371. The properties of New Zealand butters and butterfats I. Iodine, reichert and saponification values and softening points of monthly samples of butterfats from nine commercial factories over four years

1948 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 377-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Cox ◽  
F. H. McDowall
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Northern Hemisphere ◽  
Iodine Value ◽  
The South ◽  
Monthly Average ◽  
The North ◽  
Four Seasons ◽  
Iodine Values ◽  
The One

Iodine values, Reichert values, saponification values and softening points of butterfats from butters collected at monthly intervals over a period of 4 years from 9 factories representative of the main butter-producing districts in New Zealand were determined. The trend of variation of any one property throughout the season was remarkably uniform, both for different factories in the one season, and for any one property in the four seasons. Weighted monthly average iodine values, Reichert values, saponification values and softening points for the butterfat from all factories over 4 years were 36.7 (33.8–40.2), 30.4 (25.5–32.3), 229.5 (225.5–232.7) and 33.1 (32.2–33.7) respectively. The minimum iodine value occurred in midsummer, i.e. at the season of the year when maximum values are reported for northern hemisphere butters. The iodine values for South Island butterfats diverged markedly from those for the North Island butterfats during the winter, i.e. at the time when turnips are fed to cows in the South. In spite of these lower iodine values, the softening points of the South Island butterfats were lower throughout the year.

The Villa Item and a Bride's Ordeal

1929 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jocelyn Toynbee
Keyword(s):  
The South ◽  
Important Paper ◽  
The North ◽  
Dwelling House ◽  
South Wall ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual ◽  
North Wall ◽  
The Right

The paintings in the triclinium of the Villa Item, a dwelling-house excavated in 1909 outside the Porta Ercolanese at Pompeii, have not only often been published and discussed by foreign scholars, but they have also formed the subject of an important paper in this Journal. The artistic qualities of the paintings have been ably set forth: it has been established beyond all doubt that the subject they depict is some form of Dionysiac initiation: and, of the detailed interpretations of the first seven of the individual scenes, those originally put forward by de Petra and accepted, modified or developed by Mrs. Tillyard appear, so far as they go, to be unquestionably on the right lines. A fresh study of the Villa Item frescoes would seem, however, to be justified by the fact that the majority of previous writers have confined their attention almost entirely to the first seven scenes—the three to the east of the entrance on the north wall (fig. 3), the three on the east wall and the one to the east of the window on the south wall, to which the last figure on the east wall, the winged figure with the whip, undoubtedly belongs.

II.—Note on the Recent Volcanic Eruption in New Zealand

1886 ◽  
Vol 3 (9) ◽  
pp. 398-402
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Considerable Change ◽  
Lake District ◽  
Historic Period ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
The One ◽  
Wide Zone ◽  
White Island

The “Lake District” of the North Island is too well known to all students of volcanic phenomena, especially of that branch comprising hydrothermal action, to need a detailed description. It will be sufficient to say that it forms a belt, crossing the island from north-east to south-west, and forms a portion of the Middle and Upper Waikato Basins of Hochstetter. The district has been recently brought into prominent notice by the disastrous eruption of Mount Tarawera, very full accounts of which have appeared in New Zealand papers lately received. The eruption commenced in the early morning of Thursday, June 10th, but premonitory symptoms showed themselves a few days before in a tidal wave, three feet high, on Lake Tarawera, great uneasiness of the springs at Ohinemutu, and the reported appearance of smoke issuing from Euapehu, the highest of the great trachytic cones at the extreme south-westerly end of the system. The belt of activity extends from Mount Tongariro at the one end to White Island, in the Bay of Plenty, at the other, a distance of about 150 miles. White Island has undergone considerable change from volcanic action during recent years, and Tongariro was last in eruption in July, 1871; whilst its snowclad sister cone Euapehu has never manifested volcanic action within the historic period until now. This wide zone in the centre of the North Island has, ever since the arrival of the Maoris, been the scene of such extraordinary phenomena, that it has of late been the resort of visitors from all quarters of the globe.

scholarly journals Die Vergletscherungen Neuseelands und die Frage ihrer Gleichzeitigkeit mit den europäischen Vereisungen (Berichte über eine Reise zum Studium des Pleistozäns auf der Südhalbkugel I.)

