scholarly journals Treatment of agriculture within WTO with a review of developing and transition countries

2003 ◽  
Vol 46 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 39-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zora Prekajac
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
General Rules ◽  
Agricultural Protectionism ◽  
Phytosanitary Measures ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Agreement On Agriculture

The agricultural sector is very important for almost all countries although the share of agriculture in international trade is relatively small (9%). GATT's rules allowed the use of various non-tariff barriers and because of that the agricultural protectionism of the developed countries has strengthened. All the attempts to broaden the general rules of trade to agriculture were unsuccessful because the opposition of developed countries. The acceptation of the Agreement on Agriculture and the Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures was the first step in liberalization of trade in agricultural products and extension of multilateral rules to this sector. New round launched in the end of 2001. in Doha is the new test for multilateral trading system, especially for the process of liberalization of international trade in agricultural products.

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

1959 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 178-180 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
European Economic Community ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Payment Systems ◽  
International Liquidity ◽  
Price Supports ◽  
Agricultural Protectionism ◽  
Future Growth

Ministerial representatives attending the thirteenth session of the contracting parties to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) held a meeting from October 16 to 18 preceding the plenary session. According to the communique issued after the meeting, it was the view of the ministers that the outlook was promising for a continuing steady expansion in international trade and for substantial further progress in achieving the objectives of GATT, but they noted that serious trade and payments problems continued to confront many of the less developed countries, that unsatisfactory conditions still prevailed with respect to world trade in a number of primary commodities, and that special difficulties threatened to impede the future growth of international trade in agricultural products. The ministers reviewed the trends in international trade and in particular took into account a report prepared by a Panel of Experts, entitled Trends in International Trade The report, which was also before the thirteenth session, contained a number of recommendations. Among them were: the extension of more economic aid; more adequate domestic measures against business recessions; the provision of greater international liquidity; the provision of funds for buffer stock action; a reduction of certain revenue duties in countries consuming tropical foodstuffs and beverages; a moderation of agricultural protectionism in western Europe and North America; a shift in methods of agricultural protection in such countries away from price supports toward deficiency-payment systems; a reduction of protection against the import of minerals; and the avoidance of trade-diverting measures in regional economic arrangements such as the European Economic Community (common market).

scholarly journals COMPARISON OF INDONESIA'S EXPORT-IMPORT WITH CHINA AFTER THE AGREEMENT ON AGRICULTURE (AoA)

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 96-102
Author(s):  
Mohamad Arief Setiawan ◽  
Perdi Setiawan ◽  
Kalfin Kalfin
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Agricultural Policies ◽  
The People ◽  
The Government ◽  
The One ◽  
Agreement On Agriculture

The agricultural sector is the most important sector in the Indonesian and Chinese economies. The role of this sector is not only in international trade activities, but also plays a role in the domestic economy, including food sufficiency. The agricultural policies of Indonesia and China are not only oriented to increasing agricultural productivity for trade purposes but also to improving the standard of living of the people, especially farmers. The flow of economic liberalization brought by the World Trade Organization (WTO) has become a dilemma for Indonesian and Chinese agriculture. On the one hand, the WTO accession decision opens access to wider international trade, but on the other hand, both countries must protect their agriculture through the determination of prices for agricultural products by the government. This paper aims to find out the comparison of Indonesia's exports and imports with China in the field of trade in agricultural products after the implementation of the Agreement on Agriculture (AoA) or agricultural agreements which are part of the WTO from January 1, 1995, to the present. The results of the study obtained that the comparison of Indonesia's exports and imports with China was more optimal. From the research results, it can be used as a comparison for the government in determining further policies to get maximum results.

Demystifying Blue Box Support to Agriculture Under the WTO: Implications for Developing Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-185
Author(s):  
Sachin Kumar Sharma ◽  
Adeet Dobhal ◽  
Surabhi Agrawal ◽  
Abhijit Das
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Economic Situation ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Pivotal Role ◽  
Doha Round ◽  
Policy Space ◽  
Specific Support ◽  
Domestic Support ◽  
Agreement On Agriculture

Developing members at the WTO face a shrinkage in policy space for supporting their agricultural sector due to the limited room available under the provisions of the Agreement on Agriculture (AoA). Contrastingly, most developed members can provide high levels of product-specific support without breaching their commitments on account of their support entitlements. For some of these members, the so-called ‘Blue Box’ under the AoA, plays a pivotal role in expanding the policy space with respect to domestic support to agricultural products. Though a lot of scholarship has discussed and examined other support provisions under the AoA, the ‘Blue Box’ remains relatively shrouded in mystery. Testimony to this is the fact that although the Blue Box has found use amongst developed members, no developing member, except for China in 2016, has ever used the Blue Box to support their producers. Given the impasse in the Doha Round of negotiations and limited flexibilities available under the AoA, this paper examines the feasibility and compatibility Blue Box measures with developing members’ socio-economic situation. Findings of this paper bring to fore the variations in member practice and the operational flexibilities available in implementing Blue Box programmes to support agriculture. JEL: F13, F14, F17, Q17

