Antibody capture radioimmunoassay (MACRIA) for coxsackievirus B4 and B5-specific IgM

SUMMARYAn antibody capture radioimmunoassay was established for the detection of coxsackievirus B4 and B5-specific IgM. A significant feature of the assay was the use of an unrefined coxsackievirus B (CBV) antigen. The antigen was prepared by freeze thawing, ultrasonication and low speed centrifugation of infected Vero cells with no purification or concentration of the antigen being performed. Results of sera tested were expressed as a serum ratio (SR) by comparison with a low positive control serum. To establish an SR indicating positivity in the assays, 100 antenatal sera collected in late February were tested. The mean SR was calculated and the mean plus three standard deviations was taken as the minimum SR indicating positivity. Although resulting in a relatively insensitive assay, such a value was required to exclude sera giving a low level of reactivity which may be due to residual enterovirus-specific IgM resulting from a remote infection.The homologous CBV-IgM assay was positive in four cases of CBV4 infection and six cases of CBV5 infection. For the CBV4 IgM assay, ten of 20 (50%) sera from infections with CBV other than CBV4 were positive and nine of the 13(69%) sera from infections with echoviruses or coxsackieviruses A were positive. Five of 18 (27%) sera with an elevated CBV neutralization titre were positive in the CBV4-IgM assay. For the CB5-IgM assay seven of 18(39%) sera from infections with CBV other than CBV5 were positive and nine of 13 (69%) sera from infections with echoviruses or coxsackieviruses A were positive. The nine sera that were positive from this group in the CBV5-IgM assay were the same nine as were positive in the CBV4-IgM assay. Two of the 18(11%) sera with an elevated CBV neutralization titre were positive in the CBV5-IgM assay. These two sera were also positive in the CBV4-IgM assay and had an elevated monotypic CBV4 neutralization titre. None of the sera giving positive results gave significant reactivity when tested with control antigen. Twelve rheumatoid factor containing sera and 46 sera from other infections were negative in both assays. Of 24 sera from confirmed CBV infection, seven gave a positive monotypic CBV4 or 5-IgM response, ten were positive in both assays and seven were negative in both assays. The positive results seen with sera from cases of heterologous enterovirus infection may result from an anamnestic IgM response or, more likely, IgM directed against enterovirus cross-reacting antigens. The absence of homologous neutralizing antibody at a dilution of 1:20 in nine of 20 sera that gave a positive CBV-IgM result and the presence of positive results for CBV4 and 5-IgM in a 14 month old infant who had echovirus 7 infection indicates that the IgM need not be directed against neutralizing antigens.Thus the CBV4 and 5-IgM assays developed appeared to be specific for an enterovirus infection but because of the cross-reactivity were not type-specific or group-specific.

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Macrolide-Resistant and Macrolide-Sensitive Mycoplasma pneumoniae Pneumonia in Children Treated Using Early Corticosteroids

Journal of Clinical Medicine ◽

10.3390/jcm10061309 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (6) ◽

pp. 1309

Author(s):

Hye Young Han ◽

Ki Cheol Park ◽

Eun-Ae Yang ◽

Kyung-Yil Lee

Keyword(s):

