Growth and yield of sugar beet on contrasting soils in relation to nitrogen supply: II. Growth, uptake and leaching of nitrogen

1975 ◽  
Vol 85 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Last ◽  
A. P. Draycott
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Mineral Nitrogen ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Soil Mineral Nitrogen

SUMMARYNine field experiments with sugar beet in 1968–70 tested eight amounts of nitrogen fertilizer (0–290 kg N/ha) on a shallow calcareous loam (Icknield Series), on a deep sandy loam (Newport Series) and on a heavy clay loam (Evesham Series). The amount of mineral nitrogen in the top and sub-soils was determined before applying fertilizer and at monthly intervals from May to October in plots given 0, 125 and 250 kg N/ha. The crop on these plots was also sampled at monthly intervals throughout the growing season and the yield and nitrogen uptake determined. The soil analyses indicated that in springs with average rainfall, the leaching losses of nitrogen fertilizer are negligibly small, although there was some evidence that losses may be greatest on sandy loams. In very wet springs such as 1969, with almost double the normal rainfall, losses through leaching are considerable – on average, 40 kg N/ha. Dry-matter yields and response to nitrogen fertilizer differed between the three soils consistently from year to year. On the calcareous loam, neither amount of fertilizer changed the dry-matter yield of roots in any year. The crop on the clay loam needed a small dressing and on the sandy loam a larger dressing of fertilizer for maximum root dry-matter yield. Uptake of nitrogen by the crops usually paralleled the decreases in soil mineral nitrogen although on the clay loam nearly a third of the nitrogen applied could not be accounted for in the soil or plants, suggesting that some denitrification may have taken place. When the amount of nitrogen taken up by unfertilized crops is allowed for, the percentage recovery of applied fertilizer nitrogen at final harvest ranged from 42% on the calcareous loams to 62% on the sandy loams.

Growth and yield of sugar beet on contrasting soils in relation to nitrogen supply: I. Soil nitrogen analyses and yield

1975 ◽  
Vol 85 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Last ◽  
A. P. Draycott
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Available Nitrogen ◽  
Top Soil ◽  
Heavy Clay ◽  
Dry Soil

SUMMARYNine field experiments with sugar beet in 1968–70 tested eight amounts of nitrogen fertilizer (0–290 kg N/ha) on a shallow calcareous loam (Icknield Series), on a deep sandy loam (Newport Series) and on a heavy clay loam (Evesham Series). Top soils and subsoils, sampled during autumn, winter and spring before the experiments, were analysed by several methods for available and potentially-available nitrogen. The largest increases in potentially-available mineral-nitrogen shown by incubation occurred in the calcareous loams every year in both top soil and sub-soil, and the sandy loam, particularly the sub-soil, generally produced least. Attempts to forecast the optimum nitrogen fertilizer dressing from the soil analyses were moderately successful, the best technique being anaerobic incubation of air-dry soil; the date of sampling had little effect. The optimum dressings were always between 0 and 125 kgN/ha, the calcareous loams generally needing least nitrogen fertilizer and the loamy sands most.

Effects of nitrogen fertilizer, plant population and irrigation on sugar beet: I. Yields

1971 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. P. Draycott ◽  
D. J. Webb
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Plant Population ◽  
Sugar Yield ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Plant Populations ◽  
Fertilizer Plant

SUMMARYFive experiments (1965–9) on calcareous sandy loam tested all combinations of four amounts of nitrogen (0–1·8 cwt/acre N) and four plant populations (8000–54 000 plants/ acre) given to sugar beet grown with and without irrigation. On average, nitrogen and plant population influenced yields greatly but irrigation relatively little. In all years between 0·6 and 1·2 cwt/acre N and between 17000 and 32000 plants/acre gave largest sugar yield. Giving more nitrogen or increasing the plant population neither increased nor decreased sugar yield much in any year. Irrigation was beneficial in only two out of five years.Sugar yield was linearly related to root dry-matter yield. Although total dry matter was greatest when the largest plant population was given the largest dressing of nitrogen and irrigation, the proportion of dry matter in the roots was decreased by all three factors.

Effects of nitrogen fertilizer and irrigation on sugar beet at Broom's Barn 1973–8

1983 ◽  
Vol 101 (1) ◽  
pp. 185-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Last ◽  
A. P. Draycott ◽  
A. B. Messem ◽  
D. J. Webb
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Nitrogen Uptake ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Sugar Yield ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Plough Layer

