Preffered Methods of Treating Obesity in Late Adulthood and Senior Age

Objective: To identify preferred solutions – therapy - for over- weight and obesity in older adults and seniors Participants: Atotal of 110 respondents were contacted, out of which 14 refused to cooperate or filled in the questionnaire incor- rectly. The return of questionnaires was 96, i.e. 100%. The group of respondents consisted of individuals of both sexes, aged 50 and over, living in anatural social environment or in one of the se- lected institutions. Due to the fact that - in our opinion - arela- tively large amount of attention is paid to the senior age group while the group of people in the age range of 50-64 is forgotten, we have not chosen the senior age respondents exclusively. Methods: The data obtained by the processing of the question- naires were analytically evaluated. For statistical processing apro- gram StatisticaCz version 9 was chosen, adescriptive analysis of the data was performed, followed by analysis by comparing av- erages and particular tests of statistical significance (Chi-square test, Kruskal Wallis, KendalovoTau). Results: An adjustment of the diet as apart of the solution of the overweight and obesity therapy would be chosen by the most re- spondents, 75 (46.5%) of them. 44 (27.0%) respondents would choose sport or other physical activity. 11 (6.7%) respondents would deal with overweight and obesity pharmacologically - with the help of medications, and only 25 (15.3%) respondents would choose surgery as away of dealing with overweight and obesity. On the contrary, only 8 (4.9%) respondents were not interested in dealing with the weight gain. 24 (25.0%) respondents would choose the surgical way of solving obesity. Ananswer“possibly yes”was chosen by13 (13.5%) respondents. 21 (21.9%) individu- als inclined to the “rather not” variant. 33 (34.4%) respondents chose the “certainly not”answer. An answer“I don't know” was chosen by 5 (5.2%) respondents. Conclusion:Obesity is aglobal social problem which is not to be solved just in healthcare and it is certainly not an issue of an individual.

Solutions to Plastic Pollution: A Conceptual Framework to Tackle a Wicked Problem

There is a broad willingness to act on global plastic pollution as well as a plethora of available technological, governance, and societal solutions. However, this solution space has not been organized in a larger conceptual framework yet. In this essay, I propose such a framework, place the available solutions in it, and use it to explore the value-laden issues that motivate the diverse problem formulations and the preferences for certain solutions by certain actors. To set the scene, I argue that plastic pollution shares the key features of wicked problems, namely, scientific, political, and societal complexity and uncertainty as well as a diversity in the views of actors. To explore the latter, plastic pollution can be framed as a waste, resource, economic, societal, or systemic problem. Doing so results in different and sometimes conflicting sets of preferred solutions, including improving waste management; recycling and reuse; implementing levies, taxes, and bans as well as ethical consumerism; raising awareness; and a transition to a circular economy. Deciding which of these solutions is desirable is, again, not a purely rational choice. Accordingly, the social deliberations on these solution sets can be organized across four scales of change. At the geographic and time scales, we need to clarify where and when we want to solve the plastic problem. On the scale of responsibility, we need to clarify who is accountable, has the means to make change, and carries the costs. At the magnitude scale, we need to discuss which level of change we desire on a spectrum of status quo to revolution. All these issues are inherently linked to value judgments and worldviews that must, therefore, be part of an open and inclusive debate to facilitate solving the wicked problem of plastic pollution.

Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice in Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting of Healthcare Professionals in Vietnam: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background: Under-reporting is a major issue of ADR spontaneous reporting system. This study assesses the knowledge, attitude, and practice of healthcare professionals in Children’s Hospital in Vietnam and suggests solutions to enhance ADR reporting rate based on findings. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted and 397 self-administered structured questionnaires were distributed to all potential HCPs working in surveyed hospital within 2 weeks from June 03 to June 20, 2020. Results: Overall response rate was 97% with 384 responses. A majority answered correctly ADRs’ knowledge apart from form supplier (1.6%) and possible causes (2.6%). The need to focus on patient care (33.3%) and the trivia of reaction (31.5%) reduced HCPs’ attention. About 61.7% reported once in their career, 49.7% had training. Having trained group had numbers of practice significantly higher than their counterparts. Major reason for not reporting was lack of information and instruction. Preferred solutions were regularly training, updating, and collaboration of HCPs in reporting ADR. Conclusion: Healthcare professionals had adequate knowledge, positive attitude, and moderate practice. Training significantly raised the number of practices in reporting ADR. Preferred solutions were regular training, updating, and collaboration of healthcare professionals in ADR reporting.