Mycoplasma Pneumoniae ◽

Serological Test ◽

Corticosteroid Treatment ◽

23S Rrna ◽

Laboratory Parameters ◽

The Mean ◽

Domain V ◽

Positive Results ◽

Mycoplasma Pneumoniae Pneumonia

We have found that early corticosteroid therapy was effective for reducing morbidity during five Korea-wide epidemics. We evaluated the clinical and laboratory parameters of 56 children who received early corticosteroid treatment for pneumonia that was caused by macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae (M. pneumoniae) or macrolide-sensitive M. pneumoniae between July 2019 and February 2020. All subjects had dual positive results from a PCR assay and serological test, and received corticosteroids within 24–36 h after admission. Point mutation of residues 2063, 2064, and 2067 was identified in domain V of 23S rRNA. The mean age was 6.8 years and the male:female ratio was 1.2:1 (31:25 patients). Most of the subjects had macrolide-resistant M. pneumoniae (73%), and all mutated strains had the A2063G transition. No significant differences in clinical and laboratory parameters were observed between macrolide-resistant and macrolide-sensitive M. pneumoniae groups that were treated with early dose-adjusted corticosteroids. Higher-dose steroid treatment may be needed for patients who have fever that persists for >48 h or increased biomarkers such as lactate dehydrogenase concentration at follow-up despite a usual dose of steroid therapy.

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Study of the Immunological Status of Iraqi Vitiligo Patients

Baghdad Science Journal ◽

10.21123/bsj.13.3.454-462 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 454-462

Author(s):

Baghdad Science Journal

Keyword(s):

Potential Role ◽

Immunoglobulin E ◽

Ultraviolet B ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Control Serum ◽

Healthy Control ◽

The Mean ◽

Age Range ◽

Apparently Healthy

Vitiligo is an acquired idiopathic skin disorder characterized by depigmented macules due to loss of cutaneous melanocytes. A potential role of the immune dysfunction has been suggested in vitiligo, so to test this hypothesis, certain cytokines (IL-17A and TNF-?) and immunoglobulins (IgM, IgG, IgA and total IgE) were investigated in all participants. The study included: 60 patients with age range between (6-55) year; 30(11 males and 19 females) were untreated and 30(12 males and 18 females) were treated with Narrow Band Ultraviolet-B (NB-UVB) and 30 (14 males and 16 females) apparently healthy control. Serum was separated and cytokines (IL-17A and TNF-?) and total immunoglobulin E (IgE) were detected by using Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA); while immunoglobulins (IgM, IgG and IgA) were detected by using Single Radial Immunodiffusion (SRID) method. The results showed that the mean levels of serum IL-17A and TNF-? in both untreated and NB-UVB treated vitiligo patients were increased significantly (p ? 0.05) as compared with healthy control. The mean levels of serum IgG and IgA in untreated vitiligo patients showed non significant decreased (P

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Sensitive fluorometry of heat-stable alkaline phosphatase (Regan enzyme) activity in serum from smokers and nonsmokers.

Clinical Chemistry ◽

10.1093/clinchem/29.2.260 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 29 (2) ◽

pp. 260-263 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

W C Maslow ◽

H A Muensch ◽

F Azama ◽

A S Schneider

Keyword(s):

Alkaline Phosphatase ◽

Normal Limit ◽

Heat Stability ◽

Cross Reactivity ◽

Fluorogenic Substrate ◽

Normal Range ◽

Heat Stable ◽

Normal Individuals ◽

Naphthoic Acid ◽

The Mean

Abstract We developed a simple, sensitive enzymatic assay involving the fluorogenic substrate naphthol AS-MX phosphate [(3-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid 2,4-dimethylanilide) phosphate] to measure heat-stable alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1), the Regan isoenzyme, in human serum. The day-to-day CV was 5.7% for a serum activity of 0.080 arbitrary units/L. Measurable amounts of enzyme were detected in most normal individuals. The mean for 51 nonsmokers was 0.068 (SD 0.037) arb. units/L; for 25 smokers it was 0.440 (SD 0.360) arb. units/L. Activity of this isoenzyme in smokers was as much as 10-fold the upper normal limit for nonsmokers. Activation of this tumor marker by smoking has not received attention hitherto. We conclude that a truly normal range can only be established among nonsmokers. The isoenzymes in smokers, nonsmokers, and pregnant women were similar in their heat stability, immunologic cross reactivity, and inhibition by L-phenylalanine.

