Mineral partitioning in milk and milk permeates at high temperature

The soluble phase of milk was separated at 20 and 80°C using ultrafiltration. The resulting permeates were then subjected to further ultrafiltration and dialysis at close to these two temperatures. It was found that pH, Ca2+ and soluble Ca decreased as the separation temperature increased both in original UF permeates and in dialysates obtained from these permeates, but P decreased only slightly. The major reason for these changes was due to the precipitation of calcium phosphate/citrate complexes onto the casein micelle with concomitant release of H+. The pH of both permeates and dialysates from milk at 20°C were slightly higher than for milk. When UF permeates collected at 20 and 80°C, were each dialysed at both these temperatures, the dialysate collected at 80°C showed much less temperature dependence for pH and ionic calcium compared with that collected at 20°C. This is in contrast to milk, which shows considerable temperature dependence for pH and ionic calcium. Further experiments revealed that the pH and Ca2+ concentration of permeates showed high temperature dependence above the temperature at which they were separated, but a much lower temperature dependence below that temperature. These findings suggest that dialysis and UF of milk at high temperature provide the best means yet for estimating the pH and ionic calcium of milk at that temperature.

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Temperature affects the repeatability of evolution in the microbial eukaryote Tetrahymena thermophila

10.1101/2020.11.11.378919 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Jason A Tarkington ◽

Rebecca Zufall

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

High Temperature ◽

Tetrahymena Thermophila ◽

Correlated Responses ◽

Trade Offs ◽

Evolutionary Trajectories ◽

Two Temperatures ◽

Higher Temperature ◽

Lower Temperature

AbstractEvolutionary biologists have long sought to understand what factors affect the repeatability of adaptive outcomes. To better understand the role of temperature in determining the repeatability of adaptive trajectories, we evolved populations of different genotypes of the ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila at low and high temperatures and followed changes in growth rate over 4,000 generations. As expected, growth rate increased with a decelerating rate for all populations; however, there were differences in the patterns of evolution at the two temperatures. The growth rates of the different genotypes converged as evolution proceeded at both temperatures, but this convergence was quicker at the higher temperature. Likewise, we found greater repeatability of evolution, in terms of change in growth rate, among replicates of the same genotype at the higher temperature. Finally, we found no evidence of trade-offs in fitness between temperatures, but did observe asymmetry in the correlated responses, whereby evolution in a high temperature increases growth rate at the lower temperature significantly more than the reverse. These results demonstrate the importance of temperature in determining the repeatability of evolutionary trajectories.

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Use of an ion-selective electrode to determine free Ca ion concentration in the milk of various mammals

Journal of Dairy Research ◽

10.1017/s0022029903006083 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 70 (2) ◽

pp. 241-243 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Nissim Silanikove ◽

Fira Shapiro ◽

Avi Shamay

Keyword(s):

Calcium Phosphate ◽

Human Milk ◽

Aqueous Phase ◽

Bovine Milk ◽

Ion Concentration ◽

Casein Micelle ◽

Calcium Citrate ◽

Micelle Structure ◽

Ionic Calcium ◽

Electrochemical Equilibrium

Milk is a heterogeneous fluid in which the colloidal phase is homogeneously dispersed in the aqueous phase. Calcium is partitioned between the colloidal and aqueous phases and is in complex electrochemical equilibrium with several major milk components. In human and bovine milk, calcium is mainly distributed between the aqueous and casein micelle in the colloidal phases (Holt & Jenness, 1984; Neville et al. 1994). Caseins form a complex micelle structure that contains approximately 25000 phosphorylated monomers that react with calcium phosphate complexes in the milk to bind 20–40 mole calcium per mole casein (Holt & Jenness, 1984; Neville et al. 1994). Thus, the distribution of calcium between the colloidal and aqueous phases appears to be governed by the level of casein in the milk (Holt & Jenness, 1984; Neville et al. 1994). In human milk, the casein level is low; ∼25% of calcium is associated with casein, whereas in cows and goats the corresponding figure is higher at ∼65%. In rats, casein levels are among the highest in mammals and 95% of calcium is associated with casein (Neville et al. 1994). In the aqueous phase, calcium is divided among ionic calcium (Ca2+), calcium citrate and calcium phosphate. Calcium citrate and calcium phosphate constitute most of the aqueous calcium in bovine milk in contrast to less than 50% in human milk (Holt & Jenness, 1984; Neville et al. 1994). As the concentration of Ca2+ in milk appears to be essential in preserving the integrity of the mammary tight junctions during lactation (Neville & Peaker, 1981), it is important to follow its concentration precisely in mammary secretions in different stages of the reproduction cycle.

