scholarly journals Salmonella – still a threat? Epidemiological analysis of infecion

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 38-43
Author(s):  
Kinga Ruszel ◽  
Robert Dubel ◽  
Wiktoria Chodun ◽  
Barbara Nieradko-Iwanicka
Keyword(s):  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Food Poisoning ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Salmonella Infection ◽  
Salmonella Infections ◽  
Food Borne ◽  
Lost Productivity ◽  
Food Borne Illness ◽  
Contaminated Food ◽  
Infected Cells

Salmonella infection causes morbidity and mortality throughout the world with the host immune response varying depending on whether the infection is acute and limited, or systemic and chronic. Global Salmonella infection, especially in developing countries, is a health and economic burden. These pathogen are responsible for millions of cases of food-borne illness each year, with substantial costs measured in hospitalizations and lost productivity. The growing number of bacteria resistant to the antibiotics commonly used to treat infections with this bacterium increases the use of alternative treatments. The species Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium are the most commonly used probiotics to treat infectious diseases, including antibiotic diarrhea and traveler's diarrhea.It is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped and facultative anaerobic bacterium. However, they have the ability to survive inside infected cells. These bacteria cause various clinical forms of disease. The most dangerous sticks of typhoid fever (Salmonella typhi) and paradurium (Salmonella paratyphi) multiply only in the human body and cause a very serious infectious disease - typhoid fever. In turn, non-malignant salmonella, Salmonella bongori and countless serological varieties of Salmonella enterica colonize the digestive tract of many animal species and are pathogenic to humans, causing gastroenteritis, i.e. acute salmonellosis, sometimes classified as food poisoning. All Salmonella infections begin with ingestion with contaminated food or water.

scholarly journals Typhoid fever: a review

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Uttam Kumar Paul ◽  
Arup Bandyopadhyay
Keyword(s):  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Paediatric Population ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
Contaminated Food ◽  
Adults And Children ◽  
Third Line ◽  
Flagellar Antigen ◽  
Third Generation Cephalosporins

Typhoid fever is still a deadly disease in developing countries, particularly in India. Although, the paediatric population is mostly affected by this disease, yet the disease is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in adult populations also. In India, most of the cases of typhoid fever are diagnosed clinically, or at the most by the Widal test which is not fool proof. The disease typhoid fever is an orally transmitted communicable infectious disease caused by the bacteria Salmonella typhi. It is usually caused by consuming impure water and contaminated food. Salmonella typhi is serologically positive for lipopolysaccharide antigens O9 and O12, protein flagellar antigen Hd, and polysaccharide capsular antigen Vi. S. typhi Vi-positive strains are more infectious and virulent than Vi-negative strains. Following the incubation period of 7 to 14 days, there is onset of fever and malaise. The fever is then accompanied by chills, headache, malaise, anorexia, nausea, vague abdominal discomfort, dry cough and myalgia. These are followed by coated tongue, tender abdomen, hepatomegaly, and splenomegaly. Azithromycin (10mg/kg) given once daily for seven days has proven effective in the treatment of typhoid fever in some adults and children. A dose of 1g per day for five days was also found to be more effective in most adults. Of the third generation cephalosporins, oral Cefixime (15-20mg per kg per day, for adults, 100-200mg twice daily) has been widely used. Intravenous third generation cephalosporins (ceftriaxone, cefotaxime) are effective. Aztreonam and imipenem are potential third line drugs.

scholarly journals Salmonella Newport Gastroenteritis in an Adult- A Rare Case Report

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Poornima Baby ◽  
Aishwarya Babu
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Isolate ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Suspected Case ◽  
Salmonella Newport ◽  
Gram Staining ◽  
Enteric Diseases ◽  
Salmonella Infections ◽  
Food Borne ◽  
Rare Case Report ◽  
Contaminated Food

Salmonella Newport is a major cause of food-borne infection which occurs due to consumption of contaminated food items. Stool sample from a suspected case of enteric fever was received in the Central Microbiology Laboratory of a tertiary care teaching hospital in Southern India. The bacterial isolate was identified on the basis of Gram Staining, cultural characteristics and biochemical reactions as Salmonella species. Agglutination for serotyping was done and it was found to be agglutinable by only Polyvalent O antiserum. For further speciation, the isolate was sent to the National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (NICED), Kolkata, West Bengal, India and was identified as Salmonella enterica serotype Newport. The patient responded well to ciprofloxacin therapy. As the diagnosis of Non-Typhoidal Salmonellosis (NTS) is often challenging, patients with suspected Salmonella infections are usually given empirical antibiotic therapy which can cause an increase in drug resistant NTS.

