Physiology of bunch groundnuts (Arachis hypogaeaL.)

1985 ◽  
Vol 104 (2) ◽  
pp. 309-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. D. Choudhari ◽  
M. Udaykumar ◽  
K. S. K. Sastry
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Significant Variation ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Summer Season ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Leaf Area Duration ◽  
Biological Yield ◽  
The Mean

SummaryTwenty-nine bunch groundnut genotypes were grown in the Kharifseason 1980 and the summer season 1981 at Bangalore. Growth and yield analysis showed that the total dry-matter accumulation was low up to 30 days after sowing and increased linearly up to the 86th day in the Kharifand up to harvest in the summer season. There were significant differences between genotypes in leaf area indices (LAI), the leaf area duration (LAD) and LAD between pod initiation and harvest (LADP) in both the seasons. The mean LAI of genotypes did not vary much between the Kharifand the summer seasons up to the 66th day. However, during the later stages of growth the LAD was higher in the summer. The higher biological yield and productivity in the summer was attributed to the high LAD and LADP during the later stages of crop growth. LAD and total dry-matter accumulation at harvest were significantly correlated both in the Kharif(r = 0–75) and the summer (r= 0–81). The mean total number of flowers over all 29 genotypes did not vary, but total number of pegs formed per plant differed significantly between genotypes in both the Kharifand summer seasons. The percentage of flowers which produced pegs was 72–2 in summer as against 51–2 in Kharif. The primary branches contributed 86'7 and 90–1 %to the total number of pods per plant in the Kharifand summer seasons respectively. The contribution of the first four nodes of primary branches was 85 %in both seasons. The number of fruiting points (nodes having mature pods) per plant, found to be the most important yield-determining component, showed significant variation amongst the genotypes in both the Kharifand summer seasons. In summer, length of mature-pod-bearing zone (MPBZ), number of nodes in MPBZ and number of kernels per plant were higher than in the Kharifseason. It is suggested that selection and breeding should concentrate on improving LAD and LADP, total dry matter per plant, more primary branches per plant, more pods in the distal nodes of primary branches and more fruiting points (nodes in MPBZ) per plant.

scholarly journals Soybean Physiology and Yield Response to Seed Rate and Sowing Method

2021 ◽  
pp. 18-27
Author(s):  
S. Madhana Keerthana ◽  
R. Shiv Ramakrishnan ◽  
Nidhi Pathak ◽  
Dibakar Ghosh ◽  
G. K. Koutu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Seed Rate ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Leaf Area Duration ◽  
Biological Yield ◽  
Productive Environment

The soybean crop is highly sensitive to climate change associated events viz., global warming, drought, and water-logging at the time of highly sensitive flowering and grain filling stage, causing a shortfall in production and supply of quality seed to the country. Under prevailing high-density planting, at the seed rate of 70 kg ha-1 and flatbed sowing method, plant growth is restricted due to limitation of radiation and nutrients. Hence, the seed rate and sowing method need revision in an era of climate change. Therefore, we hypothesized that adopting a lower seed rate under ridges and furrow sowing would improve seed yield and quality over the prevailing seed rate of 70 kg ha-1 and flatbed sowing method. In order to test our hypothesis, an experiment was conducted to study the effect of various seed rates and sowing methods on growth and productivity of soybean. Studies revealed that a seed rate of 70 kg ha-1 shows superiority in terms of seed yield (3873.70 kg ha-1) which was at par with 60 kg ha-1 (3359.40 kg ha-1). Lower seed rate of 60 kg ha-1 was superior in terms of seed yield per plant (8.99 g plant-1), biological yield (6310 kg ha-1), Harvest index (35.69%), dry matter accumulation in pods at 61 DAS (1.74 g). Ridges and furrow sowing method was found superior for biological yield (26.33 g plant-1) and (6958.90 kg ha-1), dry matter accumulation in pods at 61 DAS (1.84 g), Leaf Area Duration at 71 DAS (19535.00 cm2.days). Interaction studies revealed that 60 kg ha-1 seed rate with ridge and furrow stand superior in terms of seed yield per plant 10.65 g plant-1 which was attributed to maximum harvest index (29.58%), dry matter accumulation in pod at 61 DAS (2.13 g), Leaf Area Duration at 71-81 DAS (22069.00 cm2.days). In contrary, highest seed yield(4018.89 kg ha-1) was observed for seed rate of 70 kg ha-1 with flat bed sowing. Hence it can be concluded that, under low productive environment the efficient dry matter accumulation, leaf area development and number of branches under low density planting will not compensate for the higher plant stand induced yield increment due to high density planting. Therefore, higher seed rate of 70 kg/ha with ridge and furrow sowing will be recommended to the farmers to get higher yield of soybean under rainfed and low productive environment.

