Weed control in sugar beet with single and split applications of herbicides

1971 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maurice Eddowes
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
The West ◽  
West Midlands ◽  
Free Environment ◽  
Annual Weeds ◽  
Residual Herbicide

SummaryRecent developments in chemical weed control in sugar beet have been reviewed. Two main approaches to the problem of providing reliable season-long control of annual weeds in sugar beet are, (a) the use of mixtures of herbicides applied pre-planting and incorporated into the soil during seed bed preparation, and (b) the use of split applications with a residual herbicide applied pre-emergence followed by a contact herbicide applied post-emergence.The second approach (b) was examined in a series of field experiments from 1967 to 1969, on light to medium sandy loam soils in the West Midlands. Comparisons were made between pre-emergence application of lenacil and pyrazon, pre-emergence application of lenacil and pyrazon followed by post-emergence application of phenmedipham, and post-emergence application of phenmedipham for weed control in sugar beet.Under dry soil conditions in April 1967, lenacil and pyrazon controlled only about 40% of the annual weeds, but in 1968 and 1969, when moist soil conditions predominated in April and May, lenacil and pyrazon controlled 80–95% of the annual weeds.Phenmedipham applied post-emergence gave about 90% control of annual broadleaved weeds initially, but it seemed unlikely that a single application of this herbicide would provide satisfactory weed control in sugar beet.In each of the 3 years 1967–9, a split application of a soil-acting residual herbicide (pro-emergence) followed by phenmedipham (post-emergence) gave outstanding weed control and enabled sugar beet to be established and grown until mid-June at least, in a near weed-free environment. It was concluded that this technique was the most effective for weed control in sugar beet on light to medium sandy loam soils in the West Midlands.

The effect of application rate of chemical herbicides on weed control and yield in early potatoes

1971 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-246
Author(s):  
Maurice Eddowes
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Herbicide Mixtures ◽  
Rate Controlled ◽  
Annual Weeds

SummaryIn a series of field experiments from 1966 to 1969, on light sandy loam soils in the West Midlands, comparisons were made between two levels of application of herbicides based on urea, triazine and bipyridil compounds for weed control in early potatoes.Under conditions of adequate nutrient and water supply, the high application rate controlled about 94%, and the low application rate about 88% of the annual weeds. At equivalent application rates, urea compounds and herbicide mixtures containing ureas, gave superior weed control to triazine compounds and herbicide mixtures containing triazines, but the ureas were apparently more phytotoxic to the potatoes.In 1970, comparisons were made between three levels of application of ametryne and monolinuron, high, medium and low and an unsprayed control treatment.The highest yields of potatoes were associated with the low application rates of herbicides from 1966 to 1970.It was concluded that, on these light sandy loam soils, when irrigation is available, relatively low application rates of either monolinuron or ametryne, or mixtures of ureas or of triazines, or mixtures of bipyridils and ureas or triazines could give adequate control of annual weeds in early potatoes at low cost.

Experiments in the cultivation of the sugar beet crop in the West Midlands during 1927

1928 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 628-633
Author(s):  
W. Morley Davies
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
General Interest ◽  
The West ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
West Midlands ◽  
Effect On Yield ◽  
Sugar Beet Crop

Although the experiment described in this paper was undertaken in the first instance to obtain information on local conditions, the results are of general interest as an experiment in the effects of cultivation on the yield and returns of the sugar beet crop. The objects of the experiment were:(a) To make a comparison of the effect on yield of growing the crop on the ridge with growing on the flat.(b) To obtain data on the effect of spacing on the yield.(c) To endeavour to give a financial expression to the results.

Weed seedbank response to crop rotation and tillage in semiarid agroecosystems

Weed Science ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Dorado ◽  
J. P. Del Monte ◽  
C. López-Fando
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Crop Rotations ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Mouse Ear ◽  
Tillage System ◽  
Number Of Seeds

In a semiarid Mediterranean site in central Spain, field experiments were conducted on a Calcic Haploxeralf (noncalcic brown soil), which had been managed with three crop rotations and two tillage systems (no-tillage and conventional tillage) since 1987. The crop rotations consisted of barley→vetch, barley→sunflower, and a barley monoculture. The study took place in two growing seasons (1992–1994) to assess the effects of management practices on the weed seedbank. During this period, spring weed control was not carried out in winter crops. In the no-tillage system, there was a significant increase in the number of seeds of different weed species: anacyclus, common purslane, corn poppy, knotted hedge-parsley, mouse-ear cress, spring whitlowgrass, tumble pigweed, venus-comb, andVeronica triphyllos.Conversely, the presence of prostrate knotweed and wild radish was highest in plots under conventional tillage. These results suggest large differences in the weed seedbank as a consequence of different soil conditions among tillage systems, but also the necessity of spring weed control when a no-tillage system is used. With regard to crop rotations, the number of seeds of knotted hedge-parsley, mouse-ear cress, and spring whitlowgrass was greater in the plots under the barley→vetch rotation. Common lambsquarters dominated in the plots under the barley→sunflower rotation, whereas venus-comb was the most frequent weed in the barley monoculture. Larger and more diverse weed populations developed in the barley→vetch rotation rather than in the barley→sunflower rotation or the barley monoculture.