scholarly journals The relationship between infecting dose and severity of disease in reported outbreaks of salmonella infections

1992 ◽  
Vol 109 (3) ◽  
pp. 371-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Glynn ◽  
D. J. Bradley
Keyword(s):  
Food Poisoning ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Logit Analysis ◽  
Severity Of Disease ◽  
Salmonella Infections ◽  
Hospitalization Rates ◽  
Analysis Models ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Food Consumed

SUMMARYThe relationship between size of the infecting dose and severity of the resulting disease has been investigated for salmonella infections by reanalysis of data within epidemics for 32 outbreaks, and comparing data between outbreaks for 68 typhoid epidemics and 49 food-poisoning outbreaks due to salmonellas. Attack rate, incubation period, amount of infected food consumed and type of vehicle are used as proxy measures of infecting dose, while case fatality rates for typhoid and case hospitalization rates for food poisoning salmonellas were used to assess severity. Limitations of the data are discussed. Both unweighted and logit analysis models are used.There is no evidence for a dose-severity relationship forSalmonella typhi, but evidence of a correlation between dose and severity is available from within-epidemic or between-epidemic analysis, or both, forSalmonella typhimurium, S. enteritidis, S. infantis, S. newport, andS. thompson. The presence of such a relationship affects the way in which control interventions should be assessed.

scholarly journals Evaluating the Involvement of Alternative Sigma Factors SigF and SigG in Clostridium perfringens Sporulation and Enterotoxin Synthesis

2010 ◽  
Vol 78 (10) ◽  
pp. 4286-4293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jihong Li ◽  
Bruce A. McClane
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Clostridium Perfringens ◽  
Food Poisoning ◽  
Sigma Factors ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Alternative Sigma Factors ◽  
Food Borne ◽  
Food Borne Illness ◽  
Bacterial Food ◽  
Null Mutants

ABSTRACT Clostridium perfringens type A food poisoning is the second most commonly identified bacterial food-borne illness. Sporulation contributes to this disease in two ways: (i) most food-poisoning strains form exceptionally resistant spores to facilitate their survival of food-associated stresses, and (ii) the enterotoxin (CPE) responsible for the symptoms of this food poisoning is synthesized only during sporulation. In Bacillus subtilis, four alternative sigma factors mediate sporulation. The same four sigma factors are encoded by C. perfringens genomes, and two (SigE and SigK) have previously been shown to be necessary for sporulation and CPE production by SM101, a transformable derivative of a C. perfringens food-poisoning strain (K. H. Harry, R. Zhou, L. Kroos, and S. B. Melville, J. Bacteriol. 2009, 191:2728-2742). However, the importance of SigF and SigG for C. perfringens sporulation or CPE production had not yet been assessed. In the current study, after confirming that sporulating wild-type SM101 cultures produce SigF (from a tricistronic operon) and SigG, we prepared isogenic sigF- or sigG-null mutants. Whereas SM101 formed heat-resistant, phase-refractile spores, spore formation was blocked in the sigF- and sigG-null mutants. Complementation fully restored sporulation by both mutants. By use of these mutants and complementing strains, CPE production was shown to be SigF dependent but SigG independent. This finding apparently involved regulation of the production of SigE and SigK, which Harry et al. showed to be necessary for CPE synthesis, by SigF. By combining these findings with those previous results, it is now apparent that all four alternative sigma factors are necessary for C. perfringens sporulation, but only SigE, SigF, and SigK are needed for CPE synthesis.

scholarly journals Invitro Analysis of Time-Kill Curves of Some Antimicrobial Agents Against Salmonella Typhi

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 108-118
Author(s):  
Aliyu A.S. ◽  
Ahmed I. ◽  
Abdulmalik I. ◽  
Shamsiyya M.S. ◽  
Usman Y.S. ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Bactericidal Activity ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Salmonella Infections ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Fever Treatment ◽  
Time Kill ◽  
New Strategies

Due to the high prevalence of typhoid fever and the periodic nature of Salmonella infections despite the various antimicrobial agents used to treat these infections, the need to open up new strategies for antimicrobial susceptibility rather than the MIC alone arises. This study determines the time-kill curves using four different antimicrobial agents: Gentamicin, Ceftriaxone, Cloxacillin, and Ofloxacin at different concentrations of 1x, 2x, and 4x of their respective MICs. The finding of this study reveals that at 1x MIC, all the antimicrobial agents used, except for Gentamicin, show non-bactericidal activity against the isolates after eight hours of exposure. This study suggests that analyzing the time-kill curves in typhoid fever treatment will help determine the appropriate dose to treat the infection.

scholarly journals Food poisoning in hospitals in Scotland

1979 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. M. Sharp ◽  
P. W. Collier ◽  
R. J. Gilbert
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Clostridium Perfringens ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Food Poisoning ◽  
Salmonella Infection ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Laboratory Facilities ◽  
Food Borne ◽  
Prepared Food

summaryA review of 50 hospital-based outbreaks of food poisoning which were reported in Scotland during 1973–7, is described. At least 1530 persons consuming hospital-prepared food were involved. Thirty-one episodes were associated with Clostridium perfringens (C. welchii), 11 were due to food-borne salmonella infection, three to enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus, and five incidents were of undetermined aetiology. This differs noticeably from the experience in England and Wales where salmonellas appear to predominate as the main cause of hospital outbreaks. Twenty-two incidents occurred in hospitals for psychiatric or mentally subnormal patients, and ten others were located in geriatric units. Only 33 hospitals were involved in the 50 outbreaks as nine hospitals experienced two or more episodes.The role of the hospital in the occurrence of food poisoning may be over-emphasized in comparison with other catering establishments, as outbreaks are more readily recognized and laboratory facilities are usually available for investigation, but it is also believed that many episodes may not be reported. The peculiar problems of the hospital-catering service and particularly those of the older long-stay hospitals, are discussed in relation to preventive measures which would minimize the hazards of food poisoning.

Application of Lysostaphin-Producing Lactobacilli to Control Staphylococcal Food Poisoning in Meat Products

1998 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 419-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
CHRISTOPH CAVADINI ◽  
CHRISTIAN HERTEL ◽  
WALTER P. HAMMES
Keyword(s):  
Starter Culture ◽  
Food Poisoning ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Residual Activity ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Surface Model ◽  
Lactobacillus Curvatus ◽  
Food Borne ◽  
Food Borne Illness ◽  
Protective Culture

The potential of lysostaphin-producing strains of Lactobacillus curvatus (Lys+) to prevent food-borne illness by Staphylococcus aureus was investigated under practical conditions. A response surface model was developed to estimate the effect of pH, temperature, and salt concentration on the lysostaphin activity. The model was applied to fermenting sausages, and a 90% reduction of lysostaphin activity at ripening was predicted. The residual activity was sufficiently high to reduce staphylococcal counts by 104 to 105 CFU/g within 2 to 3 days to below the level of detection. These results were obtained in pilot scale experiments with L. curvatus (Lys+) as a starter culture and S. aureus as well as Staphylococcus carnosus as model contaminants. The applicability of L. curvatus (Lys+) as a protective culture was studied in a mayonnaise-based meat salad. Upon incubation at 25°C the staphylococci were rapidly killed within 24 h, whereas in the presence of the isogenic Lys− strain the staphylococci grew up to numbers of 107 CFU/g.

Antimicrobial Sensitivity Pattern of Salmonella: Comparison of Isolates from HIV-Infected and Hiv-Uninfected Patients

1998 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 139-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dawit Wolday ◽  
Worku Erge
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Salmonella Infection ◽  
Antimicrobial Sensitivity ◽  
Salmonella Infections ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Sensitivity Pattern ◽  
Hiv Serostatus ◽  
Laboratory Surveillance ◽  
Hiv Seropositive

A retrospective analysis of all cases of Salmonella infections occurring between 1991 and 1995 was undertaken in order to evaluate the antimicrobial sensitivity pattern of the isolates from both human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected and uninfected Ethiopian patients. During the 5-year study period, we identified 147 cases of Salmonella infections. Only in 49 cases was the HIV serostatus known; 22 (44.9%) of the infections were in HIV seronegative patients while 27 (55.9%) were in HIV seropositive patients. The strains were isolated from blood (71.4%), urine (18.4%) and stool (8.2%). Salmonella infection was found to be more frequent (55.15% versus 44.9%) among HIV positive than HIV-negative patients. Moreover, Salmonella isolates recