scholarly journals Structural Dynamics of International Trade and Material Consumption: A Cross-National Study of the Ecological Footprints of Less-Developed Countries

2005 ◽  
pp. 57-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew A. Jorgenson ◽  
James Rice
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Capital Intensity ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
National Study ◽  
Less Developed Countries ◽  
Ecological Footprints ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Export Flows

Many social scientists argue that more-developed countries externalize their environmental costs through the tapping of resources of less-developed countries, which reduces levels of consumption in the latter while increasing forms of environmental degradation within their borders. However, these assertions lack systematic empirical support. This study offers a new conceptualization of the structure of international trade that may help to partly resolve this issue: weighted export flows, which quantifies the relative extent to which exports are sent to higher-consuming, more-developed countries. Our hypothesis is that less-developed countries with higher levels of exports sent to more-developed countries exhibit lower domestic levels of resource consumption, measured as ecological footprints. In a series of regression models of per capita ecological footprints for less-developed countries in 2000, evidence is found supporting the hypothesis. The negative effect of weighted export flows on the per capita footprints of nations is robust, net of the often cited impacts of capital intensity, urbanization, domestic inequality, human capital, and other export-related characteristics. Results of this study provide empirical evidence of the environmental impacts of the structure of international trade and outline a new methodological approach to studying uneven ecological exchange.

Technological Development in the Developing Countries

1968 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 573-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralph H. Hofmeister
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Capital Intensity ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Less Developed Countries ◽  
Technological Transfer ◽  
Production Techniques ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
System Focus ◽  
Capita Output

The current process of technological transfer with limited adaptation from the developed to the less developed countries is questioned. The most important features of the economic environment of the less developed countries—the levels of per capita output and consumption, the availability of capital per worker, and the rising trends in unemployment—are reviewed. The implications are sketched for the development of a technology appropriate to the developing context, appropriate in the capital intensity of its production techniques and in the design of its products. The man-machine system focus of human factors researchers is seen as potentially very productive in these questions.

Unpacking International Power and the Ecological Footprints of Nations: A Quantitative Cross-National Study

2005 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 383-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew K. Jorgenson
Keyword(s):  
Driving Forces ◽  
Capital Intensity ◽  
Resource Consumption ◽  
Capita Consumption ◽  
National Study ◽  
Ecological Footprints ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
International Power ◽  
Per Capita Consumption ◽  
Cross National

Although unsustainable natural resource consumption has recently garnered significant attention in macrosociology, empirical studies neglect to analyze the environmental impacts of different forms of international power dynamics. This study dissects international power into its various economic, military, and export dependence characteristics, and analyzes their independent effects on per-capita consumption of natural resources, measured as ecological footprints. Findings of the quantitative cross-national analyses indicate that economic power in the form of capital intensity, military technological power, and overall export dependence are the structural driving forces of per-capita resource consumption. The effects of military technological power and export dependence on percapita footprints are primarily direct, whereas the effect of capital intensity is both direct and indirect, partly mediated by its effects on levels of secondary education and domestic income inequality, both of which impact levels of per-capita consumption. The results advance our collective understanding of the complexities of international power, domestic conditions, and uneven environmental outcomes and illustrate the necessity for taking a more nuanced approach to analyses of anthropogenic degradation of the global ecological system.

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

1962 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 259-261
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Less Developed Countries

The nineteenth session of the contracting parties to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was held in Geneva from November 13 to December 9, 1961, under the chairmanship of Mr. Edmundo Penna Barbosa da Silva (Brazil). The trade ministers of 44 contracting countries met from November 27 to 30 to discuss the main problems of international trade, inter alia: the reduction of tariff barriers to trade, trade in agricultural products, and obstacles to trade of less developed countries. In addition to these main subjects, the question of the application of article XXXV to Japan was raised.

scholarly journals Urban Slums and Children's Health in Less-Developed Countries

2012 ◽  
pp. 103-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew K. Jorgenson ◽  
James Rice
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Child Mortality ◽  
National Level ◽  
Urban Slum ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Panel Regression ◽  
Less Developed Countries ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Per Capita

We utilize first-difference panel regression analysis to assess the direct effect of urban slumprevalence on national level measures of under-5 mortality rates over the period 1990 to 2005.Utilizing data on 80 less developed countries, the results illustrate increasing urban slumprevalence over the period is a robust predictor of increasing child mortality rates. This effectobtains net the statistically significant influence of gross domestic product per capita, fertilityrate, and educational enrollment. Cross-sectional analyses for 2005 that include additionalcontrols provide further evidence of the mortality / urban slum relationship. The results confirmurban slum prevalence growth is an important contextual dynamic whereby the socialproduction of child mortality is enacted in the less developed countries.

Konwergencja beta, sigma i gamma krajów postsocjalistycznych do Europy Zachodniej

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 217-243
Author(s):  
Mariusz Próchniak
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
European Union ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Less Developed Countries ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Γ Convergence ◽  
Over Time

The study aims to verify the existence of convergence of 28 European Union (EU) members and 16 non-EU post-socialist countries. The analysis covers the 1995–2018 period. The research has also been conducted for shorter subperiods: 1995–2004, 2004–2018, and 2010–2018. Three types of convergence are taken into account: beta (less developed countries exhibit a faster rate of economic growth than more developed ones), sigma (income differentiation decreases over time), and gamma (countries change their ranks in the GDP per capita ranking). The study confirms the existence of β-, σ-, and γ-convergence in both groups of countries. Convergence, however, is not an automatic phenomenon and there are years in which σ-divergence and γ-divergence were observed.

The future of the WTO: some comments on the Sutherland Report

2005 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 379-389
Author(s):  
RICHARD BLACKHURST
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Less Developed Countries ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Trading System ◽  
Primary Products ◽  
Multilateral Trading System ◽  
The Future

Three times since its founding in 1948, the GATT/WTO has turned to outside experts for help in finding solutions to pressing issues confronting the multilateral trading system. In 1957 the Contracting Parties decided to create a panel of three (later four) internationally recognized experts in international trade and finance to consider trends in world trade, andin particular the failure of the trade of the less developed countries to develop as rapidly as that of industrialized countries, excessive short-term fluctuations in prices of primary products, and widespread resort to agricultural protection.

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