Sustainable Development and the Digital Divide Among OIC Countries

2010 ◽  
pp. 233-252
Author(s):  
Chamhuri Siwar ◽  
Abdul-Mumin Abdulai
Keyword(s):  
Digital Divide ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Information And Communications Technology ◽  
Scientific Development ◽  
Communications Technology ◽  
Information And Communications Technologies ◽  
Communications Technologies ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
Almost All

Undoubtedly, digital technology (DT) has revolutionalised information and communications technology (ICT) base of the global economy, which has impacted tremendously the socio-economic, political, cultural and scientific development in the majority of the world’s economies. The chapter examines “digital divide” in a broader perspective of information and communications technologies (ICTs) that encompass not only computers, but also telephone (line and cellular), television (TV), radio etc. It is an open secret that ICTs have played and will continue to play a pivotal role in sustaining economic development in the developed countries. Through ICTs, creating, storing and sharing enormous volume of information with relative ease in almost all the spheres of human endeavour have been made possible. The power inherent in ICT that can break up barriers and boundaries holding countries, continents and businesses miles apart can never be over-emphasized. Despite the attendant benefits of ICTs, there are still deep-seated ICT inequalities both within and among the Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC) member countries. This chapter investigates the depth of the existing digital divide among the OIC member countries and to unearth the possible obstacles. Finally, some policy recommendations have been offered towards the end of the chapter.

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

1962 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 259-261
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Less Developed Countries

The nineteenth session of the contracting parties to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was held in Geneva from November 13 to December 9, 1961, under the chairmanship of Mr. Edmundo Penna Barbosa da Silva (Brazil). The trade ministers of 44 contracting countries met from November 27 to 30 to discuss the main problems of international trade, inter alia: the reduction of tariff barriers to trade, trade in agricultural products, and obstacles to trade of less developed countries. In addition to these main subjects, the question of the application of article XXXV to Japan was raised.

scholarly journals SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF INNOVATIVE PROCESSES IN THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR: FOREIGN ASPECT

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Technical Progress ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Consumer Demand ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Scientific Basis ◽  
Economic Mechanism ◽  
Foreign Experience ◽  
The World ◽  
The Developed Countries

Regulation of scientific and technical progress is the most important block of an economic mechanism in the developed countries now. In article organizational and economic bases of innovative processes in agriculture of the leading economies of the world are formulated. The main directions in development of scientific and technical progress are allocated. The conclusion is drawn that as shows studying of foreign experience, improvement of the innovative mechanism at a separate stage not necessarily increases effectiveness of process in general. If the valuable funda-mental ideas aren't used for development of new technological processes, and new technologies don't turn into goods of social demand or find only very narrow application in local spheres, then the capacity of the NTP this direction is practically not implemented for consumer demand.

scholarly journals Review of digital technologies in agriculture as a factor that removes the growth limits to human civilization

2021 ◽  
Vol 247 ◽  
pp. 01074
Author(s):  
Alexander Bogomolov ◽  
Victor Nevezhin ◽  
Margarita Larionova ◽  
Elena Piskun
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Digital Technologies ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Waste Production ◽  
Agricultural Business ◽  
Global Catastrophe ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
Growth Limits

According to Meadows' model, the main factor that determines the limits to the growth of the human civilization is the agricultural sector of the planet, the latter, however, significantly pollutes the environment and togather with other factors contributes much to global warming. A half of all the habitable land is used for agriculture. Unless the efficiency of agriculture is fundamentally improved and the amount of waste generated as a result, is reduced, a global catastrophe may befall in 30–50 years. Whereas agrarian “garbage” may not be just the waste that pollutes the environment, it can decrease the burden on the environment by being the raw material for fertilizers, feed or fuel manufacturing. Modern digital technologies can improve the efficiency of agriculture, organize low-waste or non-waste production and that will enable people to diminish the pollution of the environment and push away the limits to the growth of human civilization. The developed countries are using digital technologies more and more intensively to increase agricultural productivity and, at the same time, reduce both environmental pollution with agricultural waste and disruption of the ecological balance. The digitalization of agricultural business, the use of geoinformation technologies, drones, robots, artificial intelligence and other technologies of the digital society help to push the limits to the growth of human civilization away into the future.

