The effects of soil sodicity on emergence, growth, development and yield of oilseed rape (Brassica napus)

1996 ◽  
Vol 126 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. H. Gutiérrez Boem ◽  
R. S. Lavado
Keyword(s):  
Oilseed Rape ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Main Stem ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium ◽  
Grain Number ◽  
Soil Crusting ◽  
Growth Development ◽  
Pod Number

SUMMARYThe effects of exchangeable sodium on emergence, growth, development and yield composition of oilseed rape were investigated at Buenos Aires, Argentina in 1992. A pot experiment was performed using five exchangeable sodium levels, expressed as Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR: 12, 20, 27, 34 and 44). Soil with nine different exchangeable sodium contents (SAR from 0·5 to 50) and seven different particle size distributions (from sandy loam to clay) were used in a parallel trial to study the effect of soil crusting on oilseed rape emergence. Soil crusts were made using a rainfall simulator after seeds were sown. Both experiments showed that the direct effect of sodium on emergence occurred with SAR values higher than those which caused clay dispersion (SAR > 20). Oilseed rape seedlings could penetrate crusts having a resistance of < 230 kPa. At SAR values > 20, main stem growth and yield decreased significantly (P < 0·05). These reductions were counterbalanced by an increase in the number of secondary stems. At SAR levels > 34, stem number, grain number per pod on the main stem, as well as pod number on both main stem and secondary stems, were reduced, leading to a marked reduction in total yield. The most important agronomic effect of soil sodium on oilseed rape would be at emergence stage, due to soil crusting.

Effects of exchangeable sodium on crusting behavior of a sandy loam soil

Soil Research ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 367
Author(s):  
DK Painuli ◽  
IP Abrol
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Sandy Loam Soil ◽  
Simulated Rainfall ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium Percentage ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium ◽  
Soil Crusting ◽  
Water Films ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Crust Strength

Field and greenhouse studies were conducted at the Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal, India, to evaluate the effect of exchangeable sodium (ES), amount of water applied, and evaporation and temperature conditions at drying on the crusting behaviour of a sandy loam soil. The exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) ranged from 5.8 to 30.7 in the field and from 6 to 60 in the greenhouse studies. Soil crusting behaviour was evaluated in terms of crust strength measured by a simulated seedling emergence technique. Water was applied as natural or simulated rainfall. Crust strength increased with ESP, amount of water applied, and temperature, but decreased with increasing evaporation demand. This change in crust strength was steep above ESP 30. Although drying of the crust increased its strength, beyond a certain degree of dryness the disappearance of water films surrounding the soil particles reduced strength for low ESP soils.

scholarly journals RESPONSE OF COWPEA TO THE SPRAYING OF BORON AND CARBO LIZER ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF GREEN PODS

2016 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Al-bayati & Hanshal
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Control Plant ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Summer Season ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Spring Season ◽  
College Of Agriculture ◽  
Significant Probability ◽  
Pod Number

An experiment was carried out at the vegetable fields of Horticulture and Landscaping Design Dept. , College of Agriculture / university of Baghdad / Abu Ghraib at season (2014) to study the effect of spraying boron and Carbo lizer on growth and yield of cowpea. (Ramshorn C.v.) Seeds are sown at two dates; Spring and summer date. The experiment also included the use of four concentrations of Boron (B), which were; (0, 50, 100 and 200) mg. L-1 and  three concentrations of Carbo lizer; (c) (0, 1,25 and 2,5) cm3.L-1 sprayed at three times; (30, 45 and 60) days after sowing. The experiment analysis is carried out in accordance to the experimental design RCBD and it is adopted in three replacements, and it is compared with at least L.S.D. significant probability level at 0.05.The treatment B1 show a significant  increase in leaves number (27.4 leaf.plant-1),  leaf area (212.3dm2.plant-1), dry weight for the total vagitative (43.0 g.plant-1 ), day number to flower 50% plants(47.3 days), pod number ( 42.56 pod.Plant-1), yield of green pods (127.5 gm.plant-1), total yield of green pods (6.800 ton.ha-1 ) respectively in spring season, While The treatment B3 show a significant  increase in leaves number (38.6 leaf.plant-1),  leaf area (252.9 dcm2.plant-1), dry Weight for the total vagitative (113.9 g.plant-1 ), day number to flower 50% plants(56.8 days), pod number (100.54 pod.Plant-1), yield of green pods (300.9 g .plant-1), total yield of green pods (16.084 Ton.ha-1 ) respectively in summer season , While The treatment C1 show a significant  increase in number (37.5,28.1 leaf.plant-1),  leaf area (240.1,218.2 dcm2.plant-1), pod number (98.39,40.66 pod.Plant-1), yield of green pods (287.0,122.2 g.plant-1), total yield of green pods (15.304,6.519 Ton.ha-1 ) for both seasons respectively The interaction treatment B1C1(50 mg.L-1 Boron +1.25 cm3 Carbo lizer) in spring season, and B3C1 (200mg L-1 Boron+1.25 cm3 Carbo lizer) in summer season show a significant  increase  of leaves number (30.7,40.3)leaf.plant-1,  leaf area (265.5, 258.4) dcm2.plant-1, dry weight for the total vegetative (47.7, 122.1) g.plant-1, day number to flower 50% plants(47.0,53.7)days, pod number ( 55.43,113.03) pod.Plant-1, yield of green pods (161.9, 316.3) g.plant-1, total yield of green pods (8.632, 16.871) Ton.ha-1 respectively, this is in comparison with the control plant which gave(20.0,28.3 leaf.plant-1),(143.9,182.1 dcm2.plant-1), (32,4, 80.4 g.plant-1),(48.7,59.3 days) (27.17, 70,83 pod.Plant-1), (82.2, 210.3 g.plant-1), (4.385, 11.216 Ton.ha-1)  respectively and for both dates respectively.

