The Fundamental Principles of the Red Cross (V)

1980 ◽  
Vol 20 (214) ◽  
pp. 29-34
Author(s):  
Jean Pictet
Keyword(s):  
Civil Wars ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Red Cross ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
Narrow Sense ◽  
The Military

The principle goes on to state that the Red Cross may not take sides in hostilities. This refers to neutrality in the military domain, and this is indeed the initial understanding of neutrality.The affirmation is an obvious one, but it is nonetheless essential. Some people have found it too laconic, even curt. It is true enough that the expression should apply to all forms of conflict and not only to military operations in the narrow sense. Furthermore, it should cover not only conflicts between nations but also civil wars and internal disorders. It might accordingly be better to say, the Red Cross may not take sides in armed conflicts of any kind.

scholarly journals Utilization of health services for skin disorders during military operations. A population- based study

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amir Horev ◽  
Shanny Edan-Reuven ◽  
Ron Eshel ◽  
Lena Novack
Keyword(s):  
Health Services ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Routine Care ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Skin Disorders ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
Population Based Study ◽  
Utilization Of Health Services ◽  
Skin Conditions ◽  
The Military

In addition to the immediate casualties of armed conflicts, their indirect impact may bring even more damage by causing malfunctioning of health systems and impaired access to diagnosis and treatment. We conducted a population-based study, to assess the utilization rates of health services due to skin disorders, among civilians exposed to missile attacks and siren alarms during three military operations in Israel. The study was designed as a natural experiment, whereas periods of military operations were compared to the non-military times. During the military operations, when sirens and missiles were an everyday experience, the number of visits to dermatologists was 1.07-1.16 times lower [Relative Risk (RR)=0.86-0.92] as compared to the non-military periods, especially evident for patients residing closer to the military zone, where it dropped almost 2- folds (RR=0.52). Although perceived nonurgent in their majority, the routine care should not be delayed to prevent more serious skin conditions.

West Africa: The evolution of traditional institutions of power. Africa: occult practices in civil wars and conflicts

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (5-1) ◽  
pp. 190-207
Author(s):  
Tatyana Denisova ◽  
Sergey Kostelyanets
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
Civil Wars ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
Traditional Beliefs ◽  
Political Processes ◽  
Rebel Groups ◽  
Traditional Institutions ◽  
Rites Of Initiation

The paper considers the influence of traditional beliefs on political processes and the nature of military operations during armed conflicts in contemporary Africa. The authors’ attention is focused on the administration of magic rituals and rites of initiation and immunization to members of tribal militias and rebel groups, aimed at maintaining their cohesion, commitment, fearlessness and, ultimately, achieving military success.

Perception of the nature and population of the Caucasian theatre of war by representatives of the Russian health service

2020 ◽  
pp. 208-225
Author(s):  
Elizaveta E. Polianskaya (Artyushkova) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Medical Care ◽  
Mutual Influence ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Red Cross ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
European Part Of Russia ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Sanitary Conditions ◽  
The Military

In this essay, the author attempts to discuss the perception by doctors and nurses of the nature of territories of the Caucasus front and the relationship of representatives of the Russian medical and sanitary services with the local population. In this study, the author refers to reports, diaries, memoirs, and press reports of doctors, nurses, orderlies and representatives of the military sanitary department, the Russian Red Cross Society, the Zemstvo and city Union, and other organizations. Contemporaries and participants of the studied events repeatedly point to the “peculiarity” of the Caucasian front. The “special conditions” of the Caucasian theatre had a serious impact on the conduct of hostilities there and, of course, on the work of the medical service. Most of the medical and sanitary representatives of the service of the Caucasian theatre of military operations came from the European part of Russia and for the first time were faced with different natural, geographical, and sanitary conditions, as well as the traditions and mentality of the populations of Transcaucasia, Turkey, and Persia. Some of the staff had lived previously in the Caucasus, but nevertheless encountered a different cultural and natural environment being in Asia Minor and Persia. In these conditions, it was more difficult to organize the medical care of the army, the refugees, and to improve the sanitary situation in the territories occupied by the Russian army. It is important to highlight the unusual nature of that time: it was the first opportunity for women to be involved in this process. Women of the “East” lived in the territories occupied by Russians, while women of the “West” held positions as doctors, nurses, heads of the economy, etc., and they came there together concerning the institutions of sanitary and medical care. At the Caucasian Front, we can discern a forced meeting of “East” and “West”, which had a mutual influence on each other.

