Compensatory milk production within the bovine udder: effects of short-term non-milking of single quarters

1990 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jörn Hamann ◽  
Joachim Reichmuth
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Period ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Pretreatment Period ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Compensatory Effect

SummaryDaily quarter-milk yields of eight high-yielding cows (24–28 kg/d) and eight heifers (14–24 kg/d) were measured to examine compensatory changes in milk production between quarters within an udder. Either one, two or three quarters per cow were left unmilked for 12 d, in early or late lactation, and then all quarters of all cows were milked normally for a further period of 12 d. Concentrate feeding levels were constant throughout the experiment.The mean daily yield per cow fell to 26, 59 and 75% during the period of milking either one, two or three quarters respectively. Twelve days after resumption of normal milking the total daily yield per cow was the same for cows continuously milked in two, three or all four quarters. Daily yield in cows with only one quarter milked continuously recovered to only 78% of the level of the pretreatment period.During the treatment period, the mean daily yield of the continuously milked quarters increased by almost 14% for cows milked in one quarter only, by more than 10% for two quarters milked, and by 4% per quarter if three quarters were milked. Milk yields of these quarters remained above their pretreatment levels when milking was resumed in the adjacent quarters.There was no difference in the compensatory effect between cows and heifers in early lactation, but the compensatory effects were lower in late lactation heifers.

A note on the relationship between the rate of machine-milking and milk production of Ayrshire heifers

1971 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 353-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Castle ◽  
R. Henderson
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Peak Flow ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Peak Flow Rate ◽  
Machine Milking ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Direct Measures

SUMMARYRecords of milking rate, milk yield and milk composition were collected over 12 yr from 123 Ayrshire heifers in their first lactation in one herd. Three direct measures of milking rate, i.e. peak flow rate, machine rate and overall rate were closely correlated and each was also correlated with total lactation yield of milk. Milking rate accounted for only a very small part of the variation in fat and total solids percentages. The mean yield of milk per milking in early lactation was a better predictor of total lactation yield than was milking rate but, among animals giving the same early lactation yield of milk, the faster milkers gave higher lactation yields than the slower milkers.

Effects on milk yield, somatic cell count and milk conductivity of short-term non-milking of lactating quarters of cows

1994 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 317-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jörn Hamann ◽  
Peter Gyodi
Keyword(s):  
Cell Count ◽  
Treatment Period ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Daily Milk Production ◽  
Group 1 ◽  
Daily Milk

SummaryCompensatory changes in daily milk production between quarters within an udder were investigated, together with related changes in cell count and electrical conductivity of fore milk samples. Two quarters per cow were left unmilked for 2 d (Group 1, four cows) or for 4 d (Group 2, four cows), and then all quarters of all cows were milked twice daily for a further period of 16 d. The mean daily yield per cow fell 50% during the period of milking two quarters. Daily yield for cows in Group 1 decreased significantly only during the treatment period and the first post-treatment period of 4 d, whereas the daily yield for Group 2 was significantly reduced during the whole post-treatment period. The cell count for all continuously milked (control) quarters was stable during the experiment, but increased in the treated quarters during the first 4 d of the post-treatment period. Non-milking was accompanied by a significant increase in fore milk conductivity which persisted for an additional 4 d after the resumption of normal milking. Throughout the last 12 d of the post-treatment period milk from both control and treated quarters had significantly decreased conductivity levels compared with the pretreatment values.

Evaluating the economics of short-term partial mixed ration feeding decisions for dairy cows

2018 ◽  
Vol 58 (8) ◽  
pp. 1531 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. K. M. Ho ◽  
W. J. Wales ◽  
M. J. Auldist ◽  
B. Malcolm
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Canola Meal ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Cereal Grain ◽  
Farm Profit ◽  
Tactical Decision ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Supplement Intake

