scholarly journals Clothing for use in clean-air environments

1976 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 267-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. P. Clark ◽  
B. J. Mullan
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Clean Air ◽  
Micro Organisms ◽  
Burns Unit ◽  
Disposable Plastic

SummaryDisposable plastic two-piece suits were compared with conventional cotton suits, gowns, and plastic aprons by nurses in a burns unit. The plastic suits allowed fewer micro-organisms to be dispersed into the environment than the other garments but were less comfortable.

scholarly journals Digestion of grass lipids and pigments in the sheep rumen

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 327-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. C. Dawson ◽  
Norma Hemington
Keyword(s):  
Small Proportion ◽  
Polar Compounds ◽  
The Other ◽  
Chlorophyll Pigments ◽  
Rapid Decomposition ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Sheep Rumen ◽  
Micro Organisms

1. Digestion of grass lipids and pigments in the rumen of the sheep has been studied during starvation and following the administration of 14C-labelled grass.2. Both galactolipids contained in chloroplasts are rapidly degraded, although mono-galactosyldiglycerides disappear faster than digalactosyldiglycerides. It was concluded that rumen micro-organisms are mainly responsible for this degradation, although grass itself also contains enzymes which can degrade galactolipids.3. Rumen contents can degrade added 14C-labelled mono- and digalactosyldiglycerides in vitro at a rate sufficient to account for the disappearance of galactolipids in the intact rumen. The initial enzyme attack is probably a successive deacylation to give monogalactosylglycerol and digalactosylglycerol.4. Most of the chlorophyll pigments are rapidly converted into phaeophytins by loss of magnesium. A small proportion of chlorophyll a and more of chlorophyll b remains intact even after 24 h starvation. On the other hand, about half the phaeophytin undergoes further rapid decomposition to yield phylloerythrin.5. Although the grass phospholipids are extensively degraded, β-carotenes and many non-polar compounds, e.g. steroids, appear to undergo little change in the rumen.

205. Methods of measuring gas production

1939 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. A. Allen
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Dairy Products ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
The Other ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Cream Cheese ◽  
Closed Container ◽  
Condensed Milk ◽  
Secondary Reactions ◽  
Micro Organisms

Gas production in dairy products is a subject of considerable importance, since it is responsible for certain defects in milk, cream, cheese and occasionally condensed milk. Four groups of micro-organisms are concerned, namely, yeasts, lactic acid bacteria, coliform bacteria and spore-forming anaerobes, and of these the fixs two produce carbon dioxide only while the last two produce a mixture of carbon dioxide and hydrogen (with some anaerobes there may be methane as well). Where both gases are evolved the effectiveness of the two as regards ability to produce effervescence or to develop pressure in a closed container or in a hard-pressed substance like cheese differs by virtue of the fact that carbon dioxide is soluble in water (its solubility depending on the pressure and pH of the medium) while hydrogen is insoluble. Until the medium in which such micro-organisms are growing becomes saturated with carbon dioxide the effective gas production is therefore due to hydrogen. On the other hand, in some media the hydrogen may be involved in secondary reactions with some of the constituents while in the nascent condition and will therefore not form gas.

Terpenoid quinones and steroids in the nutrition of Oxyrrhis marina

1971 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 455-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Droop ◽  
J. F. Pennock
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factors ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
The Other ◽  
Natural Sources ◽  
Oxyrrhis Marina ◽  
Nutritional Study ◽  
Axenic Conditions ◽  
Micro Organisms ◽  
Axenic Cultivation

INTRODUCTIONOxyrrhis marina Dujardin is among the few phagotrophic micro-organisms, and the only dinoflagellate with this mode of nutrition, to have been cultivated under axenic conditions. In common with most other phagotrophs studied, Oxyrrhis had to be supplied with a natural source of lipid growth factors for axenic cultivation, lemon rind or grass extracts in this instance (Droop, 1959). The eventual replacement of these natural sources by ubiquinone (Droop & Doyle, 1966) cleared the way for the development of a completely denned culture medium for Oxyrrhis and the completion of the nutritional study, the water-soluble nutrients having been fully worked out previously (Droop, 1959). However, identification of this requirement immediately raises two questions. The answer to the first, whether ubiquinone is the only lipid required, appears to be in the negative, and the details of an additional, fairly specific, steroid requirement are presented in the second part of this paper. The other question concerns the specificity of the quinone requirement. Is the quinone merely a convenient source of the benzene ring – mammals require at least one aromatic compound in the diet – or does it act as a true growth factor, in which case the requirement would be unique and would have more than protozoological interest?

scholarly journals Protected areas: how will they contribute to third millennium challenges?