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Immunoadsorption assay for bone alkaline phosphatase compared with wheat germ agglutinin precipitation assay in serum from (pre)pubertal girls

Clinical Chemistry ◽

10.1093/clinchem/42.12.1970 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 42 (12) ◽

pp. 1970-1974 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

A A Bouman ◽

C M de Ridder ◽

J H Nijhof ◽

J C Netelenbos ◽

H A Delemarre-vd Waal

Keyword(s):

Alkaline Phosphatase ◽

Correlation Coefficient ◽

Wheat Germ Agglutinin ◽

Wheat Germ ◽

Bone Alkaline Phosphatase ◽

Cross Reactivity ◽

Reference Ranges ◽

Correlation Studies ◽

Deming Regression ◽

The Mean

Abstract The performance characteristics of two bone alkaline phosphatase (ALP; EC 3.1.3.1) assays, a wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) precipitation assay and a new immunoadsorption assay (IAA), were compared. The within- and between-run imprecision of the IAA (3.6-4.2% and 3.6-7.7%) was comparable with that of the WGA assay. The mean cross-reactivity with liver ALP appeared to be 4% in the WGA assay and 11% in the IAA. The reference ranges in a group of 155 healthy Caucasian (pre)pubertal schoolgirls were: 149-401 U/L (total ALP, 30 degrees C), 105-349 U/L (bone ALP, 30 degrees C, WGA assay), and 58-205 U/L (bone ALP, 25 degrees C, IAA). Comparison of the WGA assay (x) with the IAA (y) demonstrated a correlation coefficient of 0.95 [Deming regression equation: y = (0.56 +/- 0.01)x + (2.0 +/- 1.5); Sy[symbol: see text]x = 5.3 U/L]. Correlation studies of the WGA assay and the IAA results with total ALP demonstrated r = 0.98 and 0.96, respectively.

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Rubella-specific IgM reactivity in sera from cases of infectious mononucleosis

Journal of Hygiene ◽

10.1017/s0022172400029041 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 90 (3) ◽

pp. 407-413 ◽

Cited By ~ 54

Author(s):

P. Morgan-Capner ◽

R. S. Tedder ◽

J. E. Mace

Keyword(s):

Infectious Mononucleosis ◽

Rubella Virus ◽

Solid Phase ◽

Igm Antibody ◽

Negative Results ◽

Solid Phase Immunoassay ◽

Antibody Capture ◽

Positive Results

SUMMARYEight sera from 125 cases of infectious mononucleosis (IM) were reactive for rubella-specific IgM in an M-antibody capture radioimmunoassay. The reactivity of individual sera varied depending upon the source of the rubella antigen used in the assay. One serum gave strongly positive results with some rubella haemagglutinating antigens but negative results with others and may have contained an IgM antibody which was capable of distinguishing between strains of rubella virus.If the diagnosis of rubella is based solely on detection in solid-phase immunoassay of rubella-specific IgM, IM should be excluded.

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68. The Occurrence of Coliform Bacteria in Milk

Journal of Dairy Research ◽

10.1017/s0022029900000881 ◽

1933 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 15-28 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

J. F. Malcolm

Keyword(s):

Seasonal Variation ◽

Atmospheric Temperature ◽

Coliform Bacteria ◽

Cow’S Milk ◽

Negative Results ◽

Early Autumn ◽

The Mean ◽

Bacterial Content ◽

Positive Results ◽

Better Than

1. Of 21,569 samples of mixed cow's milk taken under fair conditions of cleanliness and examined by means of the coliform test, 48·3 per cent, gave negative results with 1/10, 1/100 and 1/1000 c.c. amounts; 21–4 per cent, gave positive results with only 1/10 c.c.; 14·0 per cent, gave positive results with only 1/10 and 1/100 c.c.; and 16·3 per cent, gave positive results with 1/10, 1/100 and 1/1000 c.c. It is probable that these results are better than those generally obtained.2. The proportion of coliform-positive samples was much higher in summer and early autumn than during the winter and spring. This seasonal variation was largely due to atmospheric temperature, there being a well-marked direct correlation between the proportion of coliform-positive samples and the mean of the minimum and maximum atmospheric temperatures.3. Of 21,857 samples examined, 10,458 were coliform negative and had an average bacterial content of 25,294 per c.c; 11,399 were coliform positive and had an average bacterial content of 160,577 per c.c. The coliform-positive samples contained on an average 6·3 times as many bacteria as the coliform negative.