SUMMARYDuring 1973–8 six field experiments examined the effect of 0, 41, 82, 124, 166 and 207 kg N/ha with and without irrigation on the growth, yield and quality of sugar beet. The culture of the crops was planned to produce a large yield in order to determine the optimal nitrogen application for the above-average crops which many growers are now seeking to produce. Ammonium nitrate was used as the nitrogen source, broadcast in one dose before sowing as was recommended practice in the early 1970s. The growth of the crop was monitored from the seedling stage to harvest in December, as was nitrogen uptake by the crop, and water removal from the soil using a neutron probe.In 3 years when the weather was dry after drilling, the fertilizer significantly depressed the number of plants which established but plant weights showed that some nitrogen fertilizer was needed early for rapid seedling growth. Changes in the method of applying fertilizer for sugar beet are therefore suggested and are being tested. Soil analyses in the plough layer during establishment (May–June) indicated an optimum concentration of mineral nitrogen of about 40 mg N/kg soil at this stage.Nitrogen fertilizer was very important for a high yield; throughout the growth of the crop it greatly increased total dry-matter yield and at final harvest this was reflected in sugar yield. Considering the six years together, sugar yield was linearly related to both dry-matter yield and total nitrogen uptake. However, within a year, increasing nitrogen uptake above 200 kg N/ha with nitrogen fertilizer did not increase sugar yield; maximum yields of sugar each year were normally obtained with 125 kg N/ha fertilizer or less, and irrigation had little effect on the optimum amount. Explanations for the lack of responsiveness of sugar beet to greater applications of nitrogen fertilizer are being sought in further more detailed analyses of the crop and its environment.

Sodium and Potassium Fertilizer in Relation to Soil Physical Properties and sugar-beet yield

1976 ◽  
Vol 87 (3) ◽  
pp. 633-642 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. P. Draycott ◽  
M. J. Durrant ◽  
D. B. Davies ◽  
L. V. Vaidyanathan
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Soil Structure ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Potassium Fertilizer ◽  
Visual Assessments

SummaryDespite much experimental evidence showing that sodium fertilizer increases sugar–beet yield and decreases need for potassium, there is resistance to its use on some soil types through fears of deterioration in soil structure. Twelve field experiments with sugar beet were made in Eastern England, testing all combinations of autumn and spring applications of 0, 150 and 300 kg Na/ha and 0, 83 and 333 kg K/ha. Fields were chosen with soils of loamy very fine sand, very fine sandy loam, sandy clay loam and clay loam textures. Micro–plot and controlled environment studies were also made with the same soils to examine effects of sodium on seedling emergence and growth.Visual assessments of soil physical state following sodium application revealed no effect in the year sugar beet was grown nor in the following spring when cereals were grown. Measurements of physical properties of soils treated with sodium suggested that applications of several times the recommended amounts of sodium fertilizer would not damage soil structure. However, sodium fertilizer increased the osmotic suction of soil solution which, under some circumstances, e.g. dry springs or giving the fertilizer close to the time of sowing, decreased germination and seedling growth. For this reason and not because it has a detrimental effect on soil physical condition, sodium fertilizer best given in the autumn or some weeks before sowing.

scholarly journals Field experiments with slurry and dicyandiamide: response of potatoes and effects on soil mineral nitrogen

1993 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-109
Author(s):  
W.P. Wadman ◽  
J.J. Neeteson ◽  
G.J. Wijnen
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Nitrification Inhibitor ◽  
Mineral Nitrogen ◽  
Residual Soil ◽  
Soil Mineral ◽  
Soil Mineral Nitrogen

In the period of 1983-1985, 18 field experiments with potatoes grown for industrial starch production were set up in the Netherlands to investigate the effects of poultry-slurry application on tuber yield and on soil mineral nitrogen. Slurry was applied in autumn with and without the nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide (DCD) and in spring without DCD. Control treatments without slurry or DCD were included. Various nitrogen fertilizer rates were applied to all slurry treatments. In autumn, following slurry application without DCD, slurry-derived nitrate moved to the 0.3-0.6 and 0.6-1 m soil layers. Following DCD-application, most of the slurry-derived nitrate remained in the 0-0.3 m soil layer. Maximum yields as estimated from a nitrogen fertilizer response function were slightly increased by the slurry application. Nitrogen supplied from the slurry decreased the amount of fertilizer nitrogen needed for maximum yield. Increasing the amounts of soil mineral nitrogen in June from slurry or applied inorganic nitrogen fertilizer increased residual soil mineral nitrogen at harvest.

Effect of green manures on yield and nitrogen requirement of sugar beet

1981 ◽  
Vol 97 (1) ◽  
pp. 159-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Last ◽  
A. P. Draycott ◽  
D. J. Webb
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Soil Mineral Nitrogen ◽  
Green Manures ◽  
Nitrogen Requirement ◽  
Isobutylidene Diurea ◽  
Applied Nitrogen

