Ryegrass populations from intensively managed leys III. Reaction to management, nitrogen application and Poa trivialisL. in field trials

1972 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. H. Charles
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Nitrogen Application ◽  
Sheep Grazing ◽  
Small Reduction ◽  
High Nitrogen ◽  
N Application ◽  
Poa Trivialis ◽  
Intensively Managed ◽  
High Level

SUMMARYPopulations of Lolium perenneL. derived from fields where the management was paddock grazing were compared with plants from breeder's seed of the cultivars originally sown at the collection sites. In the first trial the ‘survivor’ population derived from an S. 24 ley was better adapted to withstand intensive sheep grazing and high nitrogen application (672 kg/ha/ annum) than either S. 24 or Stormont Zephyr. Extra treading by sheep in addition to that involved in the high stock density (1186sheep/ha) used at the time of grazing produced only a small reduction in yield of dry matter. In the second trial, the ‘survivor’ population derived from an S. 23 ley had a higher yield of dry matter than S. 23 at the high level of N application (672 kg/ha/annum). There was no difference in the yields when 168 kg N/ha/annum was applied. In both field trials yield in the year of sowing was high for all swards, although the survivor populations were slower to establish than the original cultivars. The evaluation of the ryegrass populations in terms of dry-matter yield was affected by the small quantity of Poa trivialispresent when this grass was sown with the ryegrasses. In the second trial this conclusion also applied to yield of nitrogen in the herbage.

Ryegrass populations from intensively managed leys: II. Reaction to nitrogen and Poa trivialis L.

1971 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-241 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Reverse Effect ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
N Application ◽  
Fertilizer Nitrogen ◽  
Poa Trivialis ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Intensively Managed ◽  
Nitrogen Rates

SUMMARYA Lolium perenne L. population derived from a very productive 6-year-old S.23 ley was compared with that obtained from breeders' seed of S.23. The ryegrasses wqre grown in boxes sown separately, together, and also with Poa trivialis L. Three rates of nitrogen were applied equivalent to 28, 336 and 672 kg N/ha.The results obtained when the two ryegrasses were sown separately differed from those obtained in mixtures. When sown alone, the difference between the two ryegrass populations was small, but the ‘survivor’ ryegrass had a slightly higher yield of dry matter and nitrogen at some sampling dates and fertilizer nitrogen rates. In the mixture of the two ryegrasses, S.23 was higher yielding than the ‘survivor’ population when the equivalent of 672 kg N/ha was applied, but not at lower nitrogen rates.When grown as pure swards, P. trivialis did not yield as much dry matter and nitrogen as L. perenne at the highest N application. In the intergeneric mixtures, the total yield of ryegrass × P. trivialis was not very different from that of ryegrass sown alone. P. trivialis depressed the yield of ryegrass in May and June, particularly when fertilizer N was applied; the reverse effect was recorded later in the year. Total drymatter yield of ryegrass and P. trivialis grown together was similar at the highest fertilizer N rate, but the yield of N was much higher in ryegrass than in P. trivialis.

scholarly journals A COMPARISON OF PERENNIAL GRASSES UNDER SHEEP GRAZING ON THE CENTRAL PLATEAU

1983 ◽  
pp. 81-90
Author(s):  
N.S. Percival ◽  
F.R. Duder
Keyword(s):  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Seasonal Distribution ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Sheep Grazing ◽  
Small Reduction ◽  
Central Plateau ◽  
Canary Grass ◽  
Autumn And Winter

Details are given on the production and survival over four years of five perennial grasses under rotational sheep-grazing on a pumice soil. The comparison involved three perennial ryegrasses ('Grasslands Nui and Ruanui', and Yates Ellett), and mixtures of Ellett with 'Grasslands Roa' tall fescue and Ellett with 'Grasslands Maru' phalaris. All pastures were sown with white and red clovers. Annual dry matter yields from Nui and Ellett pastures were similar, at about 6,500 kg/ha. Ruanui pastures were on average 600 kg/ha lower. The pastures containing tall fescue and phalaris were similar to Ellett. The major seasonal yield effects were in autumn and winter, when Ruanui pastures were substantially poorer than those with Nui and Ellett. Ryegrass yield of Ellett pasture was greater than Nui, and Nui was greater than Ruanui at all seasons. Ellett ryagrass was a higher proportion of the total yield at all times, and had higher tiller populations than Nui and Ruanui. Neither tall fescue or phalaris were, able to compete with Ellett ryegrass. It is suggested that neither of these be sown with ryegrass. Clover yields were higher in Ruanui than Ellett pastures, with Nui intermediate. The use of Nui, Ellett and Ruanui ryegrasses is related to the problems of seasonal distribution and total annual yields of pastures on the Central Plateau. It is suggested using Nui or Ellett as the base for perennial pastures will give substantial increases in production. Ellett ryegrass had higher survival than Nui which was considered an advantage, though this was achieved at the expense of a small reduction in clover vields. Keywords: Perennial ryegrass, Ellett, Nui, Ruanui, Roa tall fescue, Maru phalaris, canary grass, sheep grazing, central North Island, Central Plateau, grass grub, Argentine stem weevil, Lolium endophyte.

