Parliamentarians Against Ministers: The Case of Western European Union

1960 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernst B. Haas ◽  
Peter H. Merkl
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
Social Role ◽  
Legal Basis ◽  
The North ◽  
Six Nations ◽  
The Family ◽  
The North Atlantic ◽  
Western European

Western European Union (WEU) is unique in the family of European organizations. Its membership comprises Great Britain in addition to the inner circle of the six nations of Little Europe. As such it was hailed as a big step forward from the continental limitations of European integration. Its special task, besides residuary powers in the cultural, social, and economic field, has been defense and the control of armaments. Western European Union was erected on the ruins of the European Defense Community (EDC) by the Paris Agreements of October 1954. Its legal basis was the Brussels Treaty Organization of 1948, a defensive alliance against future German aggression which over the years had left its military functions to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and had concentrated on its cultural and social role.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

1955 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 442-445
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Federal Republic ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
North Atlantic Treaty Organization ◽  
Peace Treaty ◽  
German Federal Republic ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Atlantic ◽  
Western European

CouncilAt a ministerial meeting of the Council of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in Paris on May 9 to n, 1955, the German Federal Republic was formally admitted to NATO, raising total membership to fifteen. The Council reaffirmed the purely defensive character of the organization and expressed gratification on the entry into force of agreements establishing the Western European Union. The Council welcomed declarations by the ministers of NATO members signatory to the Italian Peace Treaty reaffirming their view that various discriminatory aspects of that treaty were considered inconsistent with the position of Italy as an ally.

scholarly journals New Miocene Monachinae from the Western Shore of the Chesapeake Bay (Maryland, USA)

2017 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 221-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. Rahmat ◽  
I. A. Koretsky ◽  
J. E. Osborne ◽  
A. A. Alford
Keyword(s):  
North Atlantic ◽  
Fish Fauna ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Aquatic Life ◽  
Low Salinity ◽  
The North ◽  
Early Oligocene ◽  
The Family ◽  
Western Shore ◽  
The North Atlantic

Abstract The Family Phocidae includes four subfamilies (Phocinae, Monachinae, Cystophorinae, and Devinophocinae) consisting of mediumto large-sized mammals that possess distinctive adaptations to semi-aquatic life. In the Miocene of the Chesapeake Group, only two subfamilies of the Family Phocidae were identified: Phocinae and Monachinae. Leptophoca, a representative of the subfamily Phocinae, appears on the eastern shore of the North Atlantic around 16 million years ago. Recently, two new monachine species, the larger Terranectes magnus (n. gen., n. sp.) and the medium-sized T. parvus (n. sp.), were recorded in the Upper Miocene of the Chesapeake Group in the Eastover Formation (7.0–6.0 Ma) and St. Marys Formation (10.0-8.0 Ma). These two distinct subfamilies of seals indicate a well-marked divergence between phocines and monachines, much earlier than 18 million years ago, as previously suggested. The Eastover Formation was deposited in a shallow embayment that covered southern Maryland, the coastal plain of Virginia, and the northeastern corner of North Carolina. The geologically older St. Marys Formation represents a tide-influenced coastal environment, with low-salinity estuaries. There was a sharp temperature decrease in the Late Miocene, indicated by a shift to a cooler-water fish fauna during St. Marys time. The Eastover Formation reflects warmer waters with relatively strong currents, significant shoals, barriers, and varied depths. Fossil evidence of earlier seals suggests that phocids originated in the North Atlantic and otarioids in the North Pacific. True seals diverged from ancient Carnivora in the early Oligocene (or earlier) in the Paratethyan / Mediterranean Basins, spread widely during the Middle Miocene and crossed westward across the Atlantic Ocean, before dispersing in the eastern United States by the Early Pliocene.

scholarly journals The North Atlantic Oscillation synchronises fruit production in western European forests

Ecography ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 40 (7) ◽  
pp. 864-874 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcos Fernández-Martínez ◽  
Sara Vicca ◽  
Ivan A. Janssens ◽  
Josep Maria Espelta ◽  
Josep Peñuelas
Keyword(s):  
North Atlantic Oscillation ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
European Forests ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Atlantic ◽  
Western European ◽  
The North Atlantic Oscillation

The Last Piece of the Jigsaw: Britain and the Creation of the Western European Union, 1954

1998 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Deighton
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Cold War ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Political Community ◽  
West Germany ◽  
International Debate ◽  
The North ◽  
Western European ◽  
European Defence Community

By 1955, the formation of a Cold War bloc in Western Europe was complete. The Western European Union (WEU), a redesigned Brussels Treaty Organisation (BTO) within the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), with West Germany and Italy as members, was created. The 1954 Paris Agreements that established WEU also enabled West Germany to become a virtually sovereign actor, and a member of NATO. The Agreements were effected on the rubble of an acrimonious four-year international debate over a proposed European Defence Community (EDC). This would have created a European army for France, the Benelux countries, Italy and West Germany on the model of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), and a parallel political community for the Six.

Western European Union

1959 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 351-351 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
Foreign Affairs ◽  
The North ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Demilitarized Zone ◽  
Western European ◽  
Foreign Ministers ◽  
Fourth Session ◽  
Supreme Commander

The Assembly of Western European Union (WEU) held the second part of its fourth session in Paris from December 17 to 20, 1958, under the presidency of Sir James Hutchison (British Conservative). In the course of the session, the Assembly was addressed by the Foreign Ministers of Belgium, the German Federal Republic, and the Netherlands, by the United Kingdom Under-Secretary for Foreign Affairs, by the Secretary-General of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (M. Spaak), and by the Supreme Allied Commander, Europe (General Norstad). The Supreme Commander considered that if a demilitarized zone was established in Europe, as suggested in the Rapacki Plan, his task would become impossible; M. Spaak also had little faith in a denuclearized zone, in an era of intercontinental missiles.

