Ammonia volatilization following surface-applied pig and cattle slurry in France

SUMMARYField experiments were carried out in Brittany (Western France) in 1993 to measure ammonia losses from surface-applied pig and cattle slurry. Experiments were conducted on grass, stubble (wheat and maize) and arable land using a wind tunnel system. Ammonia losses were followed during periods ranging from 20 to 96 h after slurry application. Rates of slurry applied varied from 40 to 200 m3/ha. In two experiments, losses from cattle slurry were respectively 75 and 54% of the ammoniacal nitrogen applied in the slurry. Ammonia emissions from pig slurry applied at a rate of 40 m3/ha, during spring and summer experiments, were higher on grass (45–63% of the total ammoniacal nitrogen applied) than on wheat stubble (37–45%). On average, 75% of the total loss in all experiments occurred within the first 15 h after spreading. Significant correlations were found between ammonia losses (kg N/ha) and mean soil temperature and slurry dry matter content (%) using simple linear regressions and stepwise procedures. The time of application was also found to influence the magnitude of ammonia loss: 83% of the total loss occurred within 6 h when the slurry was applied at midday compared with 42% when it was applied in the evening.

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Effects of Dry Matter Content and Temperature on Ammonia Loss from Surface‐Applied Cattle Slurry

Journal of Environmental Quality ◽

10.2134/jeq1991.00472425002000030029x ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 20 (3) ◽

pp. 679-683 ◽

Cited By ~ 120

Author(s):

S. G. Sommer ◽

J. E. Olesen

Keyword(s):

Dry Matter ◽

Matter Content ◽

Dry Matter Content ◽

Cattle Slurry ◽

Ammonia Loss

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The use of 15N-enriched feed to label pig excreta for N cycling studies

Canadian Journal of Soil Science ◽

10.4141/s03-012 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 84 (1) ◽

pp. 43-48 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Martin H. Chantigny ◽

Denis A. Angers ◽

Candido Pomar ◽

Thierry Morvan

Keyword(s):

Swine Manure ◽

Matter Content ◽

N Cycling ◽

Organic N ◽

Dry Matter Content ◽

Pig Slurry ◽

Mineral N ◽

N Content ◽

Heterogeneous Distribution ◽

N Concentration

Isotopic labelling can help improve our knowledge of the fate of manure N in agroecosystems. Our objective was to investigate the labelling dynamics of excreta N by feeding a pig with a 15N-enriched diet (2.808 atom % 15N) and to establish the implications of using the labelled excreta for N cycling studies. Pig urine and feces were collected and pooled each day for 20 d following the start of 15N-feeding. Each of the 20 excreta samples were analyzed for pH, dry matter content, C and N contents, and 15N distribution between the mineral and organic N pools. Sub-samples of each excreta sample were incubated for 84 d, and the 15N abundance of N mineralized after 7, 21 and 84 d of incubation was determined. The 15N concentration in pig excreta increased sharply during the first 3 d of 15N-feeding and slowly thereafter. The 15N concentration in excreta decreased rapidly when an unlabelled feed was served after 12 d of 15N-feeding. On the first day and after 9 d of 15N-feeding, the mineral and the organic N pools of the collected excreta had similar 15N content. However, from day 2 to 9 of 15N-feeding, the 15N abundance of excreta mineral N was 0.1 to 0.3 atom % lower than in the organic N pool. During incubation of the excreta samples, the 15N content of the mineralized N was 0.1 to 0.4 atom % lower after 84 d than after 21 d of incubation, indicating a heterogeneous distribution of 15N between the rapidly and the slowly mineralizable N pools of pig excreta. Despite some heterogeneity, the measured differences in 15N enrichment among the various excreta N pools were generally less than 15% for the first 9 d of 15N-feeding, and less than 5% afterwards. The labelled excreta were thus considered appropriate for short-term studies on the fate of manure N in the soil-plant system, especially for excreta collected after 9 d of 15N-feeding. Key words: 15N labelling, animal feeding, swine manure, pig slurry

