Phosphorus fertilizer for nitrogen fertilized dairy pastures. 2. Long term effects on milk production and a model of phosphorus flow

1997 ◽  
Vol 129 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. M. DAVISON ◽  
W. N. ORR ◽  
V. DOOGAN ◽  
P. MOODY
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Plant Litter ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Phosphorus Fertilizer ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
P Fertilizer

The phosphorus fertilizer requirements and long term productivity of nitrogen-fertilized Gatton panic (Panicum maximum cv. Gatton) pastures, grazed by lactating dairy cows, were evaluated in a 7-year experiment. Cows grazed at 2·6 cows/ha on pastures that received annually 100 or 300 kg N/ha and each of 0, 22·5 or 45 kg P/ha. Cows received no energy supplements in years 1–3 and were offered molasses at 3·5 kg/day from year 4 to year 7. Cows grazed their experimental paddocks from the start of the wet season until they started to lose weight in the dry season.In years 6 and 7 there was significantly less green pasture and leaf on offer in 300N pastures at 0P than with 22·5P and 45P. This was reflected in a reduced milk yield by cows at 300N/0P in these two years. There was no influence of rate of P fertilizer at 100N on milk yield in any year. Lactation milk yields at 300N in years 6 and 7 averaged 3930, 4310 and 4610 kg/cow (P<0·05) for 0P, 22·5P and 45P, respectively. Nitrogen fertilizer increased milk yield in each year (P<0·01) except the first. Milk yields at 100N and 300N averaged 2860 and 3320 kg/cow respectively in years 1–3 and 3720 and 4290 kg/cow in years 4–7.The milk yield responses to P fertilizer were related to the greater amounts of pasture and green leaf on offer, which led to a higher proportion of leaf in the diet, and the response to P fertilizer was dependent on the rate of N fertilizer applied. Phosphorus intakes were estimated to be below that of published requirements for cows producing this quantity of milk. An annual model of P flow between plant, animal and soil pools demonstrated that at 100N/22·5P more P was returned to the soil as excreta (15·7 kg P/ha) than with 300N/22·5P (7·1 kg P/ha). The major pathway of return of P to the soil at 300N was through plant litter. Soil organic P was the largest, but least exploited, pool of phosphorus.This study has illustrated how the demand for phosphorus by the plant in grazed pastures is modified by the input of N fertilizer, is poorly predicted from plant analysis and published standards for animal requirements, and indicates that a response in milk production may be mediated through the effects of P on leaf growth and not on dietary P content.

Phosphorus fertilizer for nitrogen fertilized dairy pastures. 1. Long term effects on pasture, diet and soil

1997 ◽  
Vol 129 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. M. DAVISON ◽  
W. N. ORR ◽  
B. A. SILVER ◽  
R. G. WALKER ◽  
F. DUNCALFE
Keyword(s):  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Phosphorus Fertilizer ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Single Superphosphate ◽  
Soil P ◽  
P Fertilizer ◽  
Autumn And Winter ◽  
Extractable Soil

The phosphorus fertilizer requirements and long term productivity of nitrogen-fertilized Gatton panic (Panicum maximum cv. Gatton) pastures, grazed by lactating dairy cows, were evaluated over 7 years. Cows grazed at 2·6 cows/ha on pastures that received annually 100 or 300 kg N/ha at each of 0, 22·5 or 45 kg P/ha. Phosphorus treatments were applied as single superphosphate, balanced for calcium by applications of gypsum.The soil had an initial available soil phosphorus content of 40 mg/kg (bicarbonate extraction). At zero P fertilizer (0P), extractable soil P declined at the rate of 1·9 mg/kg each year; at 22·5P it was maintained close to the original level while at 45P it increased at 6·6 mg/kg each year. Increased P fertilizer caused significant (P<0·01) increases in plant P concentration from year 2 onwards. In years 6 and 7 there was significantly less green pasture and leaf on offer in 300N pastures at 0P than with 22·5P and 45P. There was no influence of rate of P fertilizer at 100N on pasture quantity on offer in any year. There were clear trends at 100N of decreasing total pasture and green dry matter (DM) on offer over the 7 years, but not at 300N.Cows at 300N consumed more leaf in the diet in autumn and winter than at 100N. Leaf was 55–60% of the diet in summer and autumn, but decreased to 21% (100N) and 37% (300N) in winter. Dead material in the diet was always higher at 100N. Pasture leaf percentage and leaf yield were the best individual predictors of leaf percentage in the diet. Diet P selected from pasture was reduced by the higher rate of N fertilizer in each season. Estimated P concentrations of the diet selected from pasture for summer, autumn and winter averaged 0·30, 0·38 and 0·28% DM for 100N and 0·19, 0·24 and 0·18% DM for 300N treatments, respectively.The response to P fertilizer was dependent on the rate of N fertilizer applied. The critical bicarbonate extractable soil P level for this soil type, below which pasture responses occurred, was 30 mg/kg at 300N. The critical level at 100N was not reached, but was <23 mg/kg P.

scholarly journals Evaluation of economic indicators for Czech dairy farms

2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (No. 11) ◽  
pp. 499-508
Author(s):  
Jan Syrůček ◽  
Luděk Bartoň ◽  
Dalibor Řehák ◽  
Jindřich Kvapilík ◽  
Jiří Burdych
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity Analysis ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Herd Size ◽  
Model Calculations ◽  
Agrarian Sector ◽  
Feed Costs ◽  
Milk Level

Milk production is one of the most important areas of the Czech agrarian sector, as evidenced by its 50% share (at 2017 prices) in revenues from livestock production. As for any business, a certain level of profitability is a prerequisite for long-term and sustainable development of dairy farms. This study’s aim was to evaluate the economic efficiency of milk production from both Czech Fleckvieh (C) and Holstein (H) cows based on data collected each year from 48 to 70 Czech dairy farms in the period from 2012 to 2017. Total costs per feeding day and litre of milk, level of profitability, and income over feed costs were calculated. The influences of herd size and milk yield on profitability and break-even points were examined while sensitivity analysis and model calculations were utilised to predict profitability. The farms with higher average milk yields (&gt;7 500 and &gt;9 500 L per lactation for C and H, respectively) had higher costs per feeding day, lower costs per litre of milk, and improved profitability (p &lt; 0.05). Average break-even points were estimated for milk price (0.31 and 0.32 EUR) and milk yield (7 257 and 9 209 L) in C and H herds, respectively.<br />

scholarly journals Long-Term Effects of Different Nitrogen Levels on Growth, Yield, and Quality in Sugarcane

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 353 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xu-Peng Zeng ◽  
Kai Zhu ◽  
Jian-Ming Lu ◽  
Yuan Jiang ◽  
Li-Tao Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Sugar Yield ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Cane Yield ◽  
Sugar Accumulation ◽  
Production Cycle ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
N Application ◽  
Yield And Quality

Nitrogen (N) plays an important role in sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrids) growth and development; however, long-term effects of N application levels on cane and sugar production in different sugarcane cultivars under field conditions remain unclear. In this study, we investigate the agronomic, yield, and quality traits in three sugarcane cultivars (GT11, B9, and ROC22) under different N levels (0, 150, and 300 kg/ha urea) from 2015 to 2019. Continuous four-year field experiments of plant and ratoon crops were carried out by using two-factor split-plot design. The results showed that N fertilizer application improved the tillering rate, stalk diameter, plant height, stalk weight, millable stalks/ha, cane yield, sugar yield and juice rate of cane, and the difference between N application and non-N application was significant. The cane yield, millable stalks/ha, juice rate, and juice gravity purity increased with the increase of N application, but the milled juice brix and sucrose % cane decreased with the increase of N application. The sugar yield was the highest at 150 kg/ha urea application, while the cane yield was the highest at 300 kg/ha urea application. Different N fertilizer application levels significantly regulated the activities of glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) and the contents of chlorophyll and nitrate N in plant leaves, which reflected the regulation in nitrogen metabolism and alteration in dry matter production and distribution, cane yield and sugar accumulation in different sugarcane cultivars. During the four-year experiment duration, the cane yield and sugar yield generally showed ROC22 > B9 > GT11. These data suggested that 300 kg/ha urea application was suitable for the plant and first ratoon crops, and 150 kg/ha urea application was suitable for the second and third ratoon crops. Both cane and sugar yields could be the highest in a four-year production cycle under this circumstance.