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The Effectiveness of a Cognitive-Behavioral Counseling Program in Modifying the Negative Behavior Among Students of Aqabat Jaber School Camp in the Governorate of Jericho

World Journal of Education ◽

10.5430/wje.v9n3p105 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 105

Author(s):

Kamal A. Salameh

Keyword(s):

Male Students ◽

Negative Behavior ◽

Counseling Program ◽

Behavioral Counseling ◽

The Mean ◽

Semi Empirical ◽

And Control ◽

Purposive Sample ◽

Experimental Group ◽

Positive Results

The objective of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of a counseling program in modifying the negativebehavior of male students aged 11-15 years. The researcher used the semi-empirical approach with twomeasurements, pre and posttest measurements. A purposive sample of 52 students was selected and divided into twogroups, experimental and control groups. Each group comprised a number of 26 male students respectively. Theresearcher developed the behavioral modification and counseling program questionnaire.The study showed that there were statistically significant differences in reducing the level of negative behavior in theexperimental group attributed to the counseling program. The experimental group mean reached a score of 87.08 andthe control group’s mean was 227. The results also indicated that the experimental group has a statisticallysignificant difference for the minimum permissible level of negative behavior (110), where the mean for negativebehavior reached 87.08, a decrease of 22.92. The effect of the independent factor on the dependent factor wassignificant, given that the d-value was 2.07, which is greater than the value 0.8. The study recommended for thegroup counseling program to be employed and circulated due to its positive results in modifying behavior.

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Effect of antibody specificity on results of selected digoxin immunoassays among various clinical groups

Clinical Chemistry ◽

10.1093/clinchem/42.3.373 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 42 (3) ◽

pp. 373-379 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

P Datta ◽

L Xu ◽

S Malik ◽

D Landicho ◽

L Ferreri ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cardiac Surgery ◽

Liver Failure ◽

Cross Reactivity ◽

Antibody Specificity ◽

Significant Interference ◽

Free Serum ◽

Drug Free ◽

Digitoxin Metabolites ◽

Positive Results ◽

Digoxin Metabolites

Abstract We examined the specificity of three automated digoxin immunoassays (Abbott TDxFLx Digoxin II assay, Baxter-Dade Stratus II Digoxin assay, and Ciba Corning ACS Digoxin assay) applied without modification to (a) sera from 229 digoxin-free patients in 12 cohorts associated with nonspecific or endogenous digoxin-like immunoreactive factor (DLIF) interference, and (b) drug-free serum supplemented with the major metabolites and analogs of digoxin. We observed three patterns of apparent digoxin results among the DLIF samples: one common to kidney and liver failure patients, where TDx and Stratus assays showed significant positive results; one common to newborns and cord blood, where only the TDx assay had significant interference; and one from cardiac surgery patients, where the Stratus assay alone showed interference. Of the three assays, the ACS had the least interference from DLIF. The assays also behaved differently with respect to cross-reactivity with digoxin metabolites, digitoxin, and digitoxin metabolites. The ACS assay again had the least analog or metabolite cross-reactivity. The three methods agreed well on digoxin-positive specimens, with a mean bias of <0.15 microgram/L digoxin for each and discrepancies (defined as >3 SD between the assay pairs compared) of only 3-5%.