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Use of dry matter content as a rapid and low-cost estimate for ranking genotypic differences in water-soluble carbohydrate concentrations in the stem and leaf sheath of Triticum aestivum

Crop and Pasture Science ◽

10.1071/cp08073 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 60 (1) ◽

pp. 51 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

Gang-Ping Xue ◽

C. Lynne McIntyre ◽

Allan R. Rattey ◽

Anthony F. van Herwaarden ◽

Ray Shorter

Keyword(s):

Dry Matter ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Low Cost ◽

Leaf Sheath ◽

Matter Content ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Genotypic Differences ◽

Dry Matter Content ◽

Cereal Breeding ◽

Field Samples

Stem water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC) are an important source of temporary carbohydrate reserve in cool-season cereals. Genotypic variation in stem WSC concentration in wheat at anthesis is often positively associated with grain weight and yield in water-limited environments. In this study we have examined the relationship between dry matter content (DMC, dry weight per unit of fresh weight) and WSC concentration in field-grown bread wheat. Strong correlations (r = 0.92–0.95) were observed between DMC and WSC concentration in the stem and leaf sheath from the top two or three internodes of recombinant inbred lines from a cross between Seri M82 and Babax, at anthesis or 1 week after anthesis, in several field experiments. This strong correlation was also observed in diverse genotypes grown under rainfed or irrigated conditions. DMC and WSC concentration were also positively correlated in the whole above-ground biomass of wheat at anthesis (r = 0.74–0.91). Measurement of stem and leaf sheath DMC and WSC concentration in a small number of samples would allow the rapid prediction of WSC concentrations in a large number of field samples with reasonable accuracy, as demonstrated in a small dataset in this study. These data indicate that DMC can serve cereal breeding as a rapid and low-cost selection tool for genotypic ranking of WSC concentrations in breeding populations.

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Effect of some field variables on the dry-matter content of tea shoots

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859600036066 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 97 (1) ◽

pp. 227-229 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

J. B. Cloughley

Keyword(s):

Dry Matter ◽

Black Tea ◽

Matter Content ◽

Green Leaf ◽

Dry Matter Content ◽

Oxidation Reactions ◽

Application Rates ◽

Leaf Yield ◽

Perennial Shrub ◽

Main Production

Beverage tea is produced from the immature shoots manually harvested from the perennial shrub Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze. Fresh green leaf is mechanically comminuted and converted to the black tea of commerce by a series of partially controlled biochemical oxidation reactions (Sanderson, 1972). The final, unrefined dried product represents some 20% of the initial fresh weight of crop, the actual dry-matter content of the harvested shoots determining the percentage made-tea return (Keegel, 1955). Dry-matter content, hence, influences yield in terms of black tea produced. Although theeffectsof environmental, agronomic and cultural factors on green leaf yield have been studied intensively, little work has been done on the influence of such factors on dry-matter content. The present study examines the effects of nitrogen application rates on dry-matter content in four genetically diverse clonal populations throughout the main production season and during the first period of the Central African off-season.

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Optical Tools, a Suitable Means to Reduce Nitrogen Use in Fertigated Tomato Crop

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.41.4.982b ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 41 (4) ◽

pp. 982B-982 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Giorgio Gianquinto ◽

Paolo Sambo ◽

Francesco Orsini ◽

Marco Sciortino ◽

Valente Forte

Keyword(s):

