scholarly journals The role of the spirochaete in the Wassermann reaction

1939 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 298-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Beck
Keyword(s):  
Complement Fixation Test ◽  
Complement Fixation ◽  
Rockefeller Foundation ◽  
Specific Antigen ◽  
The Other ◽  
Specific Absorption ◽  
Homologous Antigen ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Wassermann Reaction

1. The examination of 1100 sera by both the Wassermann reaction and the complement-fixation test with spirochaetes revealed a superior sensitivity of the latter reaction and practically equal specificity of the two tests.2. Syphilitic serum contains two different antibodies: one reacting with the lipoid antigen of the Wassermann reaction, the other with a specific antigen in the spirochaete.3. The spirochaetal antibody of syphilitic serum has a complex serological structure, corresponding to spirochaete strains of different antigenic make-up.4. The existence of this antibody and its specific absorption by the homologous antigen can also be demonstrated by agglutination.5. The difference between agglutinin titres found in normal and syphilitic sera is not pronounced enough to render this method satisfactory for the practical diagnosis of syphilis.6. The spirochaete contains, apart from its specific antigen, the ubiquitous lipoid substance representing the Wassermann antigen.7. A fraction was obtained from spirochaetes by Raistrick and Topley's method which in complement-fixation and precipitation tests reacted actively with spirochaete antisera from rabbits, but which so far failed to react with syphilitic sera.This work was carried out with the aid of a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation. I wish to thank Prof. Golla, Director of the Central Pathological Laboratory, L.C.C. Mental Hospitals, who rendered this work possible, and Dr Arthur Davies, Director of the Devonport Laboratory, for the hospitality afforded me at his laboratory and for the patients’ sera used in this work. I am indebted to Prof. R. T. Hewlett for his revision of the manuscript, to Prof. Raistrick for advice in chemical matters, and to Dr Amies, of the Lister Institute, for his help with the Sharples centrifuge.

STUDIES ON COMPLEMENT FIXING ANTIGENS OF LEPTOSPIRAE

1960 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 453-462 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. A. Labzoffsky ◽  
A. E. Kelen
Keyword(s):  
Complement Fixation Test ◽  
Complement Fixation ◽  
Specific Antigen ◽  
Cross Reaction ◽  
Fixation Test ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
Cross Reactions ◽  
Homologous Antigen ◽  
Precise Diagnosis ◽  
Specific Antigens

Methods of preparation of "whole" and type-specific antigens from leptospiral cultures for use in the complement fixation test are outlined. Leptospiral cultures grown in Korthof's medium were treated with pyridine and after appearance of a copious precipitate were centrifuged. The supernatants were dialyzed and after concentration by pervaporation were used as "whole" antigens. Type-specific antigens were prepared from acetone precipitates of filtrates of "whole" antigens. Considerable cross reaction was observed with "whole" antigens prepared from L. pomona, L. canicola, and L. icterohaemorrhagiae and their respective rabbit hyperimmune sera, although titers with homologous sera were invariably higher. These cross reactions, however, were not as pronounced with sera from cattle naturally infected with L. pomona, where approximately 43% of the sera reacted with homologous antigen only. No reactions were observed between the type-specific antigen and any of the heterologous sera employed. It has also been shown that with experimental sera type-specific antibodies appeared earlier and persisted longer than group-specific antibodies. In view of the above observations the use of polyvalent antigen for routine screening of leptospiral antisera is advocated. Type-specific antigens are recommended for use in more precise diagnosis.

Identity, Community and Belonging in gcc States

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 401-428
Author(s):  
Miriam R. Lowi
Keyword(s):  
Religious Affiliation ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
The Other ◽  
National Project ◽  
Scholarly Literature ◽  
National Community ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Definition Of

Studies of identity and belonging in Gulf monarchies tend to privilege tribal or religious affiliation, if not the protective role of the ruler as paterfamilias. I focus instead on the ubiquitous foreigner and explore ways in which s/he contributes to the definition of national community in contemporary gcc states. Building upon and moving beyond the scholarly literature on imported labor in the Gulf, I suggest that the different ‘categories’ of foreigners impact identity and the consolidation of a community of privilege, in keeping with the national project of ruling families. Furthermore, I argue that the ‘European,’ the non-gcc Arab, and the predominantly Asian (and increasingly African) laborer play similar, but also distinct roles in the delineation of national community: while they are differentially incorporated in ways that protect the ‘nation’ and appease the citizen-subject, varying degrees of marginality reflect Gulf society’s perceptions or aspirations of the difference between itself and ‘the other(s).’