SUMMARYFour field experiments in 1972–6 investigated the effect of undersowing trefoil or ryegrass in barley, and of fodder radish sown after barley, on yield and nitrogen requirement of following sugar beet. Autumn applications of isobutylidene diurea or glycoluril (slow-release nitrogen fertilizers) were also included for comparison with green manures. The plots were split in the following spring and dressings of 0, 50, 100 and 150 kg N/ha as ‘Nitro-Chalk’ tested on the sugar-beet crop.The undersown green manure crops slightly decreased the yield of barley but, at the time of ploughing, returned up to 3·7 t dry matter/ha and 50 kg N/ha. In the absence of spring-applied nitrogen fertilizer for the sugar beet, green manures increased root and sugar yield, but when more than 50 kg N/ha was applied for the sugar beet they had no effect on yield. Autumn applications of nitrogen fertilizers such as isobutylidene diurea decreased the requirement for nitrogen in spring, but yields were no greater than from spring-applied nitrogen alone. Top and subsoils sampled in late winter and early summer from plots where green manures had been grown showed no detectable increase in soil organic carbon or total nitrogen, but soil mineral-nitrogen concentrations were increased slightly by green manures as was the potentially available mineralnitrogen released in an incubation test. It is concluded that, on loamy soils, green manures decrease the nitrogen requirement of sugar beet but give no benefits in yield which cannot be obtained from nitrogen fertilizer in spring before sowing the crop. assistance and Miss G. Smith for statistical analyses.

scholarly journals Effect of Planting Dates and Nitrogen Fertilizer on Growth and Yield of Safflower

2021 ◽  
Vol 910 (1) ◽  
pp. 012026
Author(s):  
Zainab N. M. A. Al-Zubaidy ◽  
Maher H. S. Al-Mohammad
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Significant Superiority

Abstract A field experiment was carried out during winter agricultural season 2020/2021 in Babylon Governorate in at Tajieh region, southeast of Hilla city, to study the effect of planting dates and nitrogen fertilizer on the growth and yield of safflower. The experiment included two factors: planting dates (1 and 15 November and 1 December), and nitrogen fertilizer at levels (0, 90, 120 and 150 kgN.ha-1), the treatments were distributed in a factorial experiment with a randomized completely block design (RCBD) with three replicates. The results showed significant superiority of planting date at December 1 on most growth and yield components parameters, it recorded the highest averages on seed yield, dry matter yield and harvest index amounted to 1576.2, 6126.0 kg.ha-1 and 25.6% respectively. However, nitrogen fertilizer at concentration 150 kg N.ha-1 affected all growth and yield and its components, it gave the highest averages for seed yield, dry matter yield and harvest index amounted to 1762.2, 6626.8 kg.ha-1 and 26.6%, respectively.

Interactions of zinc with banded and broadcast phosphorus fertilizer on the dry matter and seed yield of oilseed flax

1993 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. Grant ◽  
L. D. Bailey
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
P Fertilizer ◽  
Dry Conditions ◽  
History Of ◽  
P Application ◽  
Soil Zn

Field experiments at four sites over 3 yr evaluated the effect of banded and broadcast application of fertilizer P, with and without application of Zn on dry matter yield at flowering, and seed yield of flax. Application of P fertilizer increased dry matter yield and seed yield on a number of soils even when crop growth and yield were restricted by extremely dry conditions. Banded P was more effective than broadcast or residual P in increasing flax yields. Increases in yield due to Zn application were infrequent and showed no definite relation to soil Zn or P. Increases in yields with Zn application generally occurred only where P had been broadcast that season or the year before, while decreases in yields with Zn occurred more frequently where P had been banded. The results showed that increases in flax yields in response to Zn application are most likely to occur where P fertilizer is broadcast at relatively high levels or on soils with a history of heavy P application. Key words: P placement, P, Zn, flax, yield, Zn-P interaction

Weed control in sugar beet with single and split applications of herbicides

1971 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maurice Eddowes
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
The West ◽  
West Midlands ◽  
Free Environment ◽  
Annual Weeds ◽  
Residual Herbicide

SummaryRecent developments in chemical weed control in sugar beet have been reviewed. Two main approaches to the problem of providing reliable season-long control of annual weeds in sugar beet are, (a) the use of mixtures of herbicides applied pre-planting and incorporated into the soil during seed bed preparation, and (b) the use of split applications with a residual herbicide applied pre-emergence followed by a contact herbicide applied post-emergence.The second approach (b) was examined in a series of field experiments from 1967 to 1969, on light to medium sandy loam soils in the West Midlands. Comparisons were made between pre-emergence application of lenacil and pyrazon, pre-emergence application of lenacil and pyrazon followed by post-emergence application of phenmedipham, and post-emergence application of phenmedipham for weed control in sugar beet.Under dry soil conditions in April 1967, lenacil and pyrazon controlled only about 40% of the annual weeds, but in 1968 and 1969, when moist soil conditions predominated in April and May, lenacil and pyrazon controlled 80–95% of the annual weeds.Phenmedipham applied post-emergence gave about 90% control of annual broadleaved weeds initially, but it seemed unlikely that a single application of this herbicide would provide satisfactory weed control in sugar beet.In each of the 3 years 1967–9, a split application of a soil-acting residual herbicide (pro-emergence) followed by phenmedipham (post-emergence) gave outstanding weed control and enabled sugar beet to be established and grown until mid-June at least, in a near weed-free environment. It was concluded that this technique was the most effective for weed control in sugar beet on light to medium sandy loam soils in the West Midlands.

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