Yield parameters of Beta beets as a basis to estimate the biogas yield

2014 ◽  
pp. 169-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philipp Starke ◽  
Christa Hoffmann
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Sugar Yield ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
N Application ◽  
Fodder Beet ◽  
Biogas Yield ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
N Rates

High biogas yields are expected from sugar beet because of its high root yield. But it has not been analysed yet, which varieties are best suited to reach the highest biogas yield. The study thus aimed at identifying a parameter to estimate the biogas yield of sugar beet. To get a broad variation of yields and beet qualities, field trials were conducted from 2008 to 2011 at 2 sites (Göttingen and Regensburg, Germany) with different sugar beet varieties and fodder beet. Different N application rates were included and furthermore, autumn sown beets (winter beet). Dry matter composition was analyzed, biogas yield and methane concentration were determined in batch experiments. Sugar beet reached root dry matter yields of more than 20tha–1 and thereby exceeded fodder beet. Moderate N application increased root dry matter yield, whereas higher N rates only enhanced the leaf dry matter yield. But most likely, leaves will not be considered for fermentation because of their low concentration of dry matter and organic dry matter. Winter beet reached total dry matter yields of 12tha–1, but dry matter was not as easily digestible as that of spring sown beets. Biogas yield showed a close linear relation to the root dry matter and the sugar yield as well. Sugar beet varieties can therefore be assessed for anaerobic digestion by their sugar yield. As sugar yield is already the main target, breeding for biogas beets will not be substantially different from that for beets used for sugar manufacture.

scholarly journals Effects of cutting frequency and fertilizer-N application on growth and production on guinea grass (Panicum maximum Jacq) sown pasture

2021 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 178-183
Author(s):  
C. C. Onyeonagu ◽  
J. E. Asiegbu
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Nitrogen Application ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
N Application ◽  
Cutting Frequency ◽  
Guinea Grass ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
N Rates

A study was conducted to determine the effects of cutting frequency and fertilizer-N rates on growth and production of guinea grass (Panicum maximum Jacq). The experiment was conducted in Nsukka, Nigeria. Treatments comprised four levels of fertilizer N (0, 150, 300 and 450 kg N ha ') and four cutting intervals (3, 6, 9 and 12 weekly intervals). Plant height, tiller number and herbage dry matter yields were significantly increased by 6%, 44% and 53%, respectively, during the establishment year when fertilizer-Nrate was increased from 0 to 450 kg N ha'. The extent of weed cover was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced by 33% in 2000 when fertilizer-N rate was increased from 0 to 450 kg N ha'. Increase in interval between cuts from 3 to 12 weeks significantly (P < 0.05) increased plant height in all the years. Plant height was increased (P < 0.05) by 28% 34% and 28% in 2001, 2002 and 2004, respectively, when fertilizer N was increased from 0 to 450 kg ha'. Application of Nat 450 kg ha produced similar plant heights in 2001 with the 300 kg N ha' but differed from the 150 kg N ha'. Increase in nitrogen application progressively increased (P<0.05) plant height in 2002 and 2004. Key words: , , , 

EFFECT OF RATE AND TIME OF NITROGEN AND INTERVAL OF PHOSPHORUS AND POTASSIUM FERTILIZATION ON HERBAGE PRODUCTION ON PERMANENT PASTURE

1965 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. B. MacLeod ◽  
L. P. Jackson ◽  
R. F. Bishop ◽  
C. R. MacEachern
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Seasonal Distribution ◽  
Botanical Composition ◽  
Nitrogen Application ◽  
N Application ◽  
Permanent Pasture ◽  
Phosphorus And Potassium

In two 3-year cycles of a field experiment annual N treatments were superimposed on mineral treatments applied annually and triennially to a permanent pasture sward.Applications of P and K were reflected by changes in exchangeable K and acid-soluble plus adsorbed P. There was somewhat greater penetration of K than of P and soil levels of both were generally lowest where rate of N application was highest.Yields varied from year to year but tended to be more uniform with annual than with triennial mineral treatments. In the 6-year period average yields for all 0-, P-, K-, and P–K-treated plots were approximately 1.3, 1.6, 1.5, and 2.0 tons per acre of dry matter. Time of nitrogen application had little influence on total yield but seasonal distribution of herbage was much more uniform with nitrogen applied in summer than in spring. Soil moisture, which was a major factor in the response obtained with nitrogen applied in summer, was limiting during the late summer in two of the three years measured.Percentages of P and K in grass reflected the mineral treatments which had much less influence on botanical composition and species foliage cover than N. This element suppressed legumes, increased grass, and markedly influenced the K level in grass.