scholarly journals MARKET COMPETITION AT THE LEVEL OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS DISTRIBUTION

THE BULLETIN ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (391) ◽  
pp. 40-44
Author(s):  
N. A. Gerasymchuk ◽  
L.M. Stepasyuk ◽  
Z.M. Titenko ◽  
I.M. Yermolenko
Keyword(s):  
Market Structure ◽  
Market Share ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Market Competition ◽  
Market Concentration ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Competitive Environment ◽  
Modern Business ◽  
High Level ◽  
Almost All

The article proved that in the context of European integration, the intensification of competition between producers becomes a major factor of the consolidation and unification of various economic entities, because this is one of the main ways to increase competitiveness, which in turn leads to market concentration. The investigation of the market structure, its type, and hence the economic processes occurring in it, is directly related to determining the state of the competitive environment, its assessment and study of the possibilities of restricting or developing competition. The article reveals the basic principles of development of agricultural enterprises, highlights the problems and prospects of their development in a competitive environment. The importance of concentration indicators in the context of the relationship between monopoly power and the level of concentration of sellers in the market is substantiated. Methodological aspects of using the market concentration index and the Herfindahl-Hirschman index are analysed; their advantages, disadvantages and possibilities of use in the process of market structure research, its type, state of competitive environment and degree of monopolization are revealed. In the process of research the concentration of agricultural markets, it was found that there was a moderate level in almost all types of products in Ukraine, only the pork market is highly concentrated. Analysis of the competitiveness of agricultural products shows that a significant market share is occupied by crops such as sunflower and corn. Studies show that there are certain types of products that have a high level of profitability, including rapeseed and barley, but they occupy a small market share. It is established that to ensure competitive production of agricultural products requires state support of the industry through the provision of tax and credit benefits to enterprises that implement modern business methods. Further prospects for the development of the agricultural sector in Ukraine have been identified.

scholarly journals Young Farmers and Digitalization: From Price Taker to Price Maker

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kadhung Prayoga ◽  
Subejo . ◽  
Alia Bihrajihant Raya
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
New Media ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Product Information ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Data Collection Technique ◽  
Use Of Social Media ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Depth Interviews

Information technology has developed rapidly, particularly in the area of social media. Almost all groups in society now use social media in their day to day activities, and one group that has been greatly impacted is young farmers. Before this era, farmers had difficulty accessing information. This study aims to find out what benefits are obtained and obstacles encountered by the use of social media in farming activities by the young farmers. This paper is descriptive explorative by using a qualitative approach. The data collection technique itself uses in-depth interviews, observations, literature studies, and documentation. The research location was in Bulukerto Village, Bumiaji Sub-District, Batu City which was carried out from November to December, 2017. The informants were chosen because they already used new media to support their farming activities. The result is the use of social media in the agricultural sector is widely used by young farmers in order to increase revenue and to seek information. Even so, there are still a number of problems faced by young farmers when utilizing social media, namely those interested in buying and selling online for agricultural products are not as high as other products and about the trust. The advice that can be given is farmers must post photos of products on Instagram with good pictures and caption. They also can tag others to reshare and spread the product information.

Sustainable Development and the Digital Divide Among OIC Countries

2013 ◽  
pp. 242-261
Author(s):  
Chamhuri Siwar ◽  
Abdul-Mumin Abdulai
Keyword(s):  
Digital Divide ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Information And Communications Technology ◽  
Scientific Development ◽  
Communications Technology ◽  
Information And Communications Technologies ◽  
Communications Technologies ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
Almost All

Undoubtedly, digital technology (DT) has revolutionalised information and communications technology (ICT) base of the global economy, which has impacted tremendously the socio-economic, political, cultural and scientific development in the majority of the world’s economies. The chapter examines “digital divide” in a broader perspective of information and communications technologies (ICTs) that encompass not only computers, but also telephone (line and cellular), television (TV), radio etc. It is an open secret that ICTs have played and will continue to play a pivotal role in sustaining economic development in the developed countries. Through ICTs, creating, storing and sharing enormous volume of information with relative ease in almost all the spheres of human endeavour have been made possible. The power inherent in ICT that can break up barriers and boundaries holding countries, continents and businesses miles apart can never be over-emphasized. Despite the attendant benefits of ICTs, there are still deep-seated ICT inequalities both within and among the Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC) member countries. This chapter investigates the depth of the existing digital divide among the OIC member countries and to unearth the possible obstacles. Finally, some policy recommendations have been offered towards the end of the chapter.

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