war.

scholarly journals The national camp and the concept of a federation during the Second World War

1970 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 256-276
Author(s):  
Dariusz Miszewski
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Global Level ◽  
World War ◽  
Nation States ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The Government ◽  
Post War ◽  
Second World

During the Second World War, the national camp preached the idea of imperialism in Central Europe. Built peacefully, the Polish empire was supposed to protect the independence and security of countries in Central Europe against Germany and the Soviet Union, and thus went by the name of “the Great Poland”. As part of the empire, nation-states were retained. The national camp was opposed to the idea of the federation as promoted by the government-in-exile. The “national camp” saw the idea of federation on the regional, European and global level as obsolete. Post-war international cooperation was based on nation states and their alliances.

Falling Back In

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noel Maurer
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Latin American ◽  
The United States ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Covert Action ◽  
First Case ◽  
The Government ◽  
Franklin Roosevelt ◽  
Second World

This chapter explores how the United States' return to the empire trap played out, starting with Franklin Roosevelt in Mexico through Eisenhower in Guatemala and faraway Iran. Under Franklin Roosevelt, the United States began to provide foreign aid (in the form of grants and loans) and rolled out perhaps the first case of modern covert action against the government of Cuba. Both tools were perfected during the Second World War, which saw the creation of entire agencies of government dedicated to providing official transfers and covertly manipulating the affairs of foreign states. In addition, the development of sophisticated trade controls allowed targeted action against the exports of other nations. For example, after 1948 the United States could attempt to influence certain Latin American governments by granting or withholding quotas for sugar.

Colossus, Codebreaking, and the Digital Age

Colossus ◽  
2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Budiansky
Keyword(s):  
Digital Age ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The People ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Government ◽  
Post War ◽  
Second World

The paths that took men and women from their ordinary lives and deposited them on the doorstep of the odd profession of cryptanalysis were always tortuous, accidental, and unpredictable. The full story of the Colossus, the pioneering electronic device developed by the Government Code and Cypher School (GC & CS) to break German teleprinter ciphers in the Second World War, is fundamentally a story of several of these accidental paths converging at a remarkable moment in the history of electronics—and of the wartime urgency that set these men and women on these odd paths. Were it not for the wartime necessity of codebreaking, and were it not for particular statistical and logical properties of the teleprinter ciphers that were so eminently suited to electronic analysis, the history of computing might have taken a very different course. The fact that Britain’s codebreakers cracked the high-level teleprinter ciphers of the German Army and Luftwaffe high command during the Second World War has been public knowledge since the 1970s. But the recent declassification of new documents about Colossus and the teleprinter ciphers, and the willingness of key participants to discuss their roles more fully, has laid bare as never before the technical challenges they faced—not to mention the intense pressures, the false steps, and the extraordinary risks and leaps of faith along the way. It has also clarified the true role that the Colossus machines played in the advent of the digital age. Though they were neither general-purpose nor stored-program computers themselves, the Colossi sparked the imaginations of many scientists, among them Alan Turing and Max Newman, who would go on to help launch the post-war revolution that ushered in the age of the digital, general-purpose, stored-program electronic computer. Yet the story of Colossus really begins not with electronics at all, but with codebreaking; and to understand how and why the Colossi were developed and to properly place their capabilities in historical context, it is necessary to understand the problem they were built to solve, and the people who were given the job of solving it.

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