Sodium and Potassium Fertilizer in Relation to Soil Physical Properties and sugar-beet yield

1976 ◽  
Vol 87 (3) ◽  
pp. 633-642 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. P. Draycott ◽  
M. J. Durrant ◽  
D. B. Davies ◽  
L. V. Vaidyanathan
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Soil Structure ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Potassium Fertilizer ◽  
Visual Assessments

SummaryDespite much experimental evidence showing that sodium fertilizer increases sugar–beet yield and decreases need for potassium, there is resistance to its use on some soil types through fears of deterioration in soil structure. Twelve field experiments with sugar beet were made in Eastern England, testing all combinations of autumn and spring applications of 0, 150 and 300 kg Na/ha and 0, 83 and 333 kg K/ha. Fields were chosen with soils of loamy very fine sand, very fine sandy loam, sandy clay loam and clay loam textures. Micro–plot and controlled environment studies were also made with the same soils to examine effects of sodium on seedling emergence and growth.Visual assessments of soil physical state following sodium application revealed no effect in the year sugar beet was grown nor in the following spring when cereals were grown. Measurements of physical properties of soils treated with sodium suggested that applications of several times the recommended amounts of sodium fertilizer would not damage soil structure. However, sodium fertilizer increased the osmotic suction of soil solution which, under some circumstances, e.g. dry springs or giving the fertilizer close to the time of sowing, decreased germination and seedling growth. For this reason and not because it has a detrimental effect on soil physical condition, sodium fertilizer best given in the autumn or some weeks before sowing.

Experiments on the spacing of sugar beet: I. Results based on plot yields

1939 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. H. Garner ◽  
H. G. Sanders
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Compensatory Growth ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
General Rule ◽  
The West ◽  
Spacing Factor ◽  
West Midlands ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Effect On Yield ◽  
The Relationship

Since sugar beet was first introduced into this country many experiments have been conducted to determine the effects of spacing on yield: the general advice based on these experiments is that beet should be spaced as closely as working conditions permit. Davies (1931) carried out a series of experiments in the West Midlands, and came to the conclusion that yield was not related to the number of roots per acre, but was affected by their distribution. His work demonstrated that wide row distances could not be compensated by narrow spacing in the row. He found that yield increased as row distance decreased down to 16 in., but that singling distances of 4—10 in. produced no differences in yield of roots: the yield of green leaves, on the other hand, was increased as singling distance decreased, but was unaffected by row distance (Davies & Dudley, 1929). Although Davies' results would be generally accepted as a true expression of the general rule, many isolated spacing experiments fail to conform to them; it is possible that discrepancies in results, that undoubtedly occur, may be due to variations in the “plant” actually obtained in the experiments. Engledow et al. (1928), as a result of counts and weights taken on ordinary farm crops of sugar beet, concluded that uniformity of “plant” was a most important spacing factor affecting yield. In America Brewbaker & Deming (1935) have found yield to be related to percentage stand (correlation coefficients varying from +0·35 to +0·70), the regression between the two variables being approximately linear over the range studied. They also found that uniformity of “plant” was more important than spacing distances, either between or in the rows. Their work showed that single gaps had little effect on yield, because neighbouring beet compensated for them to the extent of 96·2%; serious loss of yield only occurred, therefore, with adjacent gaps. Pedersen (1933) studied the relationship between percentage of gaps and yield in a large number of Danish experiments with sugar beet and mangolds. In the case of sugar beet he found that the compensatory growth of neighbouring roots amounted to 76% for a single gap, and that the percentage compensation decreased as the size of gap (i.e. number of missing beet) increased. In an earlier paper (Pedersen, 1931) he had shown that under ordinary field conditions the distribution of gaps was approximately random.

Effects of some soil conditions on sugar-beet seedling emergence

1972 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 543-545 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. C. Longden
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Clay Soils ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Soil Conditioners ◽  
Water Holding

SUMMARYSeven soil conditioners added to a sandy clay soil at Saxmundham did not benefit sugar-beet seedling emergence in four experiments in 3 years. In microplots at Broom's Barn free draining peat and sandy loam gave consistently more seedlings than limestone loam or flinty loam. In the laboratory, for each of three soil types, emergence was maximal only for a small soil moisture range and decreased rapidly when soils became drier or wetter. This suggests that conditioners which increase water-holding capacity should be tested on sandy loams rather than clay soils and that seed-bed preparation on heavier soils should seek to aerate the soil.