Growth and Yield in Pure and Mixed Crops of Potato Cultivars

1982 ◽  
Vol 98 (3) ◽  
pp. 505-516 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Chowdhury ◽  
D. R. Hodgson
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Pure Culture ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Leaf Area Duration ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Potato Yields ◽  
High Level ◽  
Mixed Crops ◽  
Final Harvest

SUMMARYExperiments were made between 1977 and 1979 to investigate the possibility of raising potato yields by mixing together cultivars having different growth patterns. The experiments also included mixtures of unsprouted and sprouted seed of the same or different cultivars. In the first experiment (1977) Pentland Crown was mixed with Arran Pilot, Red Craig's Royal or Désirée and the binary mixtures (1:1) compared with the pure stands of each. Yield of tubers from the mixtures did not differ significantly from the mean of two components planted alone at wide or narrow spacing of the seed tubers. Two experiments with identical treatments (1978) included mixtures of Majestic and Désirée and of each cultivar with unsprouted and sprouted seed. Mixtures (1:1) yielded more tubers than the mean of the two components planted alone and at final harvest in one experiment unsprouted and sprouted Majesties gave 7·6 t/ha more than the mean of these and 6·9 t/ha more than the more productive culture (P < 0·05). Similar differences were obtained in the second experiment.In the final experiment (1979) the degree of sprout development at planting time was varied in the cultivar Majestic. Short or long sprouted seed was mixed with unsprouted seed and long sprouted Désirée was also mixed with unsprouted Majestic. Mixtures of the unsprouted cultivar with either long sprouted Majestic or Désiré exceeded, significantly, the mean yield of components planted alone by 4·1 and 5·8 t/ha, respectively, at a high level of fertilizer. As a mean of three experiments the mixture of sprouted and unsprouted Majesties yielded 6·26 t/ha more tubers than the mean of the components and 4·27 t/ha more than the higher yielding component in pure culture. Better light interception due to higher leaf area duration and a more persistent leaf canopy appeared to produce these effects.

scholarly journals Effect of Light Simplified Cultivation Mode on Growth and Yield of Rice under Straw Returning Condition

2020 ◽  
Vol 203 ◽  
pp. 02008
Author(s):  
Baifeng Cang ◽  
Hao Jiang ◽  
Rong Ma ◽  
Yunzhe Li ◽  
Jingjing Cui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Grain Number ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Spad Value ◽  
Cultivation Mode

In order to study the application of light and simplified cultivation mode in straw returning field. In the experiment, two treatments of straw returning and non-straw returning were used under the light simplified cultivation mode, and the differences of tiller number, dry matter accumulation, leaf area index, chlorophyll and yield were studied. Field cultivation experiments were carried out with Jihong 9 and Jinongda 138. The results showed that the yields of Jihong 9 and Jinongda138 straw returning to the field under the light and simplified cultivation mode were 2.00% and 3.63% higher than those under the non-straw returning mode. The total grain number in the yield components increased by 3.35% and 11.60% respectively. Dry matter increased by 19.70% and 7.66% in mature period. The leaf area index (LAI) and SPAD value in the later period of straw returning were higher than those in the non-straw returning, and the number of effective tillers was lower. Light and simplified cultivation can be used as a new mode of rice high-yield cultivation under straw returning, which improves the total grain number, leaf area index, SPAD value and dry matter in the later stage, and increases rice yield. The yield advantage of Jinongda 138 under straw returning (SJ138) is more significant.

scholarly journals Effect of Sowing Methods and NPK Levels on Growth and Yield of Rainfed Maize (Zea maysL.)

Scientifica ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shamim Gul ◽  
M. H. Khan ◽  
B. A. Khanday ◽  
Sabeena Nabi
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Yield Attributes ◽  
100 Seed Weight