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentina Dinica
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Protected Areas ◽  
Protected Area ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Sustainable Use ◽  
The Other ◽  
Convention On Biological Diversity ◽  
Wilderness Areas ◽  
Clean Air ◽  
Area Classification

Biodiversity is valued for its intrinsic worth and for its role in generating ecosystem services, such as soil fertility, clean air, renewable bio-resources, and water quality and availability. While biodiversity outcomes are generally pursued by nations for land in various types of ownership, this article focuses on protected areas on publicly owned lands. Currently, the internationally agreed protected area classification used by the United Nation’s Convention on Biological Diversity differentiates them in terms of nature conservation objectives and ‘compatible’ human uses. This suggests that protected areas can be arranged along a spectrum of protection stringency, from reserves and wilderness areas at one end, to so-called ‘sustainable use lands’ at the other.

scholarly journals Rice seedborne infection in southern Spain

2002 ◽  
Vol 38 (SI 1 - 6th Conf EFPP 2002) ◽  
pp. S56-S59
Author(s):  
M. Aguilar ◽  
M. Castejón ◽  
M. García
Keyword(s):  
Oryza Sativa ◽  
Pyricularia Oryzae ◽  
The Other ◽  
Southern Spain ◽  
Seed Infection ◽  
Drying Process ◽  
Fusarium Sp ◽  
High Level ◽  
Micro Organisms ◽  
Infection Percentage

Rice (Oryza sativa) seeds were analysed to determine their potential transmission of pathogenic and saprophytic micro-organisms. In four and three hundred lots (stocks) of seeds, in 1998 and 1999 respectively, proceeding from mechanical drying sheds, none presence of Pyricularia oryzae was detected. It did not happen that way for Drechslera spp., whose presence was detected in 8.3% and 28% of the lots, in 1998 and 1999; within these ones the affected seed average was 1.3% in both years. Fusarium sp. appeared in 41% and 48% of the lots, in 1998 and 1999, respectively; the affected seed percentage, within these lots, oscillated between 1.7 and 2.4%. Regarding Arthrobotris sp. and Curvularia sp. the percentage of both, affected stocks and affected seed within these ones, were lower than 2%. About saprophytic micro-organisms, Alternaria appeared in 51% of the stocks in 1998, and in 38% in 1999, while Nigrospora did it in 39% and 33%. The affected seeds average per stock was about 2%. These low seed infection percentage seems a consequence of the mechanical drying process, that disables parts of the inoculum seed. On the other hand, harvested grain samples from trials established to promote the infection of Pyricularia oryzae in 1998, 1999 and 2000, showed that this pathogen was not present in any of these three years, in line with the seed results mentioned above. However, Pyricularia was present in 55% of the harvested grain samples in 2001 trial, as well as in 40% of the seeds. Seed can be a way of transmission of fungi if proceed from campaigns with a high level of inoculum in field.

Decomposition of Keratin by Soil Micro-Organisms (With One Text-figure.)

1930 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 390-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. L. Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Pure Culture ◽  
The Other ◽  
Garden Soil ◽  
Text Figure ◽  
Micro Organisms

Keratin, prepared from horn meal, was added to moist field and garden soil and allowed to decompose in the laboratory. The keratin was found to undergo a decomposition resulting in a slow, but steady accumulation of ammonia and nitrate. 35–40 per cent, of its nitrogen was transformed into nitrate after 120 days. The addition of keratin produced little or no increase in the number of bacterial colonies on agar platings, but markedly increased the number of actinomycete colonies, especially in garden soil. Two strains of actinomycetes were isolated and found capable of thriving on keratin in pure culture, decomposing the keratin with the formation of ammonia. One of the strains could be recognised asActinomyces citreusKrainsky, as described by Waksman. The other strain could not be named, but corresponded closely to the description of Waksman'sActinomyces145.

scholarly journals Analysis of Fine Dust Removal Time Using Circular Hole Electrodes of Various Sizes by Corona Discharge

Energies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1956
Author(s):  
Do-Hyun Kim ◽  
Min-Soo Kim ◽  
Muhammad Adil Khan ◽  
Hee-Je Kim
Keyword(s):  
Corona Discharge ◽  
Circular Hole ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Hole Diameter ◽  
The Other ◽  
Fine Dust ◽  
Removal Time ◽  
Air Purifier ◽  
Clean Air ◽  
Total Volatile Organic Compounds

Corona discharge technology is used widely for air purification in laboratory experiments and industry. On the other hand, corona discharge technology has the disadvantage of requiring large-sized electrodes. Therefore, research is needed to reduce the size of the electrodes. In this study, circular hole aluminum electrodes and an air purifier system were designed to reduce the size of the electrodes. Several sets of power conversions were performed to generate a corona discharge. The system consisted of a half bridge inverter, step-up transformer, and Cockcroft Walton circuit. The range of input and output voltages was 30–70 V and 20–25 kV, respectively. A corona discharge was generated by the output voltage. The system could remove smoke in less time with a combination of 13 kHz and an electrode with a hole diameter of 0.2 cm than with the other combinations. The electrode hole diameter affected the removal time of species such as hydrogen carbon hydrogen oxygen (HCHO, formaldehyde), total volatile organic compounds (TVOC), and fine dust, which was confirmed by laboratory experiments. Mathematical derivation and experiments were carried out to prove the validity of the approach; the Clean Air Delivery Rate (CADR) index was 480 μm/m3.

scholarly journals The Chemotherapy of Infectious Diseases Caused by Protozoa and Bacteria

1936 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 313-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Hörlein
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
The Other ◽  
Virus Diseases ◽  
Pathogenic Organism ◽  
New Class ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Synthetic Drug ◽  
Micro Organisms ◽  
Active Substances

The possibility of combating infectious diseases with chemotherapeutically active substances depends to a large extent on the structure of the pathogenic organism. Apart from the cure of contagious pleuro-pneumonia in horses with neosalvarsan, we have, as yet, no chemotherapeutic substance which is active in virus diseases. The position is scarcely better when we turn to bacterial infections due to cocci and bacilli. These two types of infective organisms occupy the lowest level in the scale of micro-organisms. On the other hand, the spirochætes, which also belong to the bacteria group, and, still more so, those causal organisms belonging to the protozoa, represent relatively highly differentiated species, and the more highly developed a pathogenic organism is, the more points for attack it appears to offer to the action of chemotherapeutic substances. It is, therefore, not to be wondered at that the best results with chemotherapeutically active substances have been obtained in spirochætal diseases (syphilis, relapsing fever, frambœsia, etc.), and above all, in protozoal diseases. There is scarcely a protozoal disease of man which cannot be cured nowadays by early treatment with the appropriate synthetic drug. (Sleeping sickness, malaria, amœbic dysentery, leishmaniasis.) Epizootics resembling human diseases, as for example, trypanoses, are also relatively easily dealt with by the same drugs as have been found of value in the treatment of disease in man. On the other hand, there has been a lack of success, up to the present, in the treatment of those diseases of animals which are not generally related to the tropical diseases of man. The most important of these epizootics are the piroplasmoses, which are caused by babesiæ and theileriæ and which are found, not only in tropical and subtropical regions, but also in temperate zones. In this paper the discovery of a new remedy against piroplasmosis will be reported (acaprin). Further, advice will be given of a new class of substances, which have an actual chemotherapeutic action in streptococcal infections (prontosil, prontosil S), so that one can hope to be able in the future also to attack bacterial infections due to cocci chemotherapeutically.

A Technique for Obtaining Axenic Cultures of Rhabditid Nematodes

1957 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 135-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. L. Nicholas ◽  
M. G. McEntegart
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
The Other ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Bacteriological Culture ◽  
Axenic Cultures ◽  
The Dead ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Gravid Females ◽  
Micro Organisms

Two methods of setting up axenic cultures of several species of Rhabditinae are described. Both methods depend on the killing and superficial sterilisation of gravid females with a chemcal steriliising agent, and their transferance to an innocuous medium containing antibiotics. The young worms which hatch from the eggs contained in the dead female worms are then collected aseptically. In one method merthiolate is used as a sterilising agent and in the other hydrogen peroxide.The effectiveness of both methods in freeing the young worms from contaminating micro-organisms has been evaluated by inoculating standard bacteriological culture media with the worms.Starting with such young worms, bacteria-free cultures have been set up using media previously described by Dougherty and his coworkers for the cultivation of free-living nematodes.

Perforation von Handschuhen in der Gefäßchirurgie: ein Vergleich zwischen einfachen und doppelten Handschuhen

VASA ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 122-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Aarnio ◽  
T. Laine
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Perforation Rate ◽  
Bloodborne Pathogens ◽  
Glove Perforation ◽  
Left Hand ◽  
Water Leak ◽  
Single Use ◽  
Indication System ◽  
Micro Organisms ◽  
Surgical Operations

Background: In surgery intact gloves act as a sterile barrier between surgeon and patient. The impermeable gloves protect the surgeon from bloodborne pathogens such as HIV, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C. On the other hand, the surgical wound is protected from micro-organisms from the skin of the surgeon. One objective of this study was to compare puncture rates between the double gloving color indication system and single-use gloves and the other to determine the extent to which glove perforations remain undetected during the course of vascular surgical operations. Patients and methods: The study material comprised all gloves used in vascular surgical operations at Satakunta Central Hospital for a period of two months. The analysis was made by the glove type in a prospective and randomised manner. Gloves were tested immediately after the surgical procedure using the approved standardized water-leak method. With this method the glove is filled with water using a special filling tube, and the water-filled glove is then checked for two minutes to detect any holes. The gloves used in this study were either double gloves with indicator, or the standard glove used at our hospital. Results: In 73 operations altogether 200 gloves were tested, half of them were double gloves and half were single gloves. The perforation occurred in the double gloves 3 times and with single gloves 12 times. The overall perforation rate was 15 out of 200 gloves (7.5%). The detection of perforation during surgery was 60%. Most frequently the perforation was located in the second finger of the left hand, 9 out of 15 perforations. Conclusion: In view of the critical importance of safety at work both transmitting the pathogens from the skin of the surgeon to the wound and transmitting the bloodborne pathogens from the patient to the surgeon, it is very important to use double gloving at least in operations where there is a high risk of glove perforation.

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