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An Investigation of Collegiate Students’ Motivation and Its Impact on Attitude for Learning English as a Second Language at Government Degree College Mehar

Education and Linguistics Research ◽

10.5296/elr.v5i2.15010 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 41

Author(s):

Mumtaz Ali Khokhar ◽

Shoukat Ali Lohar

Keyword(s):

Second Language ◽

English Language ◽

Parental Influence ◽

Item Number ◽

Parental Encouragement ◽

Quantitative Design ◽

The Mean ◽

Instrumental Motivation ◽

Positive Results ◽

Learning English

Motivation is a great stimuli for learning (Schmid, Palminteri, Lafargue, & Pessiglione, 2010) and learning a second language involves integrative and instrumental motivation (Curral & Marques- Quenterio, 2009). Influences of motivation in interior Sindh, Pakistan, speak volumes of factors. This study investigates the motivation of collegiate students at Government Degree College Mehar for learning English as a second language. Furthermore, to know the factors instrumental or integrative that motivated students for learning English language, the quantitative design was employed to conduct the research. The questionnaire encompasses 20 close ended items which were adapted from Gardener’s AMTB. The questionnaire is based on 5 point Likert scale, and the data were collected from 180 participants at Government Degree College Mehar. Data were analyzed through SPSS. The findings reveal that highest mean of the item number (1) is (4.73) and it reflects participants are instrumentally motivated whereas they are less integrative motivated. The parental influence has also shown positive results. As it is evident from the item number (11) that excelled in mean of the above item as (4.21). The parental encouragement has boosted the interest as well as confidence of the children for learning English language. The students’ over all attitude for learning English language is found greater in the mean item number (9) as (4.42) which all support that instrumental motivation plays major role for learning English at Government Degree College Mehar. The study recommends that functional and practical courses should be added in syllabi to enable students to achieve their instrumental aim and objectives.

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Occurrence of Mycotoxins in Winter Rye Varieties Cultivated in Poland (2017–2019)

Toxins ◽

10.3390/toxins12060423 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (6) ◽

pp. 423

Author(s):

Robert Kosicki ◽

Magdalena Twarużek ◽

Paweł Dopierała ◽

Bartosz Rudzki ◽

Jan Grajewski

Keyword(s):

High Frequency ◽

Growing Season ◽

Winter Rye ◽

Fusarium Mycotoxins ◽

Growing Seasons ◽

Great Economic Importance ◽

Secale Cereale L ◽

Food And Feed ◽

The Mean ◽

Positive Results

Rye (Secale cereale L.) is one of the most important cereals and is used in both the food and feed industries. It is produced mainly in a belt extending from Russia through Poland to Germany. Despite the great economic importance of this cereal, there is little research on rye contamination with mycotoxins. In this study, the occurrence of Fusarium mycotoxins (deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol, monoacetoxyscirpenol, diacetoxyscirpenol, T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, and zearalenone), as well as ochratoxin A, in 60 winter rye samples of four varieties (KWS Binntto, KWS Serafino, Dańkowskie Granat and Farm Saved Seed) cultivated in three consecutive growing seasons in five different regions of Poland was determined using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry and fluorescence detection. Deoxynivalenol, T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, and zearalenone had the highest occurrence in samples (90%, 63%, 57%, and 45% positive results, respectively). The mean concentrations of these analytes were 28.8 µg/kg (maximum 354.1 µg/kg), 0.98 µg/kg (maximum 6.63 µg/kg), 2.98 µg/kg (maximum 29.8 µg/kg), and 0.69 µg/kg (maximum 10.2 µg/kg), respectively. The mean concentrations for individual mycotoxins were highest in the 2016/2017 growing season. In the 2016/2017 growing season, at least two mycotoxins were detected in 95% of the samples, while in the 2018/2019 growing season, 70% of samples contained one or no mycotoxins. The frequencies of mycotoxin occurrence in different rye varieties were similar. Although a high frequency of mycotoxin occurrence was noted (especially deoxynivalenol), their concentrations were low, and none of the analyzed rye samples exceeded the maximum acceptable mycotoxin level set by the European Commission.

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