General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

1962 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 259-261
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Less Developed Countries

The nineteenth session of the contracting parties to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was held in Geneva from November 13 to December 9, 1961, under the chairmanship of Mr. Edmundo Penna Barbosa da Silva (Brazil). The trade ministers of 44 contracting countries met from November 27 to 30 to discuss the main problems of international trade, inter alia: the reduction of tariff barriers to trade, trade in agricultural products, and obstacles to trade of less developed countries. In addition to these main subjects, the question of the application of article XXXV to Japan was raised.

scholarly journals Structural Dynamics of International Trade and Material Consumption: A Cross-National Study of the Ecological Footprints of Less-Developed Countries

2005 ◽  
pp. 57-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew A. Jorgenson ◽  
James Rice
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Capital Intensity ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
National Study ◽  
Less Developed Countries ◽  
Ecological Footprints ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Export Flows

Many social scientists argue that more-developed countries externalize their environmental costs through the tapping of resources of less-developed countries, which reduces levels of consumption in the latter while increasing forms of environmental degradation within their borders. However, these assertions lack systematic empirical support. This study offers a new conceptualization of the structure of international trade that may help to partly resolve this issue: weighted export flows, which quantifies the relative extent to which exports are sent to higher-consuming, more-developed countries. Our hypothesis is that less-developed countries with higher levels of exports sent to more-developed countries exhibit lower domestic levels of resource consumption, measured as ecological footprints. In a series of regression models of per capita ecological footprints for less-developed countries in 2000, evidence is found supporting the hypothesis. The negative effect of weighted export flows on the per capita footprints of nations is robust, net of the often cited impacts of capital intensity, urbanization, domestic inequality, human capital, and other export-related characteristics. Results of this study provide empirical evidence of the environmental impacts of the structure of international trade and outline a new methodological approach to studying uneven ecological exchange.

The future of the WTO: some comments on the Sutherland Report

2005 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 379-389
Author(s):  
RICHARD BLACKHURST
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Less Developed Countries ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Trading System ◽  
Primary Products ◽  
Multilateral Trading System ◽  
The Future

Three times since its founding in 1948, the GATT/WTO has turned to outside experts for help in finding solutions to pressing issues confronting the multilateral trading system. In 1957 the Contracting Parties decided to create a panel of three (later four) internationally recognized experts in international trade and finance to consider trends in world trade, andin particular the failure of the trade of the less developed countries to develop as rapidly as that of industrialized countries, excessive short-term fluctuations in prices of primary products, and widespread resort to agricultural protection.

International Trade Organization

1955 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 278-279
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
International Trade ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Balance Of Payments ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Agricultural Subsidies ◽  
International Trade Organization ◽  
Import Quotas

General Agreement on Tariffs and TradeThe ninth session of the contracting parties to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade ended on March 7, 1955. The principal obstacles to agreement before late January were felt to have been the reluctance of the United States to modify its policies on import quotas on agricultural products, the reluctance of countries adversely affected by this practice to give up their right to restrict imports of manufactures so long as the quotas continued, lack of agreement on extension of the previously negotiated tariff schedules beyond June 30, 1955, the question of agricultural subsidies as a whole, the exceptions to GATT to be permitted to a country in balance of payments difficulties, and the quantitative restrictions to be permitted under-developed countries.

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

1959 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 178-180 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
European Economic Community ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Payment Systems ◽  
International Liquidity ◽  
Price Supports ◽  
Agricultural Protectionism ◽  
Future Growth

Ministerial representatives attending the thirteenth session of the contracting parties to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) held a meeting from October 16 to 18 preceding the plenary session. According to the communique issued after the meeting, it was the view of the ministers that the outlook was promising for a continuing steady expansion in international trade and for substantial further progress in achieving the objectives of GATT, but they noted that serious trade and payments problems continued to confront many of the less developed countries, that unsatisfactory conditions still prevailed with respect to world trade in a number of primary commodities, and that special difficulties threatened to impede the future growth of international trade in agricultural products. The ministers reviewed the trends in international trade and in particular took into account a report prepared by a Panel of Experts, entitled Trends in International Trade The report, which was also before the thirteenth session, contained a number of recommendations. Among them were: the extension of more economic aid; more adequate domestic measures against business recessions; the provision of greater international liquidity; the provision of funds for buffer stock action; a reduction of certain revenue duties in countries consuming tropical foodstuffs and beverages; a moderation of agricultural protectionism in western Europe and North America; a shift in methods of agricultural protection in such countries away from price supports toward deficiency-payment systems; a reduction of protection against the import of minerals; and the avoidance of trade-diverting measures in regional economic arrangements such as the European Economic Community (common market).

scholarly journals The demography of globalisation

2001 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 426-444
Author(s):  
J. L. Sadie
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Ethnic Minorities ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Less Developed Countries ◽  
Host Countries ◽  
Global Village ◽  
Economic Problems ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Economic Globalisation

Demographic globalisation, as the counterpart of economic globalisation, is interpreted as the movement towards a state depicted as the "global village" where there are no official impediments to the cross-border movement of people. Such movement is posited as the outcome of inter-country disequilibria which determine the levels of the propensity to migrate. Relevant problems are addressed such as whether the international trade in goods and services can serve as substitute for migration of labour (accompanied or unacompanied by dependents); demographic complementarity between more and less developed countries; the type of labour demanded by countries of immigration; demographically perverse migratory flows; the socio-economic problems ensuing from the formation of numerically strong ethnic minorities in host countries; and what the outlook is for the realisation, in demographic terms, of a global village mode.

scholarly journals Treatment of agriculture within WTO with a review of developing and transition countries

2003 ◽  
Vol 46 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 39-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zora Prekajac
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
General Rules ◽  
Agricultural Protectionism ◽  
Phytosanitary Measures ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Agreement On Agriculture

The agricultural sector is very important for almost all countries although the share of agriculture in international trade is relatively small (9%). GATT's rules allowed the use of various non-tariff barriers and because of that the agricultural protectionism of the developed countries has strengthened. All the attempts to broaden the general rules of trade to agriculture were unsuccessful because the opposition of developed countries. The acceptation of the Agreement on Agriculture and the Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures was the first step in liberalization of trade in agricultural products and extension of multilateral rules to this sector. New round launched in the end of 2001. in Doha is the new test for multilateral trading system, especially for the process of liberalization of international trade in agricultural products.

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