Short and long term effects of feeding supplements of oats, wheat and lupin grain on the production of ewes lambing in autumn

1984 ◽  
Vol 24 (126) ◽  
pp. 332
Author(s):  
PA Kenney ◽  
GB Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Bare Ground ◽  
Wool Production ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
The Difference

Four groups, each of about 40 Border Leicester x Merino ewes due to lamb in May, 1978, were held on bare ground and hand-fed poor quality hay, either alone or with oat, wheat or lupin grain at 270 g dry matter/head.d, from two weeks before until six weeks after lambing. A fifth group of ewes grazed separately on green pasture. After hand-feeding ceased in July 1978, ewes from all five groups grazed together and were re-joined with rams in November-December. Increases in wool production (90-230 g greasy fleece), milk production (9-23 ml/h) and growth of lambs (20-4 1 g/d) resulted from feeding supplements to the hay-fed ewes. Ewes fed oats and lupins performed best and, compared with those fed wheat, produced fewer fleeces with major faults (8 and 12% vs 29%, respectively) and less milk (58 and 62 ml/h vs 49 ml/h, respectively). At the end of hand-feeding, the ewes were 18-23 kg lighter than those that had been at pasture, but by the time joining took place in November-December, the difference was only 4-8 kg. Ewes fed hay alone mated 8-12 d later and lambed 5-9 d later (May 1979) than ewes in all other groups. Also, 6% of the ewes fed lupins or allowed to graze pasture during lambing in 1978 were barren in 1979, compared with 25% of barren ewes in all other treatments. It was concluded that wheat, in contrast to lupins and oats, was an inadequate supplement for lambing ewes consuming only low quality roughage.

Influence of the age at the first insemination and live weight on milk productivity of cows

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 57-63
Author(s):  
L. L. Petrukhina ◽  
S. L. Belozertseva
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Reproductive Capacity ◽  
Milk Productivity ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Irkutsk Region ◽  
White Breed

The materials of the long-term (2008–2018) research into the reproductive function of cattle of the black-and-white breed of Baikal type in Irkutsk region are presented. The influence of the age at the first insemination and live weight on cows’ milk productivity, lifelong productivity and productive longevity was studied. The experiment was conducted on the basis of materials from the breeder-farm for breeding cattle of Baikal type on the groups of cows of different ages: up to 14–20 months and older. Cows inseminated at 16 months (7917 kg) had the best milk yield in the first lactation. The largest milk yield was obtained from inseminated cows with live weight of 401-410 kg. Milk production of these heifers was 7902 kg in the first lactation, 8792 kg – in the second and 8710 kg – in the third. It was revealed that age of cows and their live weight at the first successful insemination had a positive effect on the lifelong productivity and productive longevity of cows. Cows whose age at the first successful insemination was 15 or 16 months had a longer duration of productive use (productive life span of animals was 2561–2558 days, respectively). The highest lifelong productivity (34379–34585 kg) was obtained from the cows of this group. The economic efficiency of lifelong milk production was determined depending on the age of the first insemination. The highest lifelong milk productivity was obtained from cows, which were first inseminated at the age of 15–16 months. The largest revenue from sales of additional products was also received from the cows of this group (366,058–370,480 roubles per head). The results obtained allow to develop effective methods for increasing reproductive capacity of cattle.

The effect of summer decline in conception rate on the monthly milk production pattern in Israel

1991 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. E. Kahn
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Marked Effect ◽  
Conception Rate ◽  
Correction Factors ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Dynamic Simulation Model ◽  
Production Pattern ◽  
Seasonal Decline ◽  
Summer Decline

AbstractA dynamic simulation model was used to predict the long-term effects of published heat stress-associated fluctuations in conception rate (CR) and milk production (MP) on the monthly MP pattern in Israel. The model results showed that the pattern of seasonal decline and rise in CR, and hence conception occurrences, produces a similar pattern of MP. This pattern closely resembles that of actual MP in Israel in 1987 and in 1988. On the other hand, seasonal correction factors for MP have no marked effect on the shape of the MP curve. These results show that in order to stabilize MP throughout the year, the prevention of seasonal (summer) decline in CR would be more effective than direct efforts to prevent seasonal MP decline.

Long-term effects on heifer performance of an enhanced-growth feeding programme applied during the preweaning period

2009 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 331-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Terré ◽  
Carolina Tejero ◽  
Alex Bach
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Subsequent Stage ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Age At First Breeding ◽  
Preweaning Period

