Who goes where, when, and how: international Law of the Sea for transportation

1977 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 267-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
William T. Burke
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Law Of The Sea ◽  
Economic Zone ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
High Seas

Major LOS controversies over navigation concern access to the waters of archipelagoes, the scope of coastal authority over passage through the territorial sea and straits, and navigation through ocean areas adjacent to the territorial sea. Proposals at the LOS Conference pertaining to access to archipelagic waters focus on new rights for island nations and on safeguards for navigation interests. The specific issues at stake in the territorial sea and in straits concern innocent passage for warships, coastal authority to deny innocent passage, clarification of the concept of innocent passage, and the scope and content of a claimed special right of transit for straits. Beyond the territorial sea the most important navigation issues relate to the extent of coastal authority other than control of resources. Controls over vessel source pollution are at issue as well as the relationship of navigation to resource measures. Assessment of the various interests at stake and of the trends in consideration of proposed treaty arrangements on the above issues suggests that, in general, navigation uses of the ocean will not suffer unduly in the LOS treaty expected to emerge in 1977. However, proposals to create a new zone, called the economic zone, which would be subtracted from the high seas, pose a possible long-term threat to navigation interests.

scholarly journals The Netherlands: The 2018 Agreement between The Ocean Cleanup and the Netherlands

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 351-371
Author(s):  
Rozemarijn Roland Holst
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
International Law ◽  
Law Of The Sea ◽  
Dutch Government ◽  
Non Profit ◽  
International Regulations ◽  
Unique Nature ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
High Seas

Abstract The Ocean Cleanup is a Dutch non-profit organisation on a mission to develop and deploy pioneering technology to rid the oceans of plastic. Considering the unique nature of the activity and the technology involved, it is not immediately self-evident which international regulations are directly applicable to this novel use of the high seas. The Dutch government, however, pledged to support the endeavour, and entered into a tailor-made Agreement with The Ocean Cleanup in order to ensure that its activities are conducted in accordance with general international law on maritime safety, the protection of the marine environment, and other legitimate uses of the high seas. This article reflects critically on the parties’ choice to base the Agreement ‘by analogy’ on the Law of the Sea Convention’s provisions on marine scientific research, and analyses the relationship of its core provisions with applicable international law, as well as identifying potential gaps.

2 The 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Churchill Robin R
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
International Law ◽  
Law Of The Sea ◽  
Customary International Law ◽  
Legal Nature ◽  
United Nations Convention ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
The Law ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOSC) is the most important source of the international law of the sea. This chapter discusses the history and legal characteristics of the LOSC. It explains how the LOSC came into being; gives a brief overview of its provisions and considers their varying legal nature; explains which entities may and have become parties to the LOSC and considers the extent to which they are permitted to make reservations and declarations; outlines the relationship of the LOSC to other treaties and customary international law; explores the mechanisms for seeking to ensure compliance with the LOSC by its States parties; and finally discusses how the LOSC is kept under review and developed.

International Law and Religion

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martti Koskenniemi
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Research Agendas ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter introduces the themes and the chapters of the book. It points out that there has been no clear tradition of research on the relations of ‘international law’ and ‘religion’. Hence, for the production of this work, there was no stable ground. The editors have tried to avoid pronouncing on the value of ‘more’ or ‘less’ intense engagement between international law and religion; instead the point has been to focus the various, often hidden forms of their alliance. Any study of ‘religion’ and ‘international law’ must confront the fact that both terms are complex wholes of ideas and practices whose scope and meaning is contested by people most intimately connected to them. Even to ask the question of the ‘relationship of international law and religion’ is scarcely more than to gesture towards further inquiries and research agendas about how each entity should be best approached.

scholarly journals Domain randomization-enhanced deep learning models for bird detection

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin Mao ◽  
Jun Kang Chow ◽  
Pin Siang Tan ◽  
Kuan-fu Liu ◽  
Jimmy Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Continuous Monitoring ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Training Data ◽  
Learning Models ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Bird Detection ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractAutomatic bird detection in ornithological analyses is limited by the accuracy of existing models, due to the lack of training data and the difficulties in extracting the fine-grained features required to distinguish bird species. Here we apply the domain randomization strategy to enhance the accuracy of the deep learning models in bird detection. Trained with virtual birds of sufficient variations in different environments, the model tends to focus on the fine-grained features of birds and achieves higher accuracies. Based on the 100 terabytes of 2-month continuous monitoring data of egrets, our results cover the findings using conventional manual observations, e.g., vertical stratification of egrets according to body size, and also open up opportunities of long-term bird surveys requiring intensive monitoring that is impractical using conventional methods, e.g., the weather influences on egrets, and the relationship of the migration schedules between the great egrets and little egrets.

Human Rights and the Mediatization of International Law

2010 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 507-527 ◽  
Author(s):  
DANIEL JOYCE
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
New Media ◽  
International Law ◽  
Theoretical Work ◽  
International Regulation ◽  
The Media ◽  
Legal Forms ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Communicative Capitalism ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThis article considers the relationship of international law and the media through the prism of human rights. In the first section the international regulation of the media is examined and visions of good, bad, and new media emerge. In the second section, the enquiry is reversed and the article explores the ways in which the media is shaping international legal forms and processes in the field of human rights. This is termed the ‘mediatization of international law’. Yet despite hopes for new media and the Internet to transform international law, the theoretical work of Jodi Dean warns of the danger to democracy of commodification through the spread of ‘communicative capitalism’.