Revision of the family Ammodytidae (Perciformes) in the Mediterranean with the first record of Gymnammodytes semisquamatus

1990 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 493-504 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Sabatés ◽  
M. Demestre ◽  
P. Sanchez
Keyword(s):  
North Atlantic ◽  
First Record ◽  
Latitudinal Cline ◽  
Meristic Characters ◽  
The North ◽  
Meristic Counts ◽  
The Family ◽  
Nw Mediterranean ◽  
The North Atlantic ◽  
The Mediterranean

The study of the morphological and meristic characters of larval and adult sandeels (Gymnammodytes spp.) collected off the Catalan coast (NW Mediterranean) has revealed the co-occurrence of G. cicerelus and G. semisquamatus in the Mediterranean. The geo-graphical distribution of G. semisquamatus had hitherto been thought to be limited to the European Atlantic coasts. The comparative analysis of specimens of G. semisquamatus from the Mediterranean and from the North Atlantic has demonstrated a marked latitudinal cline in the meristic counts. An exhaustive overview is presented of the bibliography referring to the Ammodytidae family in the Mediterranean, and the validity of the numerous references is discussed. Finally, it has been shown that the accepted description of G. cicerelus included the two species: G. cicerelus and G. semisquamatus. In the present paper an up-to-date diagnosis of both species is presented.

scholarly journals United States Joins with Allies, Including NATO, to Attribute Malicious Cyber Activities to China

2021 ◽  
Vol 115 (4) ◽  
pp. 715-721
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
European Union ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
The United States ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The North ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The North Atlantic ◽  
The Eu ◽  
Made In

In July, the United States, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the European Union (EU), and other allies attributed a variety of malicious cyber activities, including the Microsoft Exchange hack, to China. This joint attribution builds on commitments made in June summits with NATO, the G7, the EU, and the United Kingdom, and is consistent with the Biden administration's multilateral approach to confronting cybersecurity threats and China more generally. Still, critics question whether the administration's efforts will succeed in altering the behavior of states that pose cybersecurity threats to the United States.

scholarly journals Monthly Rainfall Signatures of the North Atlantic Oscillation and East Atlantic Pattern in Great Britain

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 1533
Author(s):  
Harry West ◽  
Nevil Quinn ◽  
Michael Horswell
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
North Atlantic Oscillation ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
Monthly Rainfall ◽  
East Atlantic ◽  
East Atlantic Pattern ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Atlantic ◽  
The North Atlantic Oscillation ◽  
Regional Rainfall

Atmospheric-oceanic circulations (teleconnections) have an important influence on regional climate. In Great Britain, the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) has long been understood as the leading mode of climate variability, and its phase and magnitude have been found to influence regional rainfall in previous research. The East Atlantic Pattern (EA) is also increasingly recognised as being a secondary influence on European climate. In this study we use high resolution gridded rainfall and Standardised Precipitation Index (SPI) time series data for Great Britain to map the monthly rainfall signatures of the NAO and EA over the period January 1950–December 2015. Our analyses show that the influence of the two teleconnections varies in space and time with distinctive monthly signatures observed in both average rainfall/SPI-1 values and incidences of wet/dry extremes. In the winter months the NAO has a strong influence on rainfall and extremes in the north-western regions. Meanwhile, in the southern and central regions stronger EA-rainfall relationships are present. In the summer months opposing positive/negative phases of the NAO and EA result in stronger wet/dry signatures which are more spatially consistent. Our findings suggest that both the NAO and EA have a prominent influence on regional rainfall distribution and volume in Great Britain, which in turn has implications for the use of teleconnection forecasts in water management Decemberision making. We conclude that accounting for both NAO and EA influences will lead to an enhanced understanding of both historic and future spatial distribution of monthly precipitation.

The Western Balkans

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janusz Bugajski
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
Balkan Peninsula ◽  
Emerging Countries ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Western Balkans ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Atlantic ◽  
Balkan States ◽  
The Eu

The term Western Balkan is both geographic and political. It was initially employed by US and European policymakers to describe the part of the Balkan Peninsula that remained outside of both the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and the European Union (EU) since the early 1990s. It included all seven states that were formed during the collapse of Yugoslavia (Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Kosovo, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, and Slovenia) together with Albania, which was emerging from international isolation. During the 1990s, several of these emerging countries had experienced wars generated by nationalist politicians to establish “ethnically pure” territories and to restore or enlarge national statehood during the disintegration of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY). Following the EU’s Thessaloniki Summit in June 2003, commitments were made to include all the Western Balkan states in the European Union, and since that time Slovenia (in 2004) and Croatia (in 2013) have become EU members. NATO also underscored its commitments to integrating the region, and Slovenia (in 2004), Croatia (in 2009), Albania (in 2009), and Montenegro (in 2017) all entered the alliance. The remaining states have experienced persistent problems in qualifying for EU and NATO entry. In many cases, reforms remain incomplete and some states confront prolonged disputes over governmental powers, administrative borders, and even their sovereign status. Incomplete, conflicted, or contested states present serious challenges for the region’s institutional absorption into both NATO and the EU.

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