How to put yourself in someone else’s shoes: The role of point-of-view in the interpretation of mixed messages

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-238
Author(s):  
Nikos Vergis
Keyword(s):  
Short Stories ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Affective Factors ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Mixed Messages ◽  
Communicative Role ◽  
The Way

AbstractDoes having a communicative role other than the speaker’s make a difference to the way pragmatic meaning is construed? Standard paradigms in interpersonal pragmatics have implicitly assumed a speaker-centric perspective over the years, however modern approaches have re-considered the role of listener evaluations. In the present study, I examine whether assuming different communicative roles (speaker, listener, observer) results in varying interpretations. A web-based experiment revealed that participants who took the perspective of different characters in short stories differed in the way they interpreted what the speaker meant. In most cases, participants in the role of the listener interpreted speaker meaning in more negative ways than participants in the other roles. The present study suggests that the directionality of the difference (negative inferences under the listener’s perspective) could be explained by taking into account affective factors.

The Relation between Staphylocoagulase Reacting Factor and Proteins Induced by Vitamin K Absence

1975 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. M. Bas ◽  
A. D. Muller ◽  
H. G. Hemker
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin K ◽  
Vitamin K Antagonists ◽  
The Other ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
One Stage ◽  
Echis Carinatus ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The One ◽  
Factor Assay

Five different ways of estimating prothrombin are applied to the plasma of persons receiving vitamin K antagonists, to know: the one-stage assay, the two-stage assay, the Echis Carinatus Venom assay, the coagulase-reacting factor assay and the immunological assay. The Protein Induced by Vitamin K Absence analogous to prothrombin (PIVKA-II) can be shown to be co-estimated in all but the one-stage assay. There are minor differences, however, between the other four tests. The most practical way to assess both prothrombin and PIVKA-II seems to be the coagulase-reacting factor assay. The difference between the one-stage assay and the others can be explained on basis of the new data on the role of vitamin K in prothrombin biosynthesis. The differences between the other tests are smaller and remain to be explained.

scholarly journals Differential diagnosis of vesicular stomatitis and foot-and-mouth disease. Examination of virus samples from Mexico with special reference to complement fixation

1949 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 384-389 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Brooksby
Keyword(s):  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Special Reference ◽  
Complement Fixation Test ◽  
Complement Fixation ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
The Other ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Foot And Mouth ◽  
Vesicular Stomatitis

The usefulness of the complement-fixation test in differential diagnosis between vesicular stomatitis and foot-and-mouth disease has been demonstrated on two ‘field’ specimens of virus from Mexico. Examples are given of the practical applications of the other methods for this differential diagnosis.

scholarly journals Human perception of shape from touch

2011 ◽  
Vol 366 (1581) ◽  
pp. 3106-3114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Astrid M. L. Kappers
Keyword(s):  
Human Perception ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dominant Factor ◽  
Stimulus Information ◽  
After Effects ◽  
First Order ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
After Effect ◽  
The Difference

In this paper, I focus on the role of active touch in three aspects of shape perception and discrimination studies. First an overview is given of curvature discrimination experiments. The most prominent result is that first-order stimulus information (that is, the difference in attitude or slope over the stimulus) is the dominant factor determining the curvature threshold. Secondly, I compare touch under bimanual and two-finger performance with unimanual and one-finger performance. Consistently, bimanual or two-finger performance turned out to be worse. The most likely explanation for the former finding is that a loss of accuracy during intermanual comparisons is owing to interhemispheric relay. Thirdly, I address the presence of strong after-effects after just briefly touching a shape. These after-effects have been measured and studied in various conditions (such as, static, dynamic, transfer to other hand or finger). Combination of the results of these studies leads to the insight that there are possibly different classes of after-effect: a strong after-effect, caused by immediate contact with the stimulus, that does only partially transfer to the other hand, and one much less strong after-effect, caused by moving over the stimulus for a certain period, which shows a full transfer to other fingers.