Technology and Employment in Developing Countries

1978 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 549-564 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Garmany
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Optimum Combination ◽  
Current Consumption ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Choice Of Technology

This article discusses some of the issues involved in the choice of technology in developing countries, especially those in Africa, and the relationship of this to employment and output. The problem is to find an optimum combination of productive resources that comes nearest to satisfying two objectives: the full and economically efficient utilisation of such resources, and the creation of as much surplus as possible over current consumption, thereby making possible new investment and long-term growth.

scholarly journals The Relationship between Reputation, Customer Satisfaction, Trust, and Loyalty

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 368 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roshana Gul
Keyword(s):  
Customer Satisfaction ◽  
Customer Loyalty ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Positive Sign ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Independent Variable ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Self Administered Questionnaire

Though a lot of studies have been done to conclude customer loyalty as dependent variable but still there is a vast margin of researches to be conducted in future in different spheres of this construct. On the other hand the truth of the importance of customer loyalty as an enduring asset cannot be falsified. It is fundamental for organizations to build up long term and mutual beneficial associations with the customers. The purpose of this research paper is to show the inter relationship of reputation, customer satisfaction and trust on customer loyalty. According to the observations reputation is the major independent variable that has significant relationship with customer satisfaction, customer loyalty, and trust. Data for this research study was taken from the Islamia University, Quaid-e-Azam Medical College, and different banks located at various geographic locations of Bahawalpur region of Pakistan. Data was collected through self administered questionnaire and analyzed by using regression through SPSS. The results have been drawn from 150 users of NISHAT LINEN and it was found that there is positive and significant relationship among reputation, customer satisfaction, trust and customer loyalty. Hence the studies give the positive sign that with the increment of reputation, customer satisfaction and trust the customer loyalty enhances.  

Kelsen – Which Kelsen? A Reapplication of the Pure Theory to International Law

2009 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
JÖRG KAMMERHOFER
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Legal Theory ◽  
Pure Theory ◽  
Municipal Law ◽  
Hans Kelsen ◽  
Theory Of Law ◽  
The Right ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Legal Theorist

AbstractHans Kelsen is known both as a legal theorist and as an international lawyer. This article shows that his theory of international law is an integral part of the Kelsenian Pure Theory of Law. Two areas of international law are analysed: first, Kelsen's coercive order paradigm and its relationship to the bellum iustum doctrine; second, the Kelsenian notion of the unity of all law vis-à-vis theories of the relationship of international and municipal law. In a second step, the results of Kelsenian general legal theory of the late period – as interpreted and developed by the present author – are reapplied to selected doctrines of international law. Thus is the coercive order paradigm resolved, the unity of law dissolved, and the UN Charter reinterpreted to show that the concretization of norms as positive international law cannot be unmade by a scholarship usurping the right to make law.

The International Law Commission Tomorrow: Improving its Organization and Methods of Work

1991 ◽  
Vol 85 (4) ◽  
pp. 595-612 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Graefrath
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
International Law ◽  
Term Effect ◽  
Law Of The Sea ◽  
Long Term Effect ◽  
The Law ◽  
International Law Commission ◽  
Law Commission

The history, operation and tasks of the International Law Commission (ILC) have often been described and its success in codifying general international law is well-known and widely acknowledged. The conduct of international relations today is unthinkable without such basic instruments, first drafted by the Commission, as the conventions on diplomatic and consular relations, the law of treaties and the law of the sea. Moreover, other ILC drafts that have not been adopted as treaties have had a long-term effect on the development of international law; for example, the Draft Declaration on the Rights and Duties of States, the Principles of International Law Recognized in the Charter of the Nürnberg Tribunal and in the Judgment of the Tribunal, and the Model Rules on Arbitral Procedure.

scholarly journals Astrometric and Photometric Variability in Quasars

2009 ◽  
Vol 5 (S267) ◽  
pp. 103-103
Author(s):  
A. H. Andrei ◽  
S. Bouquillon ◽  
J. L. Penna ◽  
F. Taris ◽  
S. Anton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Strong Support ◽  
Optical Emission ◽  
Optical Observations ◽  
Massive Black Hole ◽  
Full Account ◽  
Photometric Variability ◽  
Central Engine ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Quasars are the choicest objects to define a quasi-inertial reference frame. At the same time, they are active galactic nuclei powered by a massive black hole. As the astrometric precision of ground-based optical observations approaches the limit set by the forthcoming GAIA mission, astrometric stability can be investigated. Though the optical emission from the core region usually exceeds the other components by a factor of a hundred, the variability of those components must surely imply some measure of variability of the astrometric baricenter. Whether this is confirmed or not, it puts important constraints on the relationship of the quasar's central engine to the surrounding distribution of matter. To investigate the correlation between long-term optical variability and what is dubbed as the “random walk” of the astrometric center, a program is being pursued at the WFI/ESO 2.2m. The sample was selected from quasars known to undergo large-amplitude and long-term optical variations (Smith et al. 1993; Teerikorpi 2000). The observations are typically made every two months. The treatment is differential, comparing the quasar position and brightness against a sample of selected stars for which the average relative distances and magnitudes remain constant. The provisional results for four objects bring strong support to the hypothesis of a relationship between astrometric and photometric variability. A full account is provided by Andrei et al. (2009).

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