Using Stakeholder Preferences to Identify Optimal Land Use Configurations

One way to solve multi-objective spatial land use allocation problems is to calculate a set of Pareto-optimal solutions and include stakeholder preferences after the optimization process. There are various land use allocation studies that identify the Pareto frontier (i.e., trade-off curve); to our knowledge, however, for the majority of them, the debate on which solutions are preferred by stakeholders or are preferred by stakeholders remains open. One reason could be that Pareto-optimal solutions, due to their multi-dimensionality, are difficult to communicate. To fill this gap, we give an example using the results of a multi-objective agricultural land use allocation problem that maximizes four biophysical objectives: agricultural production, water quality, water quantity, and biodiversity in the Lossa River Basin in Central Germany. We conducted expert interviews with 11 local stakeholders from different backgrounds, e.g., water experts, nature conservationists, farmers, etc. In addition to providing information about the case study area, we visualized the trade-offs between the different objectives using parallel coordinates plots that allowed the stakeholders to browse through the optimal solutions. Based on this information, the stakeholders set weights for each of the objectives by applying the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). With these weights, we selected the preferred solutions from the Pareto-optimal set. The results show that, overall, stakeholders clearly ranked water quality first, followed by biodiversity, water quantity, and agricultural production. The corresponding land use maps show a huge difference in land management (e.g., less application of fertilizer, more linear elements, and conservation tillage) for the preferred solutions compared to the current status. The method presented in this study can help decision makers finding land use and land management strategies based on both biophysical modeling results and stakeholder expertise, and it shows how multi-objective optimization results can be communicated and used for an information-based decision-making process.

Influence of a thermal boundary layer on the thermal evolution of Uranus and Neptune

<p>It has been a long-standing challenge to reconcile the perceived similarities of Uranus and Neptune with their highly different intrinsic heat fluxes. Previous evolution calculations using the conventional assumption of an adiabatic interior yield too high present-day luminosities or - equivalently - too long cooling times for Uranus  (e.g. [1,2]). For Neptune, however, we found that similar assumptions yield too short cooling times [3].<br />One proposed mechanism for reproducing the observed brightness is a conducting interface between the hydrogen- and helium-rich outer part and the ice-rich inner part that would inhibit efficient energy transport across it [4]. In this work, we use our recently developed tool for modelling giant planets based on the Henyey-method for stellar <br />evolutions [5] to investigate such a conducting interface in the planet's interior, examining the influence of parameters such as assumed layer thickness and thermal conductivity on the cooling behaviour. <br />We find that even a thin conductive interface of a few kilometers has significant influence on the planetary cooling. Initially, the presence of such a boundary layer speeds up cooling, while after about 0.1-0.5 Gyr the cooling is slowed down drastically compared to the adiabatic case, similar to what was found for Saturn previously [6]. Our preferred solutions for Uranus suggest equilibrium evolution with the solar incident flux, while for Neptune, we find that plateaus in T<sub>eff</sub>(t) near its observed value require fine-tuned combinations of layer thickness and thermal conducitivity. </p> <p>[1] Fortney, Ikoma, Nettelmann, Guillot, and Marley (2011). ApJ 729, 32<br />[2] Nettelmann, Helled, Fortney, and Redmer (2013). Planet. Space Sci. 77, 143<br />[3] Scheibe, Nettelmann, Redmer (2019). A&A 632, A70<br />[4] Nettelmann, Wang, Fortney, Hamel, Yellamilli, Bethkenhagen, and Redmer (2016). Icarus 275, 107<br />[5] Henyey, Forbes, and Gould (1964). ApJ 139, 306<br />[6] Leconte and Chabrier (2013): Nat Geosci. 6, 023007</p>

