Modeling of A LDR Based Liquid Level Detecting Device Using Power Function

All vehicles require liquid to move from one point to the other; and it is necessary for the driver of the vehicle to ascertain the volume (level) of the liquid in the tank before setting out on a journey, hence the need to know the level of the liquid in the tank. This paper therefore presents modeling and simulation of a sensory device, which evaluates the volume VLQD of any type of liquid in any type of a closed container that has a cross-sectional area A (m2) and height h (m). The main attraction of the approach is that it does not get in touch with the liquid, its simplicity and lower cost. The aim is achieved by using a sensor, Light Dependent Resistor (LDR); which operates on a principle which states that the voltage ELUX in Volts across a LDR is a function of luminance it receives from a light source, Light Emitting Diode (LED). This principle and a power function developed using experimental data were used to model VLQD; which reveals that VLQD in litres is a function of ELUX in Volts. The model of VLQD was simulated for the sake of validation in the Proteus 8.9 professional environment. The results obtained revealed that the proposed model correctly indicated the VLQD in litres in a closed container that its A (m2) and h (m) are known and specified in the model.

Responses of Pigs to Stunning with Nitrogen Filled High-Expansion Foam

Nitrogen gas (N2) delivered in high expansion foam in a closed container could be a feasible method for humanely stunning pigs. This study aimed to evaluate potential aversion in pigs to the N2 foam method and its effect on stun quality. Furthermore, the study aimed to assess potential aversion to the foam itself. Sixty pigs (27.8 ± 4.4 kg) were divided into three treatments and were exposed to either N2-filled foam, air-filled foam, or no foam air. The N2 foam was effective at purging the air from the container and quickly created stable anoxic conditions. The pigs did not show any strong aversive behaviours when exposed to foam. However, they seemed to avoid putting their heads and snouts into the foam when foam levels became high. Escape attempts through the lid also increased when the foam started covering their heads. The mean time to loss of posture was 57.9 s. Based on the results, stunning with the N2 foam technique could be a viable alternative to high concentration CO2 stunning and potentially lead to improved animal welfare at slaughter.

Influence of Boric Acid Solution and Gamma Irradiation on Selective Sorbents

We tested stability of 43 selective sorbents, covering the widest range of functional groups, efficiency of sorption, method of production, and which are theoretically useful for sorption of cesium, strontium, cobalt, arsenic and actinoids. We present 3 of them: A = TiO2, B = Al2O3 and C = MxH(TiO)4(SiO4)3 . z H2O. In first testing, sorbents were exposed to the model solution of boric acid for 168 hours, in which they were mixed in a closed container with a rotator. After the exposure, sorbent solutions were filtered and analysed by spectroscopic techniques (Infrared Spectroscopy (IR), Raman Spectroscopy (RS) and newly by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), combined with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS)). Exposed spectra were compared with spectra of new, non-exposed sorbents. In second testing, sorbents were exposed to gamma radiation for 12 days with total dose 666 ± 43 kGy, produced by cobalt bomb and analysed by same techniques. The aim of our testing was to find out how sorbents behave in model boric acid solution and what effect has the gamma radiation on sorbent spectra and to analyse sorbents by SEM with EDX.