Recent research in Australia has measured the marginal milk production responses of cows grazing perennial-based pastures to supplements offered as a partial mixed ration (PMR). In the present study, the milk responses to PMR feeding developed under a restricted pasture allowance were used to examine the contribution to farm profit of decisions about short-term feeding (weekly, monthly). A short-term, or tactical, decision was considered to be one where the infrastructure and equipment needed to mix and feed out a formulated ration were already available. The decision was, therefore, the choice of whether to feed supplements as grain in the dairy at milking and forage in the paddock, or to feed the supplements as a mixed ration on a feed pad. Both of these options were assumed to exist for the farmer decision-maker, with the comparison of rations being based solely on the costs of supplement and milk income. The Control diet in the experiments comprised cereal grain fed in the dairy and pasture silage fed in the paddock, simulating a situation where pasture available for grazing was limiting. The PMR diet consisted of cereal grain, maize grain, maize silage and lucerne hay combined in a mixer wagon and fed on a feed pad. The PMR + canola diet was similar to the PMR diet, but included canola meal. The profitability of the diets for different amounts of supplement intake was compared by estimating the total income from milk produced minus the cost of the supplements. The results indicated that feeding the diet comprising PMR plus canola meal in early lactation contributed more to farm profit than did the Control diet of feeding grain in the dairy and forage in the paddock, or PMR feeding without canola meal, because of higher milk production. At a supplement intake of 12 kg DM/cow.day, the PMR + canola diet added AU$0.97/cow.day and AU$2.11/cow.day more to profit than the Control and PMR without canola meal diets, respectively. For a farm already equipped with a feed pad and mixer wagon, the benefits of feeding a mixed ration exceed the costs in early lactation. In late lactation, each diet made similar contributions to farm profit because of similar milk production.

Performance of Friesian cows with high and low breeding indexes 1. Stall feeding and grazing experiments and performance during the whole lactation

1985 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 379-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Grainger ◽  
A. W. F. Davey ◽  
C. W. Holmes
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Feeding Experiments ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Friesian Cows

ABSTRACTThe performance of 38 Friesian cows with either high or low breeding indexes was measured during the whole lactation and in short-term experiments where the cows were individually given cut pasture in stalls, or grazed on pasture.Cows with high breeding indexes produced more milk fat than did cows with low breeding indexes in the short-term experiments, and during the whole lactation. There was close agreement between the expected differences (predicted from breeding indexes) and the measured differences in milk fat yield. When fresh cut pasture was given ad libitum in stalls the intake per cow was the same between genotypes. However, when intake was expressed per unit of metabolic weight, the mean pasture drymatter intake of the high breeding index cows was 1·05 of that of the low breeding index cows, but the difference was significant in only one of the four indoor feeding experiments.The difference between genotypes in size was not regarded as significant because the differences in mean live weight at calving (high breeding index – low breeding index) of the animals purchased in the 1st and 2nd years were –28 and 9 kg respectively. During the whole lactation, low breeding index cows gained significantly more live weight and lost significantly less body condition than did the high breeding index cows. No significant differences in live-weight and body-condition changes could be detected during the shorter periods (4 to 5 weeks) of the indoor feeding and grazing experiments.It can be calculated that the higher milk production of the high breeding index cows could be explained partly because they eat more (per unit metabolic live weight) and more importantly because they divert a higher proportion of the food they eat to milk production and a lower proportion to live-weight gain than do the low breeding index cows.

The influence of live weight and body condition on the subsequent milk production of Blackface ewes following a period of undernourishment in early lactation

1970 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 459-469 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. N. Peart
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Nutrient Intake ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Restricted Feeding ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Stage Of Lactation ◽  
The Mean

SUMMARYIn each of two years, 36 Blackface ewes were brought to a high state of body condition at mating and in early gostation. At approximately 16 weeks prepartum the ewes were divided into two similar groups and fed to maintain the live weight and body condition of one group (fat), and to decrease that of the other group (lean). At 8 weeks prepartum mean differences of 14kg live weight and two scores of body condition had been created between the groups. During the last 6 weeks of pregnancy food was rationed to all ewes per unit of live weight to provide the theoretical requirements of Blackface ewes in late pregnancy. Both groups of ewes made similar live-weight gains in late pregnancy and blood plasma F.F.A. values confirmed that the ewes had been similarly nourished regardless of live weight or body condition. During early lactation food was restricted to fat and lean groups of ewes for either a 2- or 4- week period followed by ad lib. feeding for the remainder of lactation. A lamb-suckling technique was used to measure milk production during a 10-week lactation. During the first and second weeks of lactation the mean milk production of groups of both fat and lean ewes was approximately 2·1 and 1·3 kg/day for twin- and single-suckled ewes respectively. Ad lib. feeding following restricted feeding during the first 2 weeks of lactation resulted in increased milk production of fat and of lean ewes to mean maximum values of approximately 2·7 and 1·7 kg/day for twin- and single-suckled ewes respectively. In contrast, groups of ewes which had restricted feeding for the first 4 weeks of lactation showed almost no increase in milk production when fed ad lib. During the extended period of restricted feeding the milk production of twin-suckled ewes which were fat at parturition was significantly greater than that of twin-suckled lean ewes but there was no difference with singlesuckled ewes. All groups of ewes lost similar amounts of live weight and body condition during their respective periods of restricted feeding. In the respective 6-week periods following ad lib. feeding the live-weight gain of the lean ewes was significantly greater than that of the fat ewes (339 v. 222 and 356 v. 250 g/day for twin- and single-suckled ewes respectively), but they did not attain parity of live weight by the end of lactation. When fed ad lib. the mean intake of all groups of ewes attained similar maximum values of approximately 2·2 kg D.O.M./day. The results indicate that the stage of lactation is an overriding factor governing the response to increased nutrition and that body condition of ewes at parturition acts as a buffer between nutrient intake and nutrient requirements for lactation. It is suggested that when body reserves of ewes are severely depleted, factors other than nutrient intake may become limiting to milk production.