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ABOUT HEAT CAPACITY OF TITANIUM CARBIDE TiCx

Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE) ◽

10.15518/isjaee.2019.01-03.056-066 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 56-66

Author(s):

I. Khidirov ◽

V. V. Getmanskiy ◽

A. S. Parpiev ◽

Sh. A. Makhmudov

Keyword(s):

Heat Capacity ◽

High Temperature ◽

Titanium Carbide ◽

Temperature Dependence ◽

Carbon Concentration ◽

Room Temperature ◽

Thermodynamic Characteristics ◽

Liquid Nitrogen Temperature ◽

Analysis Data ◽

Thermal Excitation

This work relates to the field of thermophysical parameters of refractory interstitial alloys. The isochoric heat capacity of cubic titanium carbide TiCx has been calculated within the Debye approximation in the carbon concentration range x = 0.70–0.97 at room temperature (300 K) and at liquid nitrogen temperature (80 K) through the Debye temperature established on the basis of neutron diffraction analysis data. It has been found out that at room temperature with decrease of carbon concentration the heat capacity significantly increases from 29.40 J/mol·K to 34.20 J/mol·K, and at T = 80 K – from 3.08 J/mol·K to 8.20 J/mol·K. The work analyzes the literature data and gives the results of the evaluation of the high-temperature dependence of the heat capacity СV of the cubic titanium carbide TiC0.97 based on the data of neutron structural analysis. It has been proposed to amend in the Neumann–Kopp formula to describe the high-temperature dependence of the titanium carbide heat capacity. After the amendment, the Neumann–Kopp formula describes the results of well-known experiments on the high-temperature dependence of the heat capacity of the titanium carbide TiCx. The proposed formula takes into account the degree of thermal excitation (a quantized number) that increases in steps with increasing temperature.The results allow us to predict the thermodynamic characteristics of titanium carbide in the temperature range of 300–3000 K and can be useful for materials scientists.

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High-Temperature Deformation of Naturally Aged 7010 Aluminum Alloy

Metals ◽

10.3390/met11040581 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 581

Author(s):

Abdulhakim A. Almajid

Keyword(s):

Activation Energy ◽

Aluminum Alloy ◽

High Temperature ◽

Threshold Stress ◽

Activation Energies ◽

Temperature Deformation ◽

High Temperature Range ◽

Temperature Range ◽

True Activation Energy ◽

Two Temperatures

This study is focused on the deformation mechanism and behavior of naturally aged 7010 aluminum alloy at elevated temperatures. The specimens were naturally aged for 60 days to reach a saturated hardness state. High-temperature tensile tests for the naturally aged sample were conducted at different temperatures of 573, 623, 673, and 723 K at various strain rates ranging from 5 × 10−5 to 10−2 s−1. The dependency of stress on the strain rate showed a stress exponent, n, of ~6.5 for the low two temperatures and ~4.5 for the high two temperatures. The apparent activation energies of 290 and 165 kJ/mol are observed at the low, and high-temperature range, respectively. These values of activation energies are greater than those of solute/solvent self-diffusion. The stress exponents, n, and activation energy observed are rather high and this indicates the presence of threshold stress. This behavior occurred as a result of the dislocation interaction with the second phase particles that are existed in the alloy at the testing temperatures. The threshold stress decreases in an exponential manner as temperature increases. The true activation energy was computed by incorporating the threshold stress in the power-law relation between the stress and the strain. The magnitude of the true activation energy, Qt dropped to 234 and 102 kJ/mol at the low and high-temperature range, respectively. These values are close to that of diffusion of Zinc in Aluminum and diffusion of Magnesium in Aluminum, respectively. The Zener–Hollomon parameter for the alloy was developed as a function of effective stress. The data in each region (low and high-temperature region) coalescence in a segment line in each region.

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Proton conduction of novel calcium phosphate nanocomposite membranes for high temperature PEM fuel cells applications

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy ◽

10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.01.013 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Ahmad Ka'ki ◽

Abdulrahman Alraeesi ◽

Amani Al-Othman ◽

Muhammad Tawalbeh

Keyword(s):

Fuel Cells ◽

High Temperature ◽

Calcium Phosphate ◽

Pem Fuel Cells ◽

Proton Conduction ◽

Nanocomposite Membranes ◽

High Temperature Pem

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The Microscopic Structure Of Shallow Donors In Silicon Carbide

MRS Proceedings ◽

10.1557/proc-442-619 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 442 ◽

Author(s):

J.-M. Spaeth ◽

S. Greulich-Weber ◽

M. März ◽

E. N. Kalabukhova ◽

S. N. Lukin

Keyword(s):

High Temperature ◽

Low Temperature ◽

Temperature Dependence ◽

Double Resonance ◽

Epr Spectra ◽

Electron Nuclear Double Resonance ◽

Paramagnetic Resonance ◽

Vacancy Pair ◽

Temperature Spectra ◽

Electron Paramagnetic

AbstractThe electronic structure of nitrogen donors in 6H-, 4H- and 3C-SiC is investigated by measuring the nitrogen hyperfine (hf) interactions with electron nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) and the temperature dependence of the hf split electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra. Superhyperfine (shf) interactions with many shells of 13C and 29Si were measured in 6H-SiC. The hf and shf interactions are discussed in the framework of effective mass theory. The temperature dependence is explained with the thermal occupation of the lowest valley-orbit split A1 and E states. It is proposed that the EPR spectra of P donors observed previously in neutron transmuted 6H-SiC at low temperature (<10K) and high temperature (>60K) are all due to substitutional P donors on the two quasi-cubic and hexagonal Si sites, whereby at low temperature the E state is occupied and at high temperature the A1 state. The low temperature spectra are thus thought not to be due to P-vacancy pair defects as proposed previously.

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