Demilitarization after Central American Civil Wars

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip J. Williams ◽  
J. Mark Ruhl
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
El Salvador ◽  
Civil Wars ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Business Interests ◽  
Constant Feature ◽  
Economic Elites ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Military

This chapter considers how the armed forces declined in power throughout Latin America in the early 1990s, but the processes of demilitarization in El Salvador and Guatemala were unique. While demilitarization followed civil wars in El Salvador and Guatemala, these are the only two cases in Latin America in which the United Nations played a major role in brokering negotiated settlements to end the armed conflicts and in monitoring peace agreements that set in motion processes of demilitarization. In both countries political opposition to continued military domination, including armed insurgencies, was a constant feature from the 1960s onward. Moreover, economic elites who traditionally looked to the military to protect their business interests increasingly expressed concern about the liability of supporting a large, well-equipped military without a mission.

scholarly journals FIRST BATTLE LINE ON SALONICA FRONT 1916-1918

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 1573-1578
Author(s):  
Oliver Cackov
Keyword(s):  
First World War ◽  
Great Powers ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
World War ◽  
Front Line ◽  
The First World War ◽  
The Military ◽  
First World ◽  
Central Forces

During the First World War Macedonia in its ethnic borders was a space of bloody fights of the Great Powers and their struggle for world domination and colonial empires. The front line on the territory of Macedonia, known as the Front of Macedonia, whose length was several hundred kilometers long, stretched predominantly through the mountainous areas at an altitude of over 2,000 meters where the armed conflicts, between the forces of the Entente and the Central Powers took place. The immediate cause of the formation of the Macedonian Front was the failure of the Dardanelles Operation, when troops from Galipola were transferred to Thessaloniki. The Macedonian front was the only allied front where the only command had been operating throughout its existence. At the beginning, the main command was held by the General Moris Saraj. The paper deals with the tragedy of the cities and the population, and the mountain heights that were located on the first frontline of the Macedonian Front, with huge destruction and devastation from everyday artillery and air strikes. Bitola as an important communication point was constantly exposed to bombardment, and many of the surrounding villages disappeared forever. Only a few kilometers southeast of Bitola is the top Kajmakcalan, where there were also fierce fighting with many casualties and terrible devastation. The Battle of Kajmakcalan as part of the military operations of the Macedonian Front is one of the great battles of the First World War. In the history, the Battle of Kajmakchalan has been observed according to the great number of dead and wounded and the altitude where it took place. The breathtaking legendary city of Dojran and its surroundings, located in the center of the demarcation (front line), was completely destroyed. The residents of Dojran, on the orders of the Central Forces who were stationed there, left their homes and left in other Macedonian cities, but also in Serbia and Bulgaria, before the very beginning of the "Dojran Front".

scholarly journals A European Perspective on the International Human Rights and Humanitarian Law Relationship in the Context of Multinational Military Operations

2019 ◽  
pp. 126-148
Author(s):  
Gentian Zyberi ◽  
Anna Andersson
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Red Cross ◽  
International Human Rights Law ◽  
Humanitarian Law ◽  
European Perspective ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
International Human Rights ◽  
International Human ◽  
The Right

This chapter analyses from a European perspective the complex relationship between international human rights law (IHRL) and international humanitarian law (IHL) in the context of multinational military operations. In construing a European perspective, the case law of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) is given specific attention. Due attention is also paid to relevant documents by the Council of Europe (CoE), the EU, UN organs, the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), as well as state practice. The chapter adopts an instrumental approach, inquiring whether the interaction between IHRL and IHL helps to ensure a higher level of protection for civilians and civilian objects from the effects of armed conflicts. After discussing their shared foundational value, namely protecting human dignity, the degree of convergence between IHRL and IHL is assessed in four main areas, namely the protection of civilians, the right to humanitarian assistance, detention, and the right to reparations for victims of armed conflicts.

EVOLUTION OF RUSSIAN ASSAULT- BREACHING SUBUNIT

2017 ◽  
Vol 186 (4) ◽  
pp. 21-37
Author(s):  
Marek DEPCZYŃSKI ◽  
Wiesław KUCHTA
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Process ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
Task Forces ◽  
Operational Art ◽  
Russian Military ◽  
Modern Warfare ◽  
Military Engineering ◽  
The Military ◽  
Preferred Solutions

In the Russian military art, the effectiveness of combat operations is largely dependent on the capabilities of the military engineering. It can be assumed that the capabilities of engineering forces are one of the major determinants of the efficiency of military operations. Taking into account the assumptions of contemporary operational art and tactics, the military engineering forces are constantly evolving, which results in their adaptation to the changing requirements of the environment of the operations being carried out. In this light, urbanized areas, including large agglomerations, are supposed to be places where engineering tasks will be executed. Based on the experiences of modern armed conflicts, Russian military engineers are primarily prepared for actions in the built-up environment. In the opinion of Russian specialists, the implementation of tasks in urban agglomerations requires the involvement of subunits, which ensure the maintenance of maneuverability, thereby increasing the effectiveness of combat measures used. One of the preferred solutions is to form, mainly on the basis of engineering troops, specialist task forces as assault-breaching subunits. Such an approach to adjusting (modernizing) the Russian Federation’s military engineering forces to the requirements of modern warfare is not revolutionary, but a permanent evolutionary process.