Corrigenda - Effects of exchangeable sodium on crusting behavior of a sandy loam soil

Soil Research ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 367
Author(s):  
DK Painuli ◽  
IP Abrol
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Sandy Loam Soil ◽  
Simulated Rainfall ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium Percentage ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium ◽  
Soil Crusting ◽  
Water Films ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Crust Strength

Field and greenhouse studies were conducted at the Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal, India, to evaluate the effect of exchangeable sodium (ES), amount of water applied, and evaporation and temperature conditions at drying on the crusting behaviour of a sandy loam soil. The exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) ranged from 5.8 to 30.7 in the field and from 6 to 60 in the greenhouse studies. Soil crusting behaviour was evaluated in terms of crust strength measured by a simulated seedling emergence technique. Water was applied as natural or simulated rainfall. Crust strength increased with ESP, amount of water applied, and temperature, but decreased with increasing evaporation demand. This change in crust strength was steep above ESP 30. Although drying of the crust increased its strength, beyond a certain degree of dryness the disappearance of water films surrounding the soil particles reduced strength for low ESP soils.

scholarly journals The Effects of Colored Plastic Mulches and Row Covers on the Growth and Yield of Okra

2010 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 224-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Garry G. Gordon ◽  
Wheeler G. Foshee ◽  
Stewart T. Reed ◽  
James E. Brown ◽  
Edgar L. Vinson
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Leafy Vegetables ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Plastic Mulch ◽  
Row Covers ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Black Plastic

Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus ‘Clemson Spineless’) was grown on an Orangeburg sandy loam soil in Shorter, AL. Okra was direct-seeded in single rows. Treatments consisted of five mulch colors: black, white, red, silver, and blue installed either with or without spun-bonded row cover. Soil temperatures were 4 to 7 °C lower than air temperatures in all treatments. The use of darker (black, blue, red) -colored plastic mulches increased early and total yield of okra compared with bare soil with and without row cover. Increased soil and air temperatures did not always correlate to an increase in yield. It can be concluded that the use of dark plastic mulch is advantageous to growers of okra in climates that do not have cool springs, but the added use of row covers to plastic mulch has no effect on growth and yield. The profit of marketable okra produced using a row cover was $1.37 versus $1.35 per pound without a cover in 2003 and $1.28 versus $1.29 per pound in 2004. Blue plastic mulch is ≈$0.08 per foot more expensive than black plastic. Our data do not show an economic advantage for blue over black mulch for okra, but the positive effect cited by other authors may be more pronounced with leafy vegetables.

A quantitative analysis of the effects of nitrogen on the growth, development and yield of oilseed rape

1972 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 315-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. J. Allen ◽  
D. G. Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Oilseed Rape ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Pod Development ◽  
Growth Development ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
High Yields ◽  
Number Of Seeds

SUMMARYTwo experiments carried out in 1968 and 1969 are described which examined, through growth and yield analysis, the effect of nitrogen on the growth of oilseed rape. The results of the second experiment, when 0, 105·5 and 211·0 kg N/ha were compared, are presented and discussed. The application of nitrogen increased the yields of seed and oil, principally through increased production of seeds by a larger number of pods. However, the application of nitrogen had little effect on average pod weight or average seed weight. Crop growth rates were increased by the application of nitrogen and reached their highest levels during the period of pod development when the leaf areas had declined to very low levels. The order of effects of nitrogen (N 2 > Nl > NO) was similar for LAI, number of pods per plant and number of seeds per pod and it is likely that the effect of nitrogen was achieved indirectly through an increase in the supply of assimilates to the flowers and young pods. This suggests that the maintenance of a large and photosynthetically efficient leaf area during the period of flowering is necessary for high yields in this crop.The results also suggest that once pods are macroscopic they produce much of the assimilates needed for their own growth.The implications of these findings with regard to both practice and further research are discussed.