High tolerance of progressive elastic compression in peripheral arterial disease

VASA ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 413-417 ◽  
Author(s):  
Serge Couzan ◽  
Jean-François Pouget ◽  
Claire Le Hello ◽  
Céline Chapelle ◽  
Silvy Laporte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Venous Insufficiency ◽  
Ankle Brachial Index ◽  
Arterial Disease ◽  
Return Flow ◽  
High Tolerance ◽  
Compression Stockings ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Poor Tolerance ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Peripheral Arterial

Summary. Background: Theoretically progressive compression stockings, which produce a higher compression at the calf than at the ankle level, improve venous return flow without exacerbating peripheral arterial insufficiency (PAD). We aimed to evaluate the short-term tolerance of elastic progressive compression stockings on peripheral arterial vascularisation in patients with symptomatic PAD and associated mild venous insufficiency. Patients and methods: Monocentric, prospective, open pilot study of 18 patients (acceptability study, 6 x 6 plan) evaluating the short-term tolerance of progressive compression stockings (18 ± 2 mmHg at calf and 8 ± 2 mmHg at ankle level) in patients with PAD (ankle brachial index ABI > 0.60 < 0.75) and chronic venous insufficiency (C1s–C4 stages of the CEAP classification). Day 15 tolerance was evaluated by a composite primary criteria comprising: no decrease > 15 % of ABI on each side, no decrease > 15 % of toe brachial index (TBI) on each side and no decrease > 25 % of the number of active plantar flexions performed while standing. Results: The proportion of men was 77.8 %, mean age was 77.3 ± 7.5 years and no patient were diabetic. At inclusion, the mean low ABI was 0.60 ± 0.04 and the mean high ABI was 0.77 ± 0.18. The mean low TBI was 0.32 ± 0.09 and the mean high TBI 0.46 ± 0.15. The mean number of active standing plantar flexions was 33.0 ± 5.0. The majority of the patients were classified in CEAP C2s and C3 classes (class 2: 16.7 %, class C2s: 27.8 %, class C3: 44.4 %, class C4: 5.6 % and class C4s: 5.6 %). Poor tolerance occurred in no patient. By day 30, no patient had worsening of their arterial and venous symptoms. No adverse events occurred during the study. Conclusions: These results suggest a high tolerance of progressive elastic stockings (18 ± 2 mmHg at calf and 8 ± 2 mmHg at ankle level) in symptomatic PAD.