PENGOLAHAN LIMBAH CAIR TAHU MENJADI PUPUK ORGANIK CAIR DI LOMBOK TENGAH NTB

ABSTRAKPembuatan tahu menghasilkan volume limbah yang cukup banyak terutama limbah cairnya. Limbah cair tahu ini mengandung protein tinggi yang mudah terurai dengan cepat. Cairan ini apabila dibuang ke lingkungan tanpa dilakukan pengolahan terlebih dahulu dapat menyebabkan bau busuk dan suasana yang tidak enak. Maka dari itu tujuan kegiatan pengabdian ini untuk mengolah limbah cair tahu menjadi pupuk organik dengan cara fermentasi. Proses fermentasi membutuhkan waktu selama 14 hari dengan tambahan EM4, air kelapa, gula putih, dan air secukupnya. Semua bahan dicampur dan diaduk merata kemudian dimasukkan ke dalam wadah tertutup. Setelah dua minggu pupuk organik cair sudah dapat dimanfaatkan untuk pemupukan tanaman oleh masyarakat di desa Mertak Tombok Kabupaten Lombok Tengah. Kegiatan ini melibatkan 15 orang mahasiswa KKN dan 12 orang masyarakat dikumpulkan dalam satu ruang siap menerima materi dan penjelasan. Bentuk evaluasi dilakukan secara berkala dengan melakukan kunjungan, memantau secara langsung proses fermentasi; dan pemanfaatan produk pupuk cair ini secara terbatas.Kata kunci: limbah cair tahu; fermentasi; pupuk organik cair. ABSTRACTMaking tofu produces a large volume of waste, especially liquid waste. Tofu liquid waste contains high protein which is easily broken down quickly. If this liquid is disposed of into the environment without treatment it can cause a bad smell and an unpleasant atmosphere. Therefore, the aim of this service is to process the tofu liquid waste into organic fertilizer by means of fermentation.The fermentation process takes 14 days with the addition of EM4, coconut water, white sugar, and enough water. All ingredients are mixed and stirred evenly then put in a closed container. After two weeks, the liquid organic fertilizer can be used for fertilizing plants by the community in Mertak Tombok village, Central Lombok Regency. This activity involved 15 KKN students and 12 community members gathered in one room ready to receive material and explanations. This form of evaluation is carried out periodically by conducting visits, directly monitoring the fermentation process; and limited use of this liquid fertilizer product. Keywords: Tofu liquid waste, fermentation, liquid organic fertilizer.

Protective behavior of volatile corrosion inhibitor on atmospheric corrosion process of carbon steel under thin electrolyte liquid film of chloride solutions

The corrosion process of carbon steel and corrosion resistance behavior of volatile corrosion inhibitor (VCI) under thin electrolyte liquid film containing chloride was investigated by electrochemical measurements and surface characterization. Results indicated that composite VCI was composed of sodium molybdate and sodium benzoate, and exhibited higher corrosion resistance in 3.5% NaCl solution compared with absence of VCI. The corrosion current density obviously decreased with presence of VCI, and the synergies between binary components increased the corrosion inhibiting rate on carbon steel to up to 90%. The corrosion current density of carbon steel increased with increased temperature after volatilization of VCI. A closed container was carried out to mimic atmospheric corrosion condition, and its vapor corrosion inhibition property was evaluated in this closed container. Results showed that the VCI acted as an inhibitor by suppressing anodic dissolution and metallic ion transfer through the formation of protective film. It was also observed that the variation of carbon steel surface with volatilization of VCI was assessed by atomic force microscope (AFM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The anodic process for carbon steel without VCI affected the corrosion rate due to accumulation of corrosion products, while the morphology of carbon steel was hardly changed with volatilization of VCI. The results showed that the VCI volatilized to the surface and form to protect film. VCI was automatically volatilized into gas, which protected steel from corrosion. This composite VCI can then be applied as a significant corrosion inhibition method.

Experimental research on the cook-off energy release of Al/PTFE mixed powder in closed container

To evaluate the reactive energy release of the Al/Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) mixed powder (Al and PTFE with a mass percentage of 26.5%/73.5%). Based on the traditional formula, three kinds of Al/PTFE test samples with different dosages (4, 6.5, and 9 g) were mixed. By using the self-designed airtight container, and combining with the overpressure sensor, the transient optical fiber pyrometer, and the infrared thermography. The overpressure , the visible light radiation temperature in the closed container, and the infrared light radiant temperature of the container’s outer wall have been obtained by real-time measurements during the process of cooking off, and the reaction products are analyzed by X-ray energy spectrum (EDS) and X- ray diffraction (XRD). The experimental results show that most of the solid products of Al/PTFE powder in the closed container are AlF3 and a small number of intermediate carbon compositions. The released energy during the firing process of the active material Al/PTFE increases with the increase of the mixing amount; The bake-off energy of active material Al/PTFE mixture per unit mass in a closed container is about 10.2 kJ/g, and when the oxygen content in the closed container is sufficient, active material Al/PTFE per unit mass releases more energy.