THE IMPORTANCE OF MISSION ANALYSIS IN MODERN MILITARY OPERATIONS

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-84
Author(s):  
George-Ion TOROI
Keyword(s):  
Planning Process ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Process Analysis ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
Operational Environment ◽  
Mission Analysis ◽  
State Actors ◽  
Correct Understanding ◽  
The Military

Abstract: The complexity of today’s operational environment has a direct impact on the military instrument of power of every nation. Nowadays, conflicts have a much bigger unconventional component. This component lies in the types of actors involved and the methods used by them. Most contemporary conflicts are no longer classic confrontations between two states that use their military constituent to impose their will on the adversary. Today, the other instruments of power play an equally important role. The resolution of today's conflicts does not only require a military approach to the problem, which further complicates the mission of the military forces, as they are forced to focus on other areas outside the military. Today, non-state actors play a much more important role in armed conflicts. They often fail to comply with international conventions on armed conflict and use any means available to achieve their own goals. In addition, the unprecedented technological development of society in general, but also the unrestricted access to these types of technologies further facilitates the use of unconventional methods by malicious non-state actors in support of their own interests. Therefore, it can be seen that, nowadays, the complexity of armed conflicts has increased exponentially, and the identification and understanding of the problem, the causes of conflicts, as well as the ways to resolve it have become increasingly difficult to achieve. In this regard, I believe that the military should develop appropriate procedures to support the correct understanding of what needs to be done to achieve success and to insist on optimizing the mission analysis as part of the military operations planning process, analysis that should develop the correct understanding of the situation and should support viable future options to solve the conflict.

scholarly journals Legitimizing Military Action through “Rape-as-a-Weapon” Discourse in Libya: Critical Feminist Analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 130-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarka Kolmasova ◽  
Katerina Krulisova
Keyword(s):  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Security Studies ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
Military Interventions ◽  
The Media ◽  
Women And Girls ◽  
Military Campaign ◽  
The Military ◽  
Masculine Hegemony

AbstractContemporary discourse on sexual(ized) violence in armed conflicts represents a powerful source for legitimization of highly controversial military interventions. Recent gender-responsive security studies have called for enhanced protection of women and girls from widespread and systematic sexual(ized) violence. Yet military operations reproduce the Western masculine hegemony rather than providing inclusive and apolitical assistance to victims of sexual assault. The article aims to critically assess discourse on sexual violence in a case of military intervention in Libya initiated under the rubric of the Responsibility to Protect (R2P). The case study indicates a set of discursive strategies exercised by Western political representatives and nongovernmental organizations and even more expressively by the media to legitimize the military campaign. Typically, sexual(ized) violence is presented as a weapon of war, used by one of the conflicting parties without an adequate response of the state. This is followed by urgent calls for international action, willingly carried out by Western powers. The simplified narrative of civilized protectors versus savage aggressors must be challenged as it exploits the problem of sexual(ized) violence in order to legitimize politically motivated actions.

scholarly journals Hard and Soft Power Approaches to Armed Conflicts: The United States in Iraq and Russia in Syria

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 86-110
Author(s):  
Greg Simons
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Soft Power ◽  
Iraq War ◽  
The United States ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
Military Operation ◽  
Hard Power ◽  
The Military

Armed conflicts are generally associated with the use of hard power for coercing and forcing an opponent to do something against its will in a situation where war is an extension of politics. However, there are many scholarly observations about the important role of soft power in armed conflicts, the interaction between hard and soft power, and the effects on one another within the framework of an armed conflict. This paper explores two specific armed conflicts, the 2003 U.S.-led military intervention in Iraq and the 2015 Russian intervention in Syria. Various aspects of hard and soft power approaches are discussed, and the outcome of military operations for the national soft power potential is analyzed. The results of the study show that whereas the Iraq War came as a disaster for the U.S., the military operation in Syria—despite dire predictions—created strengths and opportunities for Russia in international relations.

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