To investigate the response of rainfed maize to sowing methods and NPK levels, an experiment was undertaken during kharif of 2011 and 2012 at Dryland (Kerawa) Agriculture Research Station, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Budgam. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with combination of 2 sowing methods (flat sowing, 75 cm apart rows, and ridge sowing, 75 cm apart ridges) and 3 fertility levels (60 : 40 : 20, 75 : 50 : 30, and 90 : 60 : 40 N : P2O5 : K2O kg ha−1) with three replications. Various growth characters, namely, plant height, leaf area index, dry matter accumulation, number of days to different phenological stages, and yield, and yield contributing characters namely, cob length, number of grains cob−1, cob diameter (cm), and 100-seed weight (g), were significantly higher with S2over S1during both the years of experimentation. Fertilizer levels F3(90 : 60 : 40) and F2(75 : 50 : 30) at par with one another produced significant increase in growth and yield characters, namely, plant height, leaf area index, dry matter production at different growth stages, cob length, number of cobs plant−1, number of grains cob−1, and 100-seed weight over F1(60 : 40 : 20). Significantly higher grain yield was recorded with fertilizer level F3(90 : 60 : 40) being at par with F2(75 : 50 : 30) and showed significant increase over F1(60 : 40 : 20) with superiority of 5.4 and 5.7 per cent during 2011 and 2012, respectively. The findings of the study concluded that ridge method of sowing of maize with NPK levels of 75 : 50 : 30 kg ha−1showed better performance of crop in terms of growth, yield, and yield attributes.

scholarly journals Application of insect-proof nets in pesticide-free rice creates an altered microclimate and differential agronomic performance

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e6135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guoying Yang ◽  
Zhi Guo ◽  
Hongting Ji ◽  
Jing Sheng ◽  
Liugen Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Agronomic Performance ◽  
Rice Cultivars ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Panicle Number ◽  
Leaf Area Duration ◽  
Proof Nets ◽  
Air Speed

BackgroundInsect-proof nets are commonly used in crop production and scientific research because of their environmental, economic, and agronomic benefits. However, insect-proof nets can unintentionally alter the microclimate inside the screenhouse and therefore greatly affect plant growth and yield. To examine the microclimate and agronomic performance of pesticide-free rice under insect-proof nets, two-year field experiments were carried out in 2011 and 2012.MethodsIn the present study, the experiment was conducted by using a split-plot design considering the cultivation environment (open field cultivation (OFC) and insect-proof nets cultivation (IPNC)) as the main plot and the varieties as the subplot (Suxiangjing3 and Nanjing44).ResultsIPNC significantly reduced the air speed and solar radiation, and slightly increased the daytime soil temperature, daytime air temperature, and nighttime relative humidity. By contrast, the nighttime soil temperature, nighttime air temperature, and daytime relative humidity were relatively unaffected. The grain yield of both rice cultivars decreased significantly under IPNC, which was largely attributed to the reduced panicle number. The reduced panicle number was largely associated with the decreased maximum tiller number, which was positively correlated with the tillering rate, time of tillering onset, and tillering cessation for both rice cultivars under IPNC. In addition, dry matter accumulation significantly decreased for both rice cultivars under IPNC, which was mainly caused by the decreased leaf area duration resulting from the reduced leaf area index. By contrast, the mean net assimilation rate was relatively unaffected by IPNC.DiscussionInsect-proof nets altered the microclimate in comparison with OFC by reducing the air speed and changing the radiation regime, which significantly affected dry matter production and yield of both japonica rice cultivars. Our results indicated that cultivation measures that could increase the tillering rate and the maximum tiller number under IPNC would lead to a significant increase in panicle number, ultimately increasing grain yield. In addition, maintaining a high leaf area duration by increasing the leaf area index would be important to compensate for the dry matter accumulation losses under IPNC. These findings are critical to provide a theoretical basis for improving agronomic performance of pesticide-free rice under IPNC.

Effects of Day and Night Temperature on Goatsrue (Galega officinalis) and Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) Growth

Weed Science ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
David T. Patterson
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
The United States ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Night Temperature ◽  
Galega Officinalis ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Leaf Area Duration ◽  
Net Assimilation ◽  
Noxious Weed

Goatsrue, a perennial legume, is an exotic noxious weed currently found in the United States only in Cache County, Utah. It infests irrigated pastures, alfalfa fields, and noncropland areas. In order to compare their responses to temperature, goatsrue and alfalfa were grown in artificially illuminated controlled-environment chambers in 16 day/night temperature regimes ranging from 15/4 to 36/25 C. Growth analysis was used to evaluate effects of temperature on dry matter accumulation, leaf area production, and biomass allocation. Both species grew best at day/night temperatures of 22/25, 29/ 18, and 29/25 C. Leaf appearance rates were linearly related to mean daily temperature. Goatsrue produced fewer but larger leaves and a greater total leaf area than alfalfa. Biomass partitioning to leaves was greater in goatsrue, whereas partitioning to stems was greater in alfalfa. Response of vegetative dry matter production to temperature closely paralleled response of leaf area duration in both species. Alfalfa generally had a higher net assimilation rate, but the greater leaf area duration of goatsrue resulted in greater dry matter accumulation in this species after 50 d of growth. Overall responses to temperature were similar in the two species. Thus it seems likely that goatsrue could become a much more widely distributed weed in alfalfa.