scholarly journals Growth and yield parameters of three cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) lines as affected by planting date and zinc application rate

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (1/2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nonkululeko Mfeka ◽  
Reckson A. Mulidzi ◽  
Francis B. Lewu
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Iron Content ◽  
Production Efficiency ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Planting Date ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Zinc Application

Cowpea is one of the most important food legumes in most African countries. Cowpea is a valuable source of dietary protein for both humans and their livestock. There is limited information available on cowpea production and suitable agronomic practices, such as planting date, to best suit different environmental conditions in South Africa. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of two locations on cowpea production and the effect of planting date as affected by zinc application rate. Field experiments were conducted at two locations (Bien Donne’ and Nietvoorbij) in the Western Cape Province of South Africa, using two planting dates (2 October and 2 November), three cowpea lines (Veg1, M217 and Qukawa) and three zinc (Zn) fertiliser application levels (0 kg/ha, 15 kg/ha and 30 kg/ha) during the 2015 growing season. The experimental design was a randomised complete block with five replicates. The results showed that Veg1 and Qukawa lines performed significantly better in both vegetative and reproductive parameters when compared to M217 at both locations. Application of zinc fertiliser significantly (p greater than 0.05) affected seed iron content in Veg1 and M217 at Bien Donne’ and seed iron content in M217 and zinc content in Veg1 at Nietvoorbij. Significance: • Cowpea lines Veg1 and Qukawa were the best performing lines in all parameters measured, making these two lines suitable for dual purpose cultivation. • Planting cowpea in November, rather than October, increased the crop production efficiency. • Cowpea showed a better overall total yield in the sandy soil of Bien Donne’ than in the sandy loam clay soil of Nietvoorbij.

scholarly journals Effects of the Tillering Nodes on the Main Stem of a Chinese Large-Panicle-Type Rice Cultivar, Yangdao 4, on the Growth and Yield-Related Characteristics in Relation to Cropping Season

2009 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Aglua Gendua ◽  
Yoshinori Yamamoto ◽  
Akira Miyazaki ◽  
Tetsushi Yoshida ◽  
Yulong Wang
Keyword(s):  
Rice Cultivar ◽  
Main Stem ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Cropping Season

Effects of Plant Density and Thinning on High-Yielding Dry Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) in Mexíco

1977 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 325-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aguilar M. Immer ◽  
R. A. Fischer ◽  
Joshue Kohashi S.
Keyword(s):  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Plant Competition ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Positive Relation ◽  
Dry Beans ◽  
Leaf Area Duration ◽  
Pod Number

SUMMARYThe influence of leaf area and inter-plant competition on the growth and yield of a crop of high-yielding dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in central Mexico was studied, using density and thinning treatments. The highest seed yield (4210 kg/ha at 14% moisture) was obtained with the highest density (28·8 plants/m2). Thinning showed that pods/plant was sensitive to inter-plant competition between 36 and 78 days after seeding (first flower at 50 days), but seeds/pod, and especially seed weight, were not sensitive. It is suggested that the close positive relation between yield and leaf area duration derives from the influence of photosynthate supply upon pod number.

LAMB’S-QUARTERS INTERFERENCE WITH DIRECT SEEDED BROCCOLI

1990 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 1215-1221 ◽  
Author(s):  
IRIS BITTERLICH ◽  
MAHESH K. UPADHYAYA
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Oleracea ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Weed Density ◽  
Weed Interference ◽  
Lamb’S Quarters ◽  
Cole Crop

Field experiments were conducted in 1987 and 1988 to study the effect of lamb’s-quarters (Chenopodium album L.) interference on broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis ’Emperor’) growth and yield. Broccoli growth was initially affected by weed interference at 28–36 d after seeding. Generally, the negative effect of weed interference on broccoli growth increased with increasing weed density and time after seeding. Interference by 15 lamb’s-quarters plants m−2 reduced the biomass of broccoli plants by 71–73% compared to the weed-free control at 57–58 d after seeding. Weed density-crop yield relationship curves showed that one lamb’s-quarters plant m−2 decreased total yield by 18–20% and marketable yield by 22–37%. Lamb’s-quarters reduced the total yield per plot by decreasing the average head weight of broccoli. The number of heads per plot was not affected. Weed interference also reduced the weight of heads classified as marketable (> 10 cm across). However, in 1987 more heads failed to reach a marketable size which resulted in a much smaller marketable yield than in 1988.Key words: Brassica oleracea var. botrytis, broccoli, Chenopodium album L., weed density, weed interference, cole crop

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