Sixty female dairy calves (body weight, BW, 43·2±0·58 kg and age 9·8±0·61 d) were arranged in two groups to compare the short-term and long-term effects of an enhanced-growth feeding programme (EF) with those of a conventional-growth feeding programme (CF). After 1 week of adaptation to a milk replacer (MR), CF calves were fed 4 l/d of MR (25% crude protein, CP; 19·2% ether extract) at 12% dry matter (DM) from days 1 to 27 and 2 l/d at 12% DM from days 28 to 34, and the EF calves were offered the same MR at 18% DM: 4 l/d from days 1 to 6, 6 l/d from days 7 to 13, 7 l/d from days 14 to 20, 6 l/d from days 21 to 27 and 3 l/d from day 28 to weaning at day 34 of the study (50 d of age). Individual calf starter (20·7% CP) intake was recorded daily from the beginning until day 41 of study (57 d of age). Then, calves were placed in groups of six and they received a total mixed ration (TMR) containing 18·5% CP until day 56 d of study (72 d of age). Then, heifers were moved to larger pens and were fed the same TMR in both treatments at each subsequent stage of growth throughout the study. Calves were weighed weekly until day 56 of study and before every pen change (days 94, 149, 200, 387 of study). When heifers were 400 d old and weighed >380 kg, they were moved to a breeding pen where oestruses were checked three times a day. Heifers were inseminated 12 h after the detection of oestrus. One month before calving, heifers were returned to their original farm and milk yield at 305 days in milk was recorded from 28 cows. Starter intake was greater (P<0·001) in CF than in EF calves (0·79 v. 0·29±0·043 kg/d, respectively) during the preweaning period, but TMR consumption was similar in both treatments from days 42 to 56 of study. BW of EF calves was greater (P<0·01) than that of CF calves at weaning (76·4 v. 71·6±1·10 kg, respectively), but BW was not different at day 387 of study (405 d of age) (406·3 v. 401·3±4·05 kg, respectively). There were numerical differences in age at first breeding, fertility at first artificial insemination, age at pregnancy, and milk yield but some of these differences might have reached statistical significance with more replication.

Short- and Long-Term Effects of Salinity on Leaf Growth in Rice (Oryza sativaL.)

1991 ◽  
Vol 42 (7) ◽  
pp. 881-889 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. YEO ◽  
λ.-S. LEE ◽  
P. IZARD ◽  
P. J. BOURSIER ◽  
T. J. FLOWERS
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short And Long Term

scholarly journals Prenatal programming of later performance in dairy cattle

2020 ◽  
Vol 89 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Van Eetvelde ◽  
G. Opsomer
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Body Growth ◽  
Postnatal Life ◽  
Prenatal Programming ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
And Performance

Prenatal programming refers to the fact that insults during pre- and early postnatal life can have long-term consequences on the health and performance. In diary cattle, physiological conditions, such as maternal body growth, milk yield and parity, and environmental conditions during gestation can create a suboptimal environment for the developing fetus. As a consequence, adaptations of the placental and newborn phenotype take place. In addition, potential long-term effects of prenatal programming influence body growth, fertility, milk yield and longevity in dairy cows. These results suggest that the current management systems may pose a risk for the long-term health and performance of dairy cattle. Hence, in management practices, all pre- and postnatal aspects should carefully be considered in order to raise healthier and more productive dairy cows.

scholarly journals Impacts of Prepubertal Rearing Intensity and Calf Health on First-Lactation Yield and Lifetime Performance

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 201-214
Author(s):  
Nina Volkmann ◽  
Nicole Kemper ◽  
Anke Römer
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Duration Of Treatment ◽  
Feeding Intensity ◽  
Long Term Study ◽  
Lifetime Performance ◽  
Daily Gain

AbstractThe objective of the present study was to investigate possible long-term effects of calf and heifer feeding intensity on first-lactation milk yield and lifetime efficiency (milk per day of life). Detailed records from a total number of 2,252 female German Holstein calves from one commercial farm were obtained from birth to culling. Data regarding all information about calf’s birth, rearing time until first insemination, first calving, first-lactation yield and lifetime performance were collected over a 12-year period. This large data volume was merged, handled, checked for plausibility, classified and evaluated. Analyses revealed that body weight at an age of six months was significantly influenced by the average daily gain in the first two weeks of life (P<0.0001) and by the duration of treatment for respiratory diseases (P=0.0080). Moreover, first-lactation yield was affected by average daily gain in the whole first year of life (P=0.0013) and particularly in the period of month nine to twelve (P=0.00187). Lifetime efficiency was significantly influenced by body weight at first insemination (P=0.0051), average milk yield (P<0.0001) and reason for culling (P<0.0001). The results of this long-term study confirm that growth is important in general, but as shown by the negative correlation between average daily gain from month nine to twelve and the first lactation milk yield, nutrient intake (energy and protein) should be adapted to enable a controlled growth especially at certain periods of life. After six months of age, daily gain has to be controlled to avoid fat accumulation for a healthy and effective start of lactation. In addition, this analysis revealed that after passing first lactation, particularly health and fertility are the keys for a long efficient lifetime of dairy cows.

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