1962 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-42
Author(s):  
Paul Woldstedt
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Northern Hemisphere ◽  
Ice Ages ◽  
The South ◽  
Last Glaciation

Abstract. The Pleistocene sequence of Wanganui (North Island of New Zealand) and the succession of glaciations in the South Island are shortly reviewed. The Last Glaciation and the Postglacial time in New Zealand were, as C14 determinations definitly show, contemporaneous with those of the Northern Hemisphere. If the Last Glaciation was contemporaneous on the two Hemispheres, then the older ones must also have been contemporaneous. This does not agree with the MILANKOVITCH-curve, which in the form, as it has been given by M., cannot have been the cause of the ice ages.

scholarly journals Ecological impact and spread of an invasive paper wasp in New Zealand (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Howse
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Invasive Species ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Ecological Impact ◽  
Diet Analysis ◽  
Paper Wasp ◽  
Gut Contents ◽  
Suitable Habitat ◽  
The South ◽  
The North

<p><b>Social wasps are considered among the most successful and impactful invasive species in the world. One species, Polistes dominula has spread from its native Mediterranean range to every continent except Antarctica. This wasp reached New Zealand in the last decade where it has established in the north of the South Island, however, reports of its presence are increasing throughout the country. Due to its recent arrival in New Zealand, little is known about where this species is likely to establish or what impacts it may have on local insect communities. In this thesis, I conducted two studies to investigate these questions, providing valuable information that may inform future management of this invasive species. </b></p><p>In chapter 2, I used two bioclimatic modelling methods to predict areas of suitable habitat across four regions in the southern hemisphere. These models were informed by global temperature and precipitation data as well as global distribution occurrence data of P. dominula. These data were used to estimate conditions most highly correlated with the presence of this wasp. The models identified large areas across the target regions that were climatically suitable for the establishment of P. dominula. Many of these areas are not known to currently contain populations of this species, representing habitat potentially vulnerable to further invasion by P. dominula. Areas across South America, South Africa and Australia were predicted to be climatically suitable. In New Zealand, much of the North Island and eastern parts of the South Island were predicted to be suitable habitat for this wasp. These results suggest that P. dominula could potentially establish across more of the country and expand its invaded range. Information provided by these models may guide conservation and biosecurity management by highlighting key areas where prevention and mitigation should be prioritized. </p><p>In chapter 3, I used molecular diet analysis to investigate the range of prey being utilised by P. dominula in New Zealand. Using DNA barcoding, larval gut contents of P. dominula and another closely related species, Polistes chinensis, were analysed to identify what species were present in the diet of both wasps. Butterflies and moths (Lepidoptera) were found to be the most highly represented order in both species’ diets. True bugs (Hemiptera) and flies (Diptera) were also abundant. Both wasps were shown to consume a range of native and introduced species including a number of agricultural pests. P. dominula was found to utilise a wider range of prey than P. chinensis. This more diverse prey range, combined with known differences in nesting behaviour, suggest that P. dominula may represent a more significant threat to invertebrate diversity than the already well-established P. chinensis. These results may inform conservation and biosecurity managers on which species are most at risk where this new invasive wasp becomes established. </p><p>This thesis provides insights into the potential impacts of a new invasive species to New Zealand. Both chapters represent the first time that these methods have been used to study P. dominula. This work highlights the need for continued monitoring of wasp populations throughout New Zealand, especially in regions highlighted as vulnerable to P. dominula establishment. We also suggest the need to prioritise the conservation of ‘at-risk’ species in coastal and human-altered habitats. Increased public engagement through the citizen-science initiatives should be encouraged while more research into management and control methods is recommended.</p>

The discovery of a new sedimentary basin: offshore Raukumara, East Coast, North Island, New Zealand

2008 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Uruski ◽  
Callum Kennedy ◽  
Rupert Sutherland ◽  
Vaughan Stagpoole ◽  
Stuart Henrys
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
East Coast ◽  
Plate Boundary ◽  
Source Rocks ◽  
Fault System ◽  
Northern Coast ◽  
The South ◽  
Petroleum Potential ◽  
The North

The East Coast of North Island, New Zealand, is the site of subduction of the Pacific below the Australian plate, and, consequently, much of the basin is highly deformed. An exception is the Raukumara Sub-basin, which forms the northern end of the East Coast Basin and is relatively undeformed. It occupies a marine plain that extends to the north-northeast from the northern coast of the Raukumara Peninsula, reaching water depths of about 3,000 m, although much of the sub-basin lies within the 2,000 m isobath. The sub-basin is about 100 km across and has a roughly triangular plan, bounded by an east-west fault system in the south. It extends about 300 km to the northeast and is bounded to the east by the East Cape subduction ridge and to the west by the volcanic Kermadec Ridge. The northern seismic lines reveal a thickness of around 8 km increasing to 12–13 km in the south. Its stratigraphy consists of a fairly uniformly bedded basal section and an upper, more variable unit separated by a wedge of chaotically bedded material. In the absence of direct evidence from wells and samples, analogies are drawn with onshore geology, where older marine Cretaceous and Paleogene units are separated from a Neogene succession by an allochthonous series of thrust slices emplaced around the time of initiation of the modern plate boundary. The Raukumara Sub-basin is not easily classified. Its location is apparently that of a fore-arc basin along an ocean-to-ocean collision zone, although its sedimentary fill must have been derived chiefly from erosion of the New Zealand land mass. Its relative lack of deformation introduces questions about basin formation and petroleum potential. Although no commercial discoveries have been made in the East Coast Basin, known source rocks are of marine origin and are commonly oil prone, so there is good potential for oil as well as gas in the basin. New seismic data confirm the extent of the sub-basin and its considerable sedimentary thickness. The presence of potential trapping structures and direct hydrocarbon indicators suggest that the Raukumara Sub-basin may contain large volumes of oil and gas.