scholarly journals Growth characteristics associated with biomass production in three varieties of Trichloris crinita (Poaceae), a forage grass native to the arid regions of Argentina

2005 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 135 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. A. Greco ◽  
J. B. Cavagnaro
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Biomass Production ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Growth Characteristics ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Mean Annual Temperature ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Differential Adaptation ◽  
The Mean

Trichloris crinita (Lag.) Parodi is an important perennial native grass widespread in the range areas of the arid and semi-arid phytogeographical region of Monte, Argentina. Previous studies have shown great variability in forage biomass production per plant among different varieties of this species. The aim of this work was to assess which morphological and physiological traits are associated with differential productivity of T. crinita varieties. Three varieties: Pichi, of high productivity, Arroyito, of medium productivity, and Encon, of low productivity were tested in a field experiment. Dry matter (DM) produced by different organs, assimilates partitioning, and leaf area per plant were measured on three different dates for each variety, during an annual growth cycle, under watered conditions. Relative growth rate (RGR), net assimilation rate (NAR), leaf area ratio (LAR), specific leaf area (SLA), leaf weight ratio (LWR) and leaf area development rate (LADR) were calculated at 72, 128 and 172 days after transplanting. Significant differences among varieties were found for DM production of blades, sheaths + culms, panicles, roots and shoot/root ratio. Pichi and Arroyito produced more total plant biomass than Encon and this was associated with higher dry matter accumulation in aboveground organs and larger leaf area. LADR, LAR and one of its components SLA were the parameters that best explained differences in biomass production. DM partitioning to roots (considered as the percentage of total DM) was very high in Encon, the least productive variety. Differences in productivity seem to be directly associated with the mean annual rainfall and inversely associated with the mean annual temperature of the environment where plants were collected. Thus, the growth characteristics of each variety reflect differential adaptation to their areas of origin.

Yield formation in Nicaraguan landraces of common bean compared to bred cultivars

2005 ◽  
Vol 143 (5) ◽  
pp. 369-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. J. GÓMEZ ◽  
B. E. FRANKOW-LINDBERG
Keyword(s):  
Common Bean ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Balanced Development ◽  
Leaf Area Duration ◽  
Yield Formation ◽  
Final Harvest ◽  
Plant Components

Dry matter accumulation and its partitioning to different plant components were studied in six common bean populations (two bred cultivars and four landraces) with different yield potentials. The hypothesis that yield was correlated with leaf area or mass and also with leaf area duration was tested. Leaf area and total above-ground dry matter were sampled weekly between 13 and 62 days after planting (DAP). Yield, yield components and seed yield rate were measured at the final harvest. No differences in total above-ground dry matter were observed among populations up to 62 DAP. Bred cultivars had significantly larger leaf areas than the landraces at the last harvest. Landraces initially partitioned more dry matter to reproductive organs but this was not reflected in higher yields. Temporary differences in growth rate and rate of pod formation were observed among the populations. Landraces, with one exception, tended to grow faster at early stages, and they also reached their maximum number of pods per plant earlier than the bred cultivars. Bred cultivars yielded more than all but one of the landraces. In general, yield was positively correlated with the total number of pods per plant, which in turn was well correlated with leaf area and mass. It was concluded that an increase in leaf area duration and a balanced development of reproductive organs v. other plant components are important traits in conferring improvement in yield of common bean.

Combined effect of trifloxystrobin and tebuconazole on growth and yield attributes of groundnut

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Sowmya Priya ◽  
P. Jeyakumar ◽  
P. Boominathan
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Plant Metabolism ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Yield Attributes ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Long Term Changes

Fungicides have been shown to cause long term changes in the growth and metabolism of treated plants leading to higher biomass and yield, apart from inducing stress tolerance. Fungicidal compounds belong to strobilurins and triazoles namely trifloxistrobin and tebuconazole as combinations were applied in groundnut to understand mechanism by which it alters the plant metabolism leading to higher productivity. Foliar application of Nativo 75WP, a formulation consisting of trifloxistrobin and tebuconazole @ 250 g ha-1, 300 g ha-1, 350 g ha-1 and Carbendazim @ 500 g ha-1 at 35 and 50 days after sowing was attempted in a field experiment on groundnut. The result indicated that Nativo 75WP significantly improved the root length and total dry matter accumulation at different stages of growth. Among the different concentrations, application of Nativo 75WP @ 300g ha-1 increased the number of pod and pegs, peg to pod ratio, 100 kernel weight and shelling percent.

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