4151 Understanding barriers and solutions towards access to mental health among rural adolescents

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: There are two objectives: 1) To identify healthcare providers’ (HCP) barriers and potential solutions towards rural adolescents’ access to mental healthcare. Healthcare providers include pharmacists, physicians, and mental healthcare providers (MHPs). 2) To identify rural high schoolers’ barriers and potential solutions towards access to mental healthcare. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Fifteen HCPs will be recruited via email listserv and the snowball method. Perceived barriers of rural adolescents, personal barriers, current practices to address mental health in adolescents, and preferred solutions will be discussed. Twenty student and parent dyads will be recruited using fliers in school systems and will be interviewed individually outside of class time on school grounds or over the phone. Barriers to care and preferred solutions will be discussed. All interviews will be semi-structured, recorded, conducted in person or over the phone, and last for 30 minutes to an hour. Compensation will be $25 for students and parents each, $50 for pharmacists and mental health providers and $100 for physicians. Thematic qualitative data analysis will be performed using Atlas.ti software. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Data collection is ongoing. Anticipated results for barriers include absence of mental healthcare providers in rural areas, inability to access mental healthcare providers further away, stigma towards mental healthcare, and lack of knowledge of mental health conditions and treatment. Anticipated results for potential solutions may include promoting mobile applications to assist with telehealth and self-care. Other solutions may be collaboration among rural healthcare providers for adolescents with mental health conditions. Preferred solutions may also include pharmacists disseminating knowledge to rural adolescents and their parents or referrals to mental healthcare providers. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: This project will identify barriers and solutions to access to mental healthcare among rural adolescents. These solutions can then be applied towards the creation of programs that address salient issues within rural communities with a greater chance of uptake and use so that rates of depression and suicide will decrease. CONFLICT OF INTEREST DESCRIPTION: Funding through UAB TL1 award.

Small-Scale Utilitarianism: High Acceptance of Utilitarian Solutions to Trolley Problems among a Horticultural Population

The study of moral dilemmas enables researchers to investigate the specific factors that influence humans’ judgments of the appropriateness of different actions. A common construction of this dilemma is the so-called Trolley Problem, which pits an obvious utilitarian solution, one which saves the largest number of lives, against a common deontological dictum to not do harm to others. Participants vacillate on their preferred preferences based on a number of well-documented contextual factors. Although the literature is replete with cross-cultural studies validating the robustness of such biases, the sampled cultural variation within this literature is largely limited to Western, industrialized, educated, rich, and democratic (WEIRD) populations. Here we expand this variation by investigating preferred solutions to common Trolley Problem scenarios among a Mayangna community, a small-scale indigenous population residing in northern Nicaragua. Compared to previously sampled populations, the Mayangna participants report much higher levels of acceptance of utilitarian solutions. Furthermore, while some tests suggest a contact/means bias, there is no evidence of an omission bias. We examine spontaneously reported justifications to explore how Mayangna culture might lead participants to take into account considerations that are largely absent in WEIRD populations.

Hacking Diversity

Hacking, as a mode of technical and cultural production, is commonly celebrated for its extraordinary freedoms of creation and circulation. Yet surprisingly few women participate in it: rates of involvement by technologically skilled women are drastically lower in hacking communities than in industry and academia. This book investigates the activists engaged in free and open-source software to understand why, despite their efforts, they fail to achieve the diversity that their ideals support. The book shows that within this well-meaning volunteer world, beyond the sway of human resource departments and equal opportunity legislation, members of underrepresented groups face unique challenges. The book explores who participates in voluntaristic technology cultures, to what ends, and with what consequences. Digging deep into the fundamental assumptions underpinning STEM-oriented societies, the book demonstrates that while the preferred solutions of tech enthusiasts—their “hacks” of projects and cultures—can ameliorate some of the “bugs” within their own communities, these methods come up short for issues of unequal social and economic power. Distributing “diversity” in technical production is not equal to generating justice. The book reframes questions of diversity advocacy to consider what interventions might appropriately broaden inclusion and participation in the hacking world and beyond.