scholarly journals Decadal-to-Multidecadal Variability of Seasonal Land Precipitation in Northern Hemisphere in Observation and CMIP6 Historical Simulations

Atmosphere ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 195
Author(s):  
Hua Chen ◽  
Zhenchen Xu
Keyword(s):  
Northern Hemisphere ◽  
Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation ◽  
Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition ◽  
Dominant Mode ◽  
Coupled Models ◽  
Multidecadal Variability ◽  
The North ◽  
Mode Decomposition ◽  
Four Seasons ◽  
Oceanic Forcing

Based on the centennial-scale observations and CMIP6 historical simulations, this paper employs the ensemble empirical mode decomposition to extract the decadal-to-multidecadal variability of land precipitation (DMVLP) in the northern hemisphere. The spatial distributions of the dominant mode from the empirical orthogonal function are different in four seasons. Regions with the same sign of precipitation anomalies are likely to be teleconnected through oceanic forcing. The temporal evolutions of the leading modes are similar in winter and spring, with an amplitude increasing after the late 1970s, probably related to the overlap of oceanic multidecadal signals. In winter and spring, the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO) and the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) play a joint role. They were in phase before late 1970s and out of phase after then, weakening/strengthening the impacts of the North Pacific and North Atlantic on the DMVLP before/after late 1970s. In summer and autumn, AMO alone plays a part and the amplitude of time series does not vary as in winter and spring. The ability of the coupled models from CMIP6 historical simulations is also evaluated. The good-models average largely captures the spatial structure in four seasons and the associated oceanic signals. The poor-models average is hardly or weakly correlated with observation.

I.—The Glacial Controversy in New Zealand

1917 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 241-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. T. Trechmann
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Ice Sheet ◽  
Pleistocene Glaciation ◽  
The South ◽  
The North

The controversy which has arisen in recent years in New Zealand regarding the problem of the Pleistocene glaciation of that country resolves itself into the two following main questions:—1. Was there any glaciation in the North Island?2. Was there an ice-sheet covering the South Island?

Ocean Cruising: A Sailing Subculture

1992 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 319-343 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jim Macbeth
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
South Pacific ◽  
The South ◽  
Fringing Reef ◽  
The North ◽  
Hurricane Season ◽  
The North Atlantic ◽  
One Year

Just after dawn, an English couple in their 30's haul up their anchor and motor across the stillness of Suva harbour. The hurricane season is approaching and they are embarking on the 2–3 week trip to Bay of Islands New Zealand for the southern summer. Three months earlier, as their yacht lay aground on the fringing reef of uninhabited Suvarov atoll, they wondered if they'd ever reach New Zealand. But, with the help of other cruisers and lucky tides their steel 36 footer was clear and safe in under 24 hours. What was to be a one year trip around the north Atlantic was now happily way off course in the South Pacific and likely to remain so for some time. That is just a glimpse of one small aspect of ocean cruising, the subculture of interest here. However, throughout the paper the ethnography of cruising is developed further. A model is proposed to show how individuals come to share the subculture ideology and then to participate in the lifestyle. Subsequently, 1 will place ocean cruising in the context of subculture theory by expanding the ethnography and relating cruising to other subcultures.

Numerical Analysis of Ebb Water Split Ratio of the South and North Branch in the Changjiang Estuary

2013 ◽  
Vol 807-809 ◽  
pp. 1624-1627
Author(s):  
Ji Zhong Yang ◽  
Jie Gu ◽  
Dan Qing Ma ◽  
Xiao Li Wang ◽  
Tian Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spring Tide ◽  
Changjiang Estuary ◽  
The South ◽  
The Changjiang Estuary ◽  
Hydrodynamic Analysis ◽  
The North ◽  
Split Ratio ◽  
Calculation Results ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The One

The change of water split ratio has important impacts on the fluvial process, saltwater intrusion and navigation in estuary area. A 2D hydrodynamics numerical model of the Changjiang Estuary was set up using Delft3D-FLOW. The calculation results are consistent well with the real measured data, which indicates that the model can be used in hydrodynamic analysis. Simulation results show that the ebb water split ratio of the North Branch in the flood season is larger than that in the dry season, while the situation of the South Branch is opposite. Under the condition of different tidal types, the ebb water split ratio for the North Branch is maximum during the spring tide, and minimum during the neap tide, while the one during the middle tide takes the second place.

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