scholarly journals An outbreak of human infection due to Salmonella typhi-murium, phage type 4, associated with the use of unpasteurized liquid egg

1963 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 323-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Essex-Cater ◽  
D. M. Jones ◽  
F. Swindell
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Phage Type ◽  
Food Poisoning ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Salmonella Infection ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Small Producer ◽  
The City ◽  
Frequent Presence

During 1962, twenty-seven food poisoning incidents due to Salmonella typhimurium, phage type 4, comprising thirty-two cases and twelve symptomless excreters, occurred in the south-east Lancashire conurbation. The source of infection was a single small producer of English liquid egg. Pasteurization of the product coincided with the end of the outbreak. The cases were sporadic in distribution. Investigation of previous incidents due to this phage type in the City of Manchester pointed to egg from the same producer. As a result an investigation was made into the amount and source of unpasteurized egg in use in the city. This revealed the frequent presence of salmonella infection and demonstrated the need for pasteurization of liquid egg before use.

scholarly journals An outbreak of food poisoning caused by Salmonella typhi-murium, phage-type 12, probably spread by infected meat

1963 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 419-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. S. Harvey ◽  
T. H. Price ◽  
W. Bate ◽  
D. R. Allen
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Technical Assistance ◽  
Phage Type ◽  
Food Poisoning ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Phage Typing ◽  
Public Health Laboratory ◽  
Reference Laboratory ◽  
The Public ◽  
Infected Meat

An outbreak of food poisoning caused by Salmonella typhi-murium, phage-type 12, in which 122 persons were infected, is described.Isolation of the same organism from the drains of two large abattoirs, from pig faeces at one abattoir, and from the floor drains of fifteen out of fifty-four butchers' shops and bakehouses examined, together with records showing that this organism had been recently isolated from pigs and cattle in the neighbourhood, suggested that meat was the vehicle of infection.We are indebted to Dr E. S. Anderson and the staff of the Central Enteric Reference Laboratory and Bureau, Colindale, for phage-typing the cultures of S. typhi-murium.We should like to thank Prof. Scott Thomson for his encouragement and advice in the preparation of this paper and Mr J. Morgan and Mr B. M. Jones of the Public Health Laboratory, Cardiff, for their technical assistance.

scholarly journals Salmonellae in sewage sludge and abattoir effluent in South-east Scotland

1985 ◽  
Vol 94 (3) ◽  
pp. 301-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. A. Linklater ◽  
Margaret M. Graham ◽  
J. C. M. Sharp
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Phage Type ◽  
Background Level ◽  
Animal Population ◽  
Salmonella Infection ◽  
Recommended Guidelines

SUMMARYA survey into the prevalence of salmonella organisms in sewage in the Borders Region of South-east Scotland is described. A total of 317 isolates representing 34 different serotypes were made, of which only 5 serotypes appeared in animals, supporting the view that the spreading of sewage sludge on to pastureland presents little risk to livestock provided the recommended guidelines are followed. Nevertheless, Salmonella typhimurium phage type 12, identified in sewage, was also recovered from animals in incidents on 11 farms, including 4 which had received sludge from this source. A further 48 isolates (13 serotypes) were obtained from the parallel monitoring of abattoir effluents, indicating that the background level of salmonella infection in the animal population appears to be low in comparison to that in humans.

scholarly journals Epidemiology and control of an outbreak of typhoid in a psychiatric institution

1992 ◽  
Vol 108 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. T. Goh ◽  
S. H. Teo ◽  
L. Tay ◽  
E. H. A. Monteiro
Keyword(s):  
Phage Type ◽  
High Standard ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Typhoid Vaccine ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Psychiatric Institution ◽  
Mass Immunization ◽  
Contaminated Food ◽  
Clinical Illness ◽  
And Control

SUMMARYAn outbreak of typhoid caused by Salmonella typhi of the same Vi-phage type (D1) and of the same antibiogram was reported in a large psychiatric institution in Singapore. A total of 95 (4·8%) of the 1965 inmates were infected, 47 with symptoms and 48 asymptomatic. Transmission was through close person-to-person contact and not through contaminated food or water. The source of infection could not be established. The outbreak was brought under control by maintaining a high standard of environmental sanitation, active search for fever and diarrhoeal cases, identification of asymptomatic cases by rectal swabbing, and isolation of those found to be infected. Mass immunization with two doses of heat-phenol inactivated typhoid vaccine was also carried out concurrently. The vaccine was found to have an efficacy of 65·8% in preventing clinical illness.

scholarly journals Salmonella typhimuriumphage type 141 infections in Sheffield during 1984 and 1985: association with hens' eggs

1988 ◽  
Vol 101 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. Chapman ◽  
P. Rhodes ◽  
Wendy Rylands
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Phage Type ◽  
Food Poisoning ◽  
Causative Role ◽  
Sudden Increase ◽  
Laboratory Investigations

SUMMARYFood poisoning due toSalmonella typhimuriumphage type 141 was unusual inthe Sheffield area before 1984. The sudden increase in incidence of this phage type during 1984 and 1985, and its causative role in several small outbreaks in this period have been investigated. Epidemiological and laboratory investigations suggested that hens' eggs were the most likely source ofS. typhimuriumphage type 141.

scholarly journals Salmonella isolated from humans, animals and other sources in Canada, 1983–92

1997 ◽  
Vol 119 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. KHAKHRIA ◽  
D. WOODWARD ◽  
W. M. JOHNSON ◽  
C. POPPE
Keyword(s):  
Phage Type ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Downward Trend ◽  
The Third ◽  
Bacteriophage Typing ◽  
Review Period ◽  
Contaminated Food ◽  
Salmonella Serovars

A total of 89760 human and 22551 non-human isolates of salmonella were serotyped in Canada during the period 1983–92. There were 2180 reported outbreaks associated with 10065 cases during the 10-year period. The most common salmonella serovars isolated from human and non-human sources were S. typhimurium and S. hadar. The third and fourth most common serovars from human sources were S. enteritidis and S. heidelberg, respectively, and from non-human sources they were S. heidelberg and S. infantis. The number of S. typhimurium isolations from human and non-human sources showed a downward trend over the 10-year period. A total of 222 outbreaks of S. typhimurium associated with 1622 cases occurred. The S. hadar isolations from human and non-human sources reached a peak during the years 1987–90 and declined thereafter. The number of human isolates of S. enteritidis increased until 1985 and fluctuated at a level of 8·3–12·8% of all human isolates thereafter. Seventy-three outbreaks of S. enteritidis infection associated with 568 cases occurred. More than 50% of the S. enteritidis infections in humans were caused by phage type (PT) 8. During the review period, infections caused by PT4 were less common and were almost exclusively found in people who had travelled abroad. The annual isolation rates of S. heidelberg from human and non-human sources increased steadily during the period. Bacteriophage typing of serovars from outbreaks showed that contaminated food products of poultry and bovine origin were common sources of human infection. Salmonella typhi was identified as the cause of 43 small outbreaks affecting 116 persons.

scholarly journals Salmonella – still a threat? Epidemiological analysis of infecion

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 38-43
Author(s):  
Kinga Ruszel ◽  
Robert Dubel ◽  
Wiktoria Chodun ◽  
Barbara Nieradko-Iwanicka
Keyword(s):  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Food Poisoning ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Salmonella Infection ◽  
Salmonella Infections ◽  
Food Borne ◽  
Lost Productivity ◽  
Food Borne Illness ◽  
Contaminated Food ◽  
Infected Cells

Salmonella infection causes morbidity and mortality throughout the world with the host immune response varying depending on whether the infection is acute and limited, or systemic and chronic. Global Salmonella infection, especially in developing countries, is a health and economic burden. These pathogen are responsible for millions of cases of food-borne illness each year, with substantial costs measured in hospitalizations and lost productivity. The growing number of bacteria resistant to the antibiotics commonly used to treat infections with this bacterium increases the use of alternative treatments. The species Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium are the most commonly used probiotics to treat infectious diseases, including antibiotic diarrhea and traveler's diarrhea.It is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped and facultative anaerobic bacterium. However, they have the ability to survive inside infected cells. These bacteria cause various clinical forms of disease. The most dangerous sticks of typhoid fever (Salmonella typhi) and paradurium (Salmonella paratyphi) multiply only in the human body and cause a very serious infectious disease - typhoid fever. In turn, non-malignant salmonella, Salmonella bongori and countless serological varieties of Salmonella enterica colonize the digestive tract of many animal species and are pathogenic to humans, causing gastroenteritis, i.e. acute salmonellosis, sometimes classified as food poisoning. All Salmonella infections begin with ingestion with contaminated food or water.

scholarly journals Chaos under canvas: a Salmonella enteritidis PT 6B outbreak

1995 ◽  
Vol 115 (3) ◽  
pp. 513-517 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. F. Brugha ◽  
A. J. Howard ◽  
G. R. Thomas ◽  
R. Parry ◽  
L. R. Ward ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Phage Type ◽  
Food Poisoning ◽  
Contributory Factor ◽  
Epidemiological Evidence ◽  
Shell Eggs ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
North Wales ◽  
Subsequent Storage ◽  
And Storage

SummaryAn outbreak of Salmonella enteritidis PT 6B food poisoning, the first reported of this recently described phage type, resulted in illness among 46 of 49 members of a camping group in North Wales. 33 of whom were hospitalized. Epidemiological evidence (P < 0·0001) indicated that a lemon meringue pie was the vehicle of infection. Fresh shell eggs, stored after purchase at ambient temperature, appear to be the most likely source of infection, with multiplication during preparation and subsequent storage of the pie a significant contributory factor. Campers may be at greater risk than others and should consider the use of cold boxes for the transport and storage of eggs, and avoid the preparation of lightly cooked egg products under these basic conditions.

scholarly journals Unsolved Problems in Salmonella Food Poisoning

1929 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 277-285
Author(s):  
William G. Savage
Keyword(s):  
Food Poisoning ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Present Knowledge ◽  
Transient Condition ◽  
Salmonella Infection ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Salmonella Infections ◽  
Food Animals ◽  
Rats And Mice ◽  
Striking Fact

Salmonella groups of organisms are recognized as predominant in food poisoning outbreaks, but knowledge of the primary source of Salmonella bacilli and of paths of infection to implicated food is incomplete.—Unsolved problems discussed.—Food animals suffering from Salmonella infection are common in Germany but comparatively rare in this country and in most outbreaks the original food is shown to have been sound.—Infection of food from a human carrier is extremely rare. Detailed study of individual outbreaks brings out the striking fact that the Salmonella strains which cause food poisoning are just those types capable of causing disease in both man and animals. The hypothesis which best explains bacterial causation of most outbreaks is that the source of infection is derived, in most cases, from animals suffering from Salmonella disease or acting as carriers of these bacilli. Many facts favour this view, including the widespread extent of Salmonella infections in animals associated with food. Examples: Cows suffering from Salmonella infections with these bacilli in the milk; the widespread prevalence of such infections in rats and mice; the considerable extent to which pigs are infected with Salmonella bacilli.—Attention is directed to the presence of specific agglutinins in the blood of food animals such as bullocks and pigs, also to the fact that while in man a carrier condition for food-poisoning bacilli is extremely rare and at best a transient condition in animals. It is a well attested phenomenon. The causes of this difference are worthy of further study. Not only are there numerous types within the Salmonella group but these types exhibit characteristic and definite differences of pathological behaviour. Bacillus paratyphosus B and Bacillus aertrycke furnish a good illustration and these two types are critically contrasted. While our present knowledge is imperfect, it is suggested that the types in this group fall into three groups, i.e., ( a) Strains pathogenic to man but not to animals; ( b) strains pathogenic to animals but harmless to man; ( c) strains pathogenic both to man and to animals. Only the last group cause food-poisoning outbreaks and represent the original and less specialized types. Varying virulence of Salmonella strains and problems thus raised in relation to food poisoning outbreak are discussed.

scholarly journals The virulence of salmonella strains for chickens: their excretion by infected chickens

1980 ◽  
Vol 84 (3) ◽  
pp. 479-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Williams Smith ◽  
J. F. Tucker
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Phage Type ◽  
Food Poisoning ◽  
The Other ◽  
Intramuscular Route ◽  
Fatal Infection ◽  
Phage Types ◽  
Oral Inoculation

SUMMARYInoculated orally, 16 Salmonella typhimurium strains belonging to 12 phage types varied greatly in their abilityto kill 1-day-old chickens; variation was noted even between strains of the same phage type. Fourteen strains belonging to 11 food poisoning serotypes other than S. typhimurium were practically non-lethal whenexamined in this manner. All of them were lethal by the intramuscular route but some were more so than others. Twowere more lethal by this route than one of the S. typhimurium strains that was highly lethal when given orally.With age, chickens rapidly became resistant to fatal infection with the food poisoning strains; given orally, a S.typhimurium strain killed 79 % of 1-day-old chickens but only 3 % of 2-day-old chickens. Of 2 specific poultrypathogenic strains, one, of S. gallinarum, was lethal by oral inoculation to chickens of all ages but the other, of S. pullorum, was only lethal to very young ones.Some salmonella strains, such as those of S. infantis and S. menston, were more efficient at infecting and colonizing the alimentary tract of chickens than were the more virulent S. typhimurium strains, the S. gallinarum and S. pullorum strains and a S. cholerae-suis strain.

scholarly journals An outbreak of Salmonella typhi-murium food poisoning

1964 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 313-317
Author(s):  
Thomas F. M. Jackson ◽  
D. A. Smyth
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Phage Type ◽  
Food Poisoning ◽  
Health Department ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Reference Laboratory ◽  
Public Health Department ◽  
The Public ◽  
Materials Used

1. An outbreak of food poisoning due to Salmonella typhi-murium phage-type la is described.2. Bread and (or) bakery confectionery eaten by all but two of the victims, had originated from a particular bakery firm.3. S. typhi-murium phage-type 1a was found in the stools of an apprentice baker, a female packer of cakes and bread, and in three female counter-hands. The apprentice baker was responsible for the preparation and decoration of the confectionery which was distributed to the branch-shops and other establishments throughout the area.4. S. typhi-murium was not found in any of the raw materials used at the bakehouse.5. The cases which arose at a residential school for cripples gave a ratio of six cases to eight symptomless excretors.6. Seven weeks after the start of the outbreak the last of the infected food-handlers was considered to be free from infection and fit to return to work.Twelve weeks later the last member of the public was declared to be negative.Thanks are expressed to Dr Joan Taylor of the Salmonella Reference Laboratory for her advice and assistance in the preparation of this paper, and to the staffs of the Public Health Laboratory and Public Health Department, Edmonton, N. 9, for their help and co-operation during the investigation.

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