A Discrimination Based on Punishment

1952 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
James A. Dinsmoor
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Experimental Session ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
White Rats ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Avoidance Reactions ◽  
Experimental Group ◽  
Rate Of Response

Twelve white rats learned to press a bar or lever when this act was intermittently followed by pellets of food. Once a stable rate of pressing had been established, the animals were subjected to electric shock as a punishment for each response during alternate five minute periods within the experimental session. A difference in rates during the safe and punished phases was manifested both by the experimental group (8 rats), who were provided with a light as a signal when it was safe to respond, and also, contrary to expectation, by the control group (4 rats), who continued in darkness throughout the session. The differential responding by the control group was greatly reduced, however, when the duration of each phase was reduced from five minutes to one. The investigation was then continued to determine the role of some of the other factors in the situation. Increasing the severity of the shock increased the difference between the light and the dark rates. Withholding the pellets of food reduced the overall rates but did not affect the light-dark discrimination. Withholding the shock, on the other hand, permitted an increase in rate and caused the animals to lose their discrimination; when food had previously been withheld, however, so that the rate of response was relatively low, this deterioration in the discrimination was not as rapid as before. Restoration of the discrimination training under a lower hunger drive confirmed the finding that the formation of the discrimination was quite rapid and showed that the level of drive did not affect the proportionality between the rates in the light and in the darkness. These findings were interpreted by comparing the current procedure with those previously used in studies of avoidance reactions and conflict.

scholarly journals SEROLOGICAL STUDIES IN RHEUMATIC FEVER

1949 ◽  
Vol 89 (6) ◽  
pp. 669-680 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward E. Fischel ◽  
Ruth H. Pauli
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatic Fever ◽  
Complement Fixation ◽  
Specific Antigen ◽  
Phase Reaction ◽  
Tissue Extracts ◽  
Serological Studies ◽  
Specific Antigens ◽  
Wassermann Reaction ◽  
Antigen Antibody ◽  
And Control

1. An attempt was made to repeat and extend various tests which have been presumed to demonstrate specific antigens and antibodies in rheumatic fever. 2. The "phase reaction" appears to be an inconstant phenomenon probably related to a colloidal abnormality of the serum, rather than to a specific antigen-antibody system. 3. No specific autoantibodies to human tissue extracts were demonstrable by complement fixation or by the collodion particle technique. Variable results were noted with the same test sera on different occasions, and positive reactions with control tissues and control sera were observed. 4. The possibility should be considered that autoantibodies are not necessarily specific for rheumatic fever but may be manifestations of the occurrence of a type of reaction similar to a biologically false positive Wassermann reaction.

scholarly journals The role of focus marking in disjunctive questions: A QUD-based approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 654
Author(s):  
Morwenna Hoeks
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Congruence Condition ◽  
Contrastive Topic ◽  
Structural Differences ◽  
Alternative Questions ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The One ◽  
The Right ◽  
Focus Marking

Disjunctive questions are ambiguous: they can either be interpreted as polar questions (PolQs), as open disjunctive questions (OpenQs), or as closed alternative questions (ClosedQ). The goal of this paper is to show that the difference in interpretation between these questions can be derived via effects of focus marking directly. In doing so, the proposal brings out the striking parallel between the prosody of questions with foci/contrastive topics on the one hand and that of alternative questions on the other. Unlike previous approaches, this proposal does not rely on structural differences between AltQs and PolQs derived via ellipsis or syntactic movement. To show how this works out, an account of focus and contrastive topic marking in questions is put forward in which f-marking in questions determines what constitutes a possible answer by signaling what the speaker's QUD is like. By imposing a congruence condition between f-marked questions and their answers that requires answers to resolve the question itself as well as its signaled QUD, we predict the right answerhood conditions for disjunctive questions.

scholarly journals Foucault: Madness and Surveillance in Warsaw

2018 ◽  
pp. 174-190
Author(s):  
Piotr Sobolczyk
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Main Argument ◽  
The West ◽  
Biographical Data ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Polish Experience ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Communist Countries

The paper revises the biographical data about Michel Foucault’s stay in Poland in 1958-1959. The main inspiration comes from the recent very well documented literary reportage book by Remigiusz Ryziński, Foucault in Warsaw. Ryziński’s aim is to present the data and tell the story, not to analyse the data within the context of Foucault’s work. This paper fulfills this demand by giving additional hypotheses as to why Polish authorities expelled Foucault from Poland and what the relation was between communism and homosexuality. The Polish experience, the paper compels, might have been inspiring for many of Foucault’s ideas in his Madness and Civilization, Discipline and Punish, and The History of Sexuality. On the other hand the author points to the fact that Foucault recognized the difference between the role of the intellectual in the West and in communist countries but did not elaborate on it. In this paper the main argument deals with the idea of sexual paranoia as decisive, which is missing in Foucault's works, although it is found in e.g. Guy Hocquenghem.

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