Evaluation of the Efficacy of ST2 and NT-proBNP in the Diagnosis and Prediction of Short- Term Prognosis in Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (04) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shivananda B Nayak ◽  
Dharindra Sawh ◽  
Brandon Scott ◽  
Vestra Sears ◽  
Kareshma Seebalack ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Ejection Fraction ◽  
Cardiac Biomarkers ◽  
Double Blind Study ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Reduced Ejection Fraction ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Design And Methods ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose: i) To determine the relationship between the cardiac biomarkers ST2 and NT-proBNP with ejection fraction (EF) in heart failure (HF) patients. ii) Assess whether a superiority existed between the aforementioned cardiac markers in diagnosing the HF with reduced EF. iii) Determine the efficacy of both biomarkers in predicting a 30-day cardiovascular event and rehospitalization in patients with HF with reduced EF iv) To assess the influence of age, gender, BMI, anaemia and renal failure on the ST2 and NT-proBNP levels. Design and Methods: A prospective double-blind study was conducted to obtain data from a sample of 64 cardiology patients. A blood sample was collected to test for ST2 and NT-proBNP. An echocardiogram (to obtain EF value), electrocardiogram and questionnaire were also obtained. Results: Of the 64 patients enrolled, 59.4% of the population had an EF less than 40%. At the end of the 30- day period, 7 patients were warded, 37 were not warded, one died and 17 were non respondent. Both biomarkers were efficacious at diagnosing HF with a reduced EF. However, neither of them were efficacious in predicting 30-day rehospitalization. The mean NT-proBNP values being: not rehospitalized (2114.7486) and 30 day rehospitalization (1008.42860) and the mean ST2 values being: not rehospitalized (336.1975), and 30-day rehospitalization. (281.9657). Conclusion: Neither ST2 or NT-proBNP was efficacious in predicting the short- term prognosis in HF with reduced EF. Both however were successful at confirming the diagnosis of HF in HF patients with reduced EF.

scholarly journals Short term fluctuating temperature alleviates Daphnia stoichiometric constraints

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Esteban Balseiro ◽  
Cecilia Laspoumaderes ◽  
Facundo Smufer ◽  
Laura Wolinski ◽  
Beatriz Modenutti
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Limitation ◽  
Temperature Fluctuation ◽  
Diel Vertical Migration ◽  
Temperature Treatment ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Fluctuating Temperature ◽  
Rna Content ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Lake Temperature ◽  
The Mean

AbstractIn this study, we analysed how short term temperature fluctuation interacts with nutrient limitation in the vertical migrating Daphnia commutata. We hypothesize that short term (daily) temperature fluctuation will alleviate nutrient limitation. We carried out experiments analysing growth rates, phosphorus and RNA content of D. commutate grown under four different temperature regimes and two P-limited conditions. Our experiments showed that individuals grown under fluctuating temperature grew more than at the mean temperature. We estimated the expected sizes for the 15 °C treatment based on the Q10 and for the fluctuating temperature treatment. These expected sizes for both treatments resulted well below the observed ones. The P and RNA content of individuals grown at 10 °C were significantly higher than those at 20 °C, and when individuals grown at 10 °C were translocated to 20 °C they exerted an increased growth rate. Our results suggest that, under a regime of diel vertical migration, the temperature alternation would allow migrating organisms to alleviate the effect of severe nutrient limitation maintaining population growth. Under a scenario of global warming, where epilimnetic temperatures will increase, lake temperature will interact with nutrient limitation for consumers, but, organisms may be able to face these changes if they can still regularly move from a cold hypolimnion to a warmer epilimnion.

scholarly journals The Ebb and Flow of Study Abroad: A Comparative Analysis of PRC and International Students in Taiwan

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 5844
Author(s):  
Amy Roberts ◽  
Gregory S. Ching
Keyword(s):  
International Students ◽  
Study Abroad ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Study Abroad Programs ◽  
Term Study ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Short Term Study ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Cross Tabulation ◽  
Pacific Community

The dialogue about study abroad is a contemporary trend. Since 2011, enrolments from the People’s Republic of China (PRC) have gradually increased and PRC students have now become one of the largest groups of incoming study abroad participants in Taiwan. In this study, investigators explored the characteristics of PRC students in comparison with other international students studying in Taiwan universities. Data were collected from 1870 study abroad students. Data collected include the various study abroad goals, prior study abroad experiences, the Short-term Study Abroad Situational Change Survey, the revised East Asian Acculturation Measures, the Study Abroad Acculturative Hassles, and their overall study abroad satisfaction. Data analyses included computation of the mean, frequency, cross-tabulation of respondents’ responses for identified questions, and various group comparisons. Implications suggest that the characteristics of PRC students are valuable and potentially transformative markers for sustainable cross-strait ties. Study abroad programs in Taiwan are noted as one piece of the emerging discourse for sustainable co-existence between Taiwan and the PRC. As such, PRC study abroad participants along with faculty and students in Taiwan universities have an opportunity to play a role in reshaping future exchanges as well as transforming themselves into stewards of a trans-Pacific community.

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