Field Experiments ◽

Matter Content ◽

Dry Matter Content ◽

Threshold Method ◽

Tomato Crop ◽

Optical Instruments ◽

Optical Tools ◽

Reference Plot ◽

Tomato Cultivars ◽

The University

Technology provides new tools for agriculture to be able to optimize fertilization. Optical instruments are becoming valid tools for farmers in making decisions about fertilization, even though they need to be calibrated for specific crops. Chlorophyll meters and multispectral radiometers have been tested on rice, corn, and wheat and afterwards on vegetables, in timing fertilization. Today, threshold lines that are able to detect crop N status in tomato crops are available. These thresholds, obtained in experiments carried out at Padova University, were validated in three open-field experiments. The first experiment was carried out in 2004 at the University experimental farm on tomato cv. Perfect Peel. The second and third experiments were conducted in a commercial farm at Codigoro (Ferrara) in 2004–2005. Tomato cultivars used were `UGX 822' and `Precocix' in 2004, in 2005 `Jet' was also used. In all trials, a “standard fertilization” management was compared with fertigation guided using SPAD and/or Cropscan. Optical tools were used to manage fertigation adopting both “threshold method” and “reference plot method”. In general “guided fertigation” resulted in less nitrogen application (N supply reduced between 18% and 45%), especially when “threshold method” was adopted. Yields were comparable to “standard fertilization” treatments, showing a better efficiency of “guided fertigation”. In some cases, guiding fertigation by means of optical instruments allowed higher fruit fresh weight, although dry matter content and °Brix were not influenced. Guided fertigation reduced also the number of damaged fruit and the percentage of nonmarketable product.

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Phytotoxicity of Corncob Biochar before and after Heat Treatment and Washing

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su11010030 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 30 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Kiatkamjon Intani ◽

Sajid Latif ◽

Md. Islam ◽

Joachim Müller

Keyword(s):

Heat Treatment ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Water Extract ◽

Matter Content ◽

Shoot Length ◽

Lepidium Sativum ◽

Dry Matter Content ◽

Fresh Weight ◽

Phytotoxic Effects ◽

Application Rates

Biochar from crop residues such as corncobs can be used for soil amendment, but its negative effects have also been reported. This study aims to evaluate the phytotoxic effects of different biochar treatments and application rates on cress (Lepidium sativum). Corncob biochar was produced via slow pyrolysis without using purging gas. Biochar treatments included fresh biochar (FB), dried biochar (DB), washed biochar (WB), and biochar water extract (WE). Biochar application rates of 10, 20, and 30 t/ha were investigated. Significant phytotoxic effects of biochar were observed on germination rates, shoot length, fresh weight, and dry matter content, while severe toxic effects were identified in FB and WE treatments. Germination rate after 48 h (GR48) decreased with the increase of biochar application rates in all treatments. The observed order of performance of the biochar treatments for germination, shoot length, and shoot fresh weight for every biochar application rate was WB>DB>WE>FB, while it was the reverse order for the shoot dry matter content. WB treatment showed the best performance in reducing the phytotoxicity of biochar. The mitigation of the phytotoxicity in fresh corncob biochar by washing and heat treatment was found to be a simple and effective method.

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Levels of nutrients and grain yield of maize intercropped with signalgrass (Brachiaria) in different arrangements of plants

Planta Daninha ◽

10.1590/s0100-83582015000100006 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 33 (1) ◽

pp. 49-56 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

M.A.M. FREITAS ◽

D.V. VALADÃO SILVA ◽

M.F. SOUZA ◽

A.A. SILVA ◽

D.T. SARAIVA ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Block Design ◽

Matter Content ◽

Seeding Density ◽

Dry Matter Content ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Maize Plants ◽

Urochloa Brizantha ◽

Positive Effect

Competition between maize and signalgrass can economically cripple the intercropping by the reduced yield of maize and dry matter content of the forage. In seeking to define plant arrangements which make this system more efficient, this research was held with the objective of assessing the effects of interference of densities of signalgrass (Urochloa Brizantha) on nutrition and on maize grain yield. Two field experiments were conducted in a randomized block design with four replications. Treatments were arranged similarly in both experiments, in a 2 x 4 factorial design, the first factor being the dose of Nicosulfuron herbicide applied (0 and 8 g ha-1) and the second factor being the forage seeding rates (0, 2, 4 and 6 kg of seeds per hectare). The interference of signalgrass reduced foliar nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus content in maize plants intercropped with the forage. Higher values of grain yield were observed with the reduction of the spacing and the application of the recommended herbicide underdose (8 g ha-1). It was concluded that, regardless of the seeding density of U. Brizantha, reducing the maize seeding inter-rows spacing, combined with the application of an underdose of Nicosulfuron, caused a positive effect by reducing the initial forage growth, resulting in less interference of Urochloa brizantha on nutrient uptake by the maize plants and grain yield of the crop.

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Effect of topping and irrigation on yield of flue-cured tobacco grown in a Mediterranean environment

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859600084689 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 113 (1) ◽

pp. 109-114 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

P. I. Orphanos ◽

C. Metochis

Keyword(s):

Dry Matter ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Matter Content ◽

Lower Percentage ◽

Dry Matter Content ◽

Dry Matter Yield ◽

Leaf Quality ◽

The effect of fertilisation with fermented pig slurry on the quantitative and qualitative parameters of tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum)

Soil and Water Research ◽

10.17221/2354-swr ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 4 (No. 3) ◽

pp. 116-121 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

L. Kouřimská ◽

L. Babička ◽

K. Václavíková ◽

D. Miholová ◽

Z. Pacáková ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vitamin C ◽

Significant Influence ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Titratable Acidity ◽

Matter Content ◽

Dry Matter Content ◽

Pig Slurry ◽

Suitable Alternative ◽

Organic Fertiliser ◽

C 50

The effect of fertilisation with fermented pig slurry on the quantitative and qualitative parameters of two kinds of tomatoes was assessed by means of pot trials. These trials were carried out between the years 2005 and 2008. Each trial involved four treatments, namely (a) control without fertilisation, (b) fertilisation with mineral fertilisers, (c) 50% nutrients in mineral fertilisers and 50% in fermented pig slurry, and (d) fertilisation with fermented pig slurry only. Besides the yield parameters, the following characteristics were monitored: dry matter content, vitamin C content, titratable acidity, nitrogen compounds, nitrates and selected elements (Pb, Cd, As, Zn and Hg) contents. The fertilisation method showed no statistically significant influence on many parameters (titratable acidity, Hg, As, dry matter, vitamin C and nitrates contents). These results showed that anaerobically fermented pig slurry can be a suitable alternative to the use of mineral fertiliser. They also showed that its use as an organic fertiliser did not impair the hygienic quality and safety of the vegetable products grown, as all tomato samples fulfilled the tested heavy metals and nitrates legislation limits. The fertilisation method showed a statistically significant influence on the yield. Diffe-rences occurred between the organic and mineral methods in the case of Cd, and between non-fertilised and organic methods in the case of Zn. The fertilisation method also significantly influenced N-compounds content in tomatoes. A statistically significant influence of the year was found with all parameters except zinc and vitamin C contents. The influence of cultivar was also found, but only in the case of zinc and dry matter contents.

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Performance in freezing tests and field experiments of full-sib families of Pinussylvestris (L.)

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x87-207 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 17 (11) ◽

pp. 1340-1347 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Jan-Erik Nilsson ◽

Bengt Andersson

Keyword(s):

Plant Height ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Matter Content ◽

Dry Matter Content ◽

Breeding Values ◽

Hardening Process ◽

Low Degree ◽

Sib Families ◽

Positive Correlations ◽

North Sweden

Full-sib families from plus trees of Pinussylvestris (L.) were tested in four 10-year field experiments and three 1-year experiments. Survival and height were assessed in the field experiments and plant height, dry matter content, and damage following artificial freeze testing during the hardening process in the 1-year experiments. Positive correlations between pairs of field experiments were found for breeding values for 10-year survival (rmean = +0.71) and 10-year height (rmean = +0.38). Positive correlations were also obtained between survival and height within field experiments. Breeding values for 10-year field survival and height were not correlated with the latitude of origin. Positive correlations were found between field mortality and both damage after freeze testing (0.61 < r < 0.85) and plant height (r = 0.75) for the 1-year-old seedlings. Results indicated that a low degree of damage after freeze testing of 1-year-old progenies is a better predictor of field survival than is northern geographical origin when establishing seed orchards of P. sylvestris for harsh areas in north Sweden.

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