Early Season Herbicide Applications for Weed Control in Stale Seedbed Soybean (Glycine max)

1992 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stacey A. Bruff ◽  
David R. Shaw
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Soybean Yield ◽  
Pitted Morningglory ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Hemp Sesbania ◽  
Selective Herbicide

Field experiments were conducted in 1989 and 1990 on silty clay and sandy loam soils to evaluate weed control and soybean yield with early-April preplant incorporation of selective herbicides in stale seedbed soybean followed by non-selective weed control measures at planting. Metribuzin applied PPI early followed by chlorimuron POST coupled with either glyphosate or paraquat PRE controlled sicklepod, pitted morningglory, and hemp sesbania to the same extent of that treatment applied PPI at planting. All stale seedbed treatments with POST applications and glyphosate, paraquat, or tillage at planting controlled pitted morningglory over 70%. However, imazaquin or metribuzin applied PPI early without a POST treatment controlled sicklepod and pitted morningglory poorly. Frequently, applying PPI herbicides at planting increased control compared with early PPI applications, but this was overcome by POST treatments. Early stale seedbed applications of metribuzin did not result in more than 60% control of hemp sesbania, whereas metribuzin applied PPI at planting controlled over 85%. However, metribuzin plus chlorimuron controlled hemp sesbania at least 74%, regardless of application timing or tillage method, whereas no imazaquin treatment achieved over 65% control. All stale seedbed herbicide treatments increased soybean yield compared with the untreated stale seedbed check. Selective herbicide treatments with either non-selective herbicide in a stale seedbed program resulted in equivalent yield to PPI at planting treatments most often, except with metribuzin.

scholarly journals Row Pattern and Weed Management Effects on Peanut Production1

1985 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel L. Colvin ◽  
Robert H. Walker ◽  
Michael G. Patterson ◽  
Glenn Wehtje ◽  
John A. McGuire
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Digitaria Sanguinalis ◽  
Cassia Obtusifolia ◽  
Net Returns ◽  
Experimental Area ◽  
Management Effects

Abstract Field experiments were conducted from 1981 through 1983 on a Dothan sandy loam (Plinthic Paleudults) at Headland, Alabama, to investigate the effects of row patterns and weed management systems on weed control, peanut yield, and net returns to land and management. Treatments consisted of three row patterns, a) conventional 91-cm rows, b) dual twin 18-cm rows, and c) triple twin 18-cm rows, and six weed management systems ranging from none to various combinations of herbicide and mechanical inputs. The experimental area was naturally infested with bristly starbur (Acanthospermum hispidum DC), sicklepod (Cassia obtusifolia L.), Florida beggarweed [Desmodium tortuosum (Sw.) DC.], large crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.], and Texas panicum (Panicum texanum Buckl.). Results showed that weed control was affected somewhat by row patterns with broadleaf weeds being more responsive to row pattern manipulation than grass weeds. Weed fresh weights were generally lower as row patterns narrowed from conventional 91-cm spacing, however exceptions did occur. Highest yields and net returns were obtained when peanuts were planted in the dual twin 18-cm rows and weed management included benefin applied preplant incorporated, plus alachlor applied preemergence, and two timely cultivations.

Influence of Narrow Row/High Population Corn (Zea mays) on Weed Control and Light Transmittance

1995 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Teasdale
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Standard Treatment ◽  
Light Transmittance ◽  
Time Of Application ◽  
Herbicide Treatment ◽  
Narrow Row ◽  
Annual Weeds ◽  
Reduced Light ◽  
Population Treatment

Field experiments were conducted from 1989 to 1992 to determine whether no-tillage corn grown in 38-cm rows and a 2× population could improve weed control relative to 76-cm rows and 1× population under reduced-herbicide options. A standard treatment including 1.12 kg ai/ha of atrazine plus 2.24 kg ai/ha of metolachlor was compared with a treatment including the same herbicides applied at 25% of the standard rates. Both treatments included 0.56 kg ai/ha of paraquat which controlled annual weeds established at the time of application. Weed control was less in the 25%-herbicide treatment than in the standard treatment in two of four years when corn was grown in 76-cm rows with a l× population. The 25%-herbicide treatment provided weed control and grain yields similar to the standard treatment in each year when corn was grown in 38-cm rows with a 2× population. Weed control was poor and yield was reduced when no herbicides were applied regardless of row spacing or population. The leaf canopy of corn in the 38-cm row/2×-population treatment reduced light transmittance 1 wk earlier than corn in the 76-cm row/1×-population treatment.

Studies in selective weed control III. The control of annual weeds in leguminous crops with 2:4-dinitro-6-secondary-butyl-phenol

1950 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 263-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. A. Roberts ◽  
G. E. Blackman
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Probit Analysis ◽  
Seedling Stage ◽  
Raphanus Raphanistrum ◽  
Flowering Stage ◽  
Percentage Mortality ◽  
Butyl Phenol ◽  
Leguminous Crops ◽  
Annual Weeds

During 1947–9, field and pot experiments have been carried out first to assess the herbicidal properties of 2:4-dinitro-6-secondary-butyl-phenol, and secondly to determine its value for selective weed control in leguminous crops. In order to obtain precise estimates of the concentration required to produce a given percentage mortality of either weed or crops species, such experiments were so designed that the results are capable of probit analysis.From the data of field experiments on thirteen species of annual weeds, it is evident that there are wide variations in the concentration required to produce a standard kill. Irrespective of the species, susceptibility is greatest in the young seedling stage and there is a rapid increase in resistance with age. For example, with Raphanus raphanistrum between the cotyledon and pre-flowering stage a sixfold increase in concentration is needed to give a 90% mortality.

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