scholarly journals Colonization resistance of the digestive tract in conventional and antibiotic-treated mice

1971 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 405-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Van der Waaij ◽  
J. M. Berghuis-de Vries ◽  
J. E. C. Lekkerkerk-van der Wees
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Normal Values ◽  
Anaerobic Bacteria ◽  
Intestinal Flora ◽  
Treated Animal ◽  
Housing Conditions ◽  
Colonization Resistance ◽  
Germ Free

SUMMARYThe effect of oral administration of antibiotics on the intestinal flora of conventional mice and their resistance to colonization by orally introducedEscherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniaeandPseudomonas aeruginosawas studied. Colonization resistance (CR) was expressed as the log of the oral bacterial dose followed by a persistent take in 50 % of the contaminated animals. The intestinal flora was virtually eliminated by the antibiotics and this elimination was accompanied by a precipitous fall of CR. CR gradually returned to normal values during the period of repopulation of the intestinal tract by the organisms surviving the treatment. Antibiotic treatment resulted in the disappearance of Enterobacteriaceae, enterococci, staphylococci and yeasts and, under appropriate housing conditions, the animals remained free of these organisms indefinitely. Germ-free mice contaminated with the intestinal flora of an antibiotic-treated animal and their offspring housed in a germ-free isolator showed high values of CR. Their intestinal flora consisted of anaerobic bacteria only. Apparently, these anaerobes are responsible for CR in these and in conventional mice.

scholarly journals Streptomycin-Induced Inflammation Enhances Escherichia coli Gut Colonization Through Nitrate Respiration

mBio ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alanna M. Spees ◽  
Tamding Wangdi ◽  
Christopher A. Lopez ◽  
Dawn D. Kingsbury ◽  
Mariana N. Xavier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Microbial Community ◽  
Intestinal Inflammation ◽  
Anaerobic Bacteria ◽  
Nitrate Respiration ◽  
Colonization Resistance ◽  
Content Type ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Gut Colonization ◽  
Facultative Anaerobic Bacteria

ABSTRACTTreatment with streptomycin enhances the growth of human commensalEscherichia coliisolates in the mouse intestine, suggesting that the resident microbial community (microbiota) can inhibit the growth of invading microbes, a phenomenon known as “colonization resistance.” However, the precise mechanisms by which streptomycin treatment lowers colonization resistance remain obscure. Here we show that streptomycin treatment rendered mice more susceptible to the development of chemically induced colitis, raising the possibility that the antibiotic might lower colonization resistance by changing mucosal immune responses rather than by preventing microbe-microbe interactions. Investigation of the underlying mechanism revealed a mild inflammatory infiltrate in the cecal mucosa of streptomycin-treated mice, which was accompanied by elevated expression ofNos2, the gene that encodes inducible nitric oxide synthase. In turn, this inflammatory response enhanced the luminal growth ofE. coliby nitrate respiration in aNos2-dependent fashion. These data identify low-level intestinal inflammation as one of the factors responsible for the loss of resistance toE. colicolonization after streptomycin treatment.IMPORTANCEOur intestine is host to a complex microbial community that confers benefits by educating the immune system and providing niche protection. Perturbation of intestinal communities by streptomycin treatment lowers “colonization resistance” through unknown mechanisms. Here we show that streptomycin increases the inflammatory tone of the intestinal mucosa, thereby making the bowel more susceptible to dextran sulfate sodium treatment and boosting theNos2-dependent growth of commensalEscherichia coliby nitrate respiration. These data point to the generation of alternative electron acceptors as a by-product of the inflammatory host response as an important factor responsible for lowering resistance to colonization by facultative anaerobic bacteria such asE. coli.

The Etiology of Swine Dysentery

1974 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 527-534 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Meyer ◽  
J. Simon ◽  
C. S. Byerly
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Mixed Infection ◽  
Intestinal Flora ◽  
Microbial Flora ◽  
Milk Diet ◽  
Swine Dysentery ◽  
Germ Free ◽  
Oral Inoculation ◽  
Microbial Agents

Germ-free and conventional swine were used to study the influence of a milk diet on the development of swine dysentery in germ-free swine; the effect of a known microbial flora in gnotobiotic swine followed by conventionalization and weaning to a corn-soybean ration; and the effect of an oral inoculation of spirochete B-78 on conventional swine. Typical signs and lesions of swine dysentery were produced in germ-free swine on the milk diet when inoculated with colonic scrapings from pigs with experimental swine dysentery. Dysentery did not occur, however, in gnotobiotic swine when they were inoculated orally with Escherichia coli, lactobacillus, Vibrio coli, and clostridium in combination with the spirochete B-78, neither did it occur after the conventionalization and weaning of these animals to a corn-soybean ration. Signs and lesions of dysentery, however, developed in conventional swine after oral inoculation of the spirochete (B-78). Swine dysentery is probably a mixed infection caused by the interaction of two or more microbial agents, some of which apparently compose part of the normal intestinal flora.

scholarly journals Experimental intestinal coliform infections in mice

1962 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frances M. Ashburner ◽  
Rose Mushin
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Oral Dose ◽  
Initial Dose ◽  
Chronic Infection ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Intestinal Flora ◽  
Lower Region

A technique involving the suppression of normal intestinal flora with antibiotics, and the introduction of streptomycin-resistant coliforms was used for the study of infections in mice.It was shown thatEscherichia coli, both the enteropathogenic and normal faecal strains, tend to colonize the upper intestinal tract as well as the lower region. An oral dose of ten or less cells could produce a chronic infection. Infections were asymptomatic even with an initial dose of 109bacteria. There was no indication of growth advantages for enteropathogenic coliforms in competition with normal.

Aerobic and Anaerobic Bacteriology of Perirectal Abscess in Children

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 282-284
Author(s):  
Itzhak Brook ◽  
William J. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Chronic Disease ◽  
Anaerobic Bacteria ◽  
Oral Antibiotic ◽  
Incision And Drainage ◽  
Group A ◽  
Aerobic And Anaerobic ◽  
And Staphylococcus Aureus

Aspirates of pus from perirectal abscesses in 28 children were studied for aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. A total of 87 isolates (64 anaerobic and 23 aerobic) were recovered from the patients, an average of 2.3 anaerobes and 0.8 aerobes per specimen. Anaerobic organisms alone were recovered from 15 specimens (54%), and in nine specimens (32%) they were mixed with aerobic organisms. Aerobic organisms were recovered in pure culture in only four patients (14%). The predominant anaerobic organisms were Bacteroides sp (32 isolates, including 14 B fragilis group and seven B melaninogenicus group), Gram-positive anaerobic cocci(15), Fusobacterium sp (six), and Clostridium sp (three). The predominant aerobic organisms were Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus (six of each), group A β-hemolytic streptococci, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Proteus morganii (two of each). Five children had a serious underlying chronic disease; three of these had an accompanying bacteremia and two died. Incision and drainage were performed on all patients: some children also received parenteral, or oral antibiotic treatment, or both.

scholarly journals The 'normalization' of germ-free guineapigs with host-specific caecal microflora

1989 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Boot ◽  
J. P. Koopman ◽  
B. C. Kruijt ◽  
R. M. Lammers ◽  
H. M. Kennis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Bile Acids ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Colonization Resistance ◽  
Germ Free

Hysterectomy-derived germ-free guineapigs were given colonization-resistant caecal flora from mice (mCRF) or microflora obtained from the caecum of an antibiotic-decontaminated conventional guineapig (gpCRF) and compared with guinea pigs raised conventionally with the sow. Body weight and the following intestinal parameters were determined for the groups: colonization resistance (CR) to Escherichia coli, relative caecal weight (RCW), β-aspartylglycine (faeces), volatile fatty adds (caecum) and bile acids (faeces). mCRF guineapigs showed values quite different from control animals for CR and RCW, indicating the unsuitability of mouse CRF for normalizing guineapigs. In gpCRF guineapigs CR and RCW values were comparable with controls, indicating the suitability of the guineapig flora for normalizing guineapigs. mCRF guineapigs housed with gpCRF guinea pigs, showed an improvement in CR and RCW, yielding values found in control animals.

Colonization resistance against potentially pathogenic bacteria in hexaflora-associated gnotobiotic mice

1978 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kunwar K. Srivastava
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Enterobacter Aerogenes ◽  
Lactobacillus Brevis ◽  
Colonization Resistance ◽  
Post Challenge ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Gnotobiotic Mice ◽  
Akr Mice

A study of colonization resistance against potentially pathogenic bacteria (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) was conducted in hexaflora-associated gnotobiotic mice. Groups of germfree AKR mice were swabbed with five bacterial and a single gastrointestinal yeast species: Streptococcus faecalis, Lactobacillus brevis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterobacter aerogenes, Bacteroides fragilis var. vulgatus, and Torulopsis sp. All species became established in the gut in 8 weeks. Later these associated mice were divided and challenged by four graded doses of E. coli or P. aeruginosa. The presence of challenge organism was monitored specifically in the freshly voided fecal specimens of the challenged mice. Escherichia coli colonized the gut of each mouse at each level up to 60 days post challenge. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was completely eliminated from each mouse at each dose level after 30 days post challenge. Evidence suggests that all six species were sufficient to prevent the colonization of P. aeruginosa and not of E. coli in the gut of the gnotobiotic mice.

Bacteriology of Acute and Chronic Sphenoid Sinusitis

2002 ◽  
Vol 111 (11) ◽  
pp. 1002-1004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Itzhak Brook
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽  
Anaerobic Bacteria ◽  
Aerobic Bacteria ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Sphenoid Sinusitis ◽  
Aerobic And Anaerobic ◽  
Sphenoid Sinuses

Aspirates of 16 acutely infected and 7 chronically infected sphenoid sinuses were processed for aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. A total of 29 isolates were recovered from the 16 cases of acute sphenoid sinusitis (1.8 per specimen): 22 aerobic and facultative (1.4 per specimen), and 7 anaerobic (0.4 per specimen). Aerobic and facultative organisms alone were recovered in 10 specimens (62%), anaerobes alone were isolated in 3 (19%), and mixed aerobic and anaerobic bacteria were recovered in 3 (19%). The predominant aerobic and facultative species were Staphylococcus aureus (9 isolates), Streptococcus spp (9), and Haemophilus influenzae (2). A total of 28 isolates were recovered from the 7 cases of chronic sphenoid sinusitis (4.0 per specimen): 11 aerobic and facultative (1.6 per specimen) and 17 anaerobic (2.4 per specimen). Aerobic and facultative organisms alone were recovered in 1 instance (14%), anaerobes alone in 3 instances (43%), and mixed aerobes and anaerobes in 3 instances (43%). The predominant aerobic bacteria were gram-negative bacilli ( Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa; 1 each). The predominant anaerobes included Peptostreptococcus spp (4 isolates), Prevotella spp (5), and *** Fusobacterium spp (4). These findings illustrate the unique microbiology of acute and chronic sphenoid sinusitis.

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF THE INTESTINAL FLORA ON THE GROWTH RATE OF MICE, AND ON THEIR SUSCEPTIBILITY TO EXPERIMENTAL INFECTIONS

1960 ◽  
Vol 111 (3) ◽  
pp. 407-417 ◽  
Author(s):  
René J. Dubos ◽  
Russell W. Schaedler
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Intestinal Flora ◽  
Lethal Effect ◽  
Caesarian Section ◽  
Staphylococcal Infection ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Germ Free ◽  
Parent Colony

Mice delivered by Caesarian section were used to develop a new mouse colony which has been maintained in an environment protected from contact with common mouse pathogens, but not in the germ-free state. These mice, designated as NCS, were compared with animals of the same sex and age coming from the parent colony maintained under ordinary conditions. The NCS mice grew more rapidly than ordinary mice on complete diets; moreover, they continued to gain weight—although at a slower rate—when fed deficient diets which caused ordinary mice to stop growing, or to lose weight. The NCS mice proved much more susceptible than ordinary mice to certain experimental bacterial infections. In contrast, they were much more resistant than ordinary mice to the lethal effect of large doses of endotoxins. However, they responded to injection of minute amounts of these endotoxins by a marked increase in susceptibility to staphylococcal infection. Bacteriological studies revealed striking qualitative differences between the intestinal flora of NCS and ordinary mice. When NCS mice were contaminated—either by contact or by feeding—with a strain of Escherichia coli recovered from the intestine of ordinary mice, they acquired the characteristics of the latter animals with regard to weight gain on various diets, and to response to bacterial pathogens and endotoxins. NCS mice have been found well suited to the study of several nutritional, bacteriological, and immunological problems and it appears that their production on a large scale will not present unsurmountable difficulties.

Reduced stem cell mobilization in mice receiving antibiotic modulation of the intestinal flora: involvement of endotoxins as cofactors in mobilization

Blood ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 103 (1) ◽  
pp. 340-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerjo A. Velders ◽  
Ronald van Os ◽  
Henny Hagoort ◽  
Perry Verzaal ◽  
Henri F. L. Guiot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Binding Capacity ◽  
Anaerobic Bacteria ◽  
Intestinal Flora ◽  
Polymyxin B ◽  
Stem Cell Mobilization ◽  
Partial Restoration ◽  
Germ Free ◽  
Cell Mobilization

Abstract Since endotoxins are potent inducers of stem cell mobilization, we hypothesized that their presence in the gut may play a role in cytokine-induced mobilization. To address this possibility we added ciprofloxacin and polymyxin B to the drinking water of Balb/c mice mobilized with either interleukin-8 (IL-8), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), or flt3 ligand (FL). The yield of colony-forming units (CFUs) was significantly reduced in all mice treated with these antibiotics when compared with controls (IL-8: 192 ± 61 vs 290 ± 64, P < .05; G-CSF: 1925 ± 1216 vs 3371 ± 1214, P < .05; FL: 562 ± 213 vs 1068 ± 528, P < .05). Treatment with ciprofloxacin eliminated only aerobic Gramnegative bacteria from the feces without effect on mobilization. Polymyxin B treatment did not result in decontamination but significantly reduced the number of mobilized hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) most likely due to the endotoxin binding capacity of polymyxin B. More than 90% of the gastrointestinal flora consists of anaerobic bacteria. Elimination of the anaerobic flora by metronidazol led to a significantly reduced number of mobilized HPCs when compared with controls (IL-8: 55 ± 66 vs 538 ± 216, P < .05). Germ-free OF1 mice showed a significantly reduced mobilization compared with their wild-type controls (IL-8 controls: 378 ± 182, IL-8 germ free: 157 ± 53, P < .05). Finally, we performed reconstitution experiments adding Escherichia coli–derived endotoxins to the drinking water of decontaminated mice. This resulted in partial restoration of the IL-8–induced mobilization (67 ± 28 vs 190 ± 98.1, P <.01). Our results indicate that endotoxins serve as cofactors in cytokine-induced mobilization. Modification of the endotoxin content by antibiotic treatment may affect the yield of cytokine-induced mobilization.

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