Yield and quality of sugar beet crown as well as leaf yieldof different sugar beet varieties and a fodder beet

2011 ◽  
pp. 555-564
Author(s):  
Christa Hoffmann
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Recovery Process ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
N Application ◽  
Fodder Beet ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Yield And Quality

Since sugar beet varieties differ in beet yield and quality, varieties may exist which are more profitable for a harvest including the crown because of a larger crown with a better quality compared to other varieties. In 2009 and 2010 field trials with 8 sugar beet varieties and one fodder beet were conducted at 4 sites, and additionally a field trial with N application from 0, 100, 200, and 300 kg N ha–1. At harvest the crown was removed manually below the green leaf scares, root and crown were analyzed separately. The results show that yield and quality of the crown have not changed in relation to the root during the breeding progress. Differences among varieties in yield and quality continue in the crown. Varieties can, therefore, be chosen according to the known variety characteristics also when the crown is harvested. For the use in the fermentation process the incorporation of the crown will result in yield increase which is similar for all varieties. There were only little differences in leaf dry matter and similar root to leaf ratios for the sugar beet varieties. Increasing N application caused an increase of the amino N and sodium concentration, which was more pronounced in the crown than in the root. The concentration of invert sugar, raffinose, betaine and glutamine was higher in the crown than in the root. However, changes were similar for all varieties. The effect of these changes in quality on the sugar recovery process can only be studied in processing experiments.

scholarly journals Effects of high nitrogen application on the dry matter yield, nitrogen content and nitrate-N concentration of sugarcane

2009 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 485-495 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shoko Ishikawa ◽  
Shotaro Ando ◽  
Takeo Sakaigaichi ◽  
Yoshifumi Terajima ◽  
Makoto Matsuoka
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Nitrogen Application ◽  
High Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrate N ◽  
N Concentration

CARBON (13C) AND NITROGEN (15N) TRANSLOCATION IN A MAIZE-STRIGA HERMONTHICA ASSOCIATION

2005 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 321-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
GODWIN K. S. AFLAKPUI ◽  
P. J. GREGORY ◽  
R. J. FROUD-WILLIAMS
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Striga Hermonthica ◽  
Nitrogen Application ◽  
N Application ◽  
Growing Medium ◽  
C And N ◽  
Maize Plants ◽  
Glasshouse Experiment ◽  
Sampling Times

The translocation of C and N in a maize-Striga hermonthica association was investigated at three rates of nitrogen application in a glasshouse experiment. The objectives were to measure the transfer of C and N from maize to S. hermonthica and to determine whether the amount of N in the growing medium affected the proportions of C and N transferred. Young plants of maize were labelled in a 13CO2 atmosphere and leaf tips were immersed in (15NH4)2SO4 solution. The Striga×N interaction was not significant for any of the responses measured. Total dry matter for infected maize was significantly smaller than for uninfected maize from 43 to 99 days after planting, but N application increased total dry matter at all sampling times. Infected maize plants partitioned 39–45% of their total dry matter to the roots compared with 28–31% for uninfected maize. Dry matter of S. hermonthica was not affected by the rate of N applied. S. hermonthica derived 100% of its carbon from maize before emergence, decreasing to 22–59% thereafter; the corresponding values for nitrogen were up to 59% pre-emergence and up to 100% after emergence. The relative proportions of nitrogen depleted from the host (up to 10%) were greater than those of carbon (maximum 1.2%) at all times of sampling after emergence of the parasite. The results show that the parasite was more dependent on the host for nitrogen than for carbon.

AL 4565 ALLOY

Alloy Digest ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 53 (8) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Toughness ◽  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
High Resistance ◽  
Flue Gas ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
Flue Gas Desulfurization ◽  
High Nitrogen ◽  
Temperature Performance ◽  
High Level

Abstract AL 4565 alloy has a high level of austenitizers, which provides the microstructure with a high resistance to sigma formation during welding. The high nitrogen also gives the alloy superior strength among the austenitics. Applications include flue gas desulfurization and handling seawater. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, and tensile properties as well as fracture toughness. It also includes information on high temperature performance and corrosion resistance as well as heat treating and joining. Filing Code: SS-906. Producer or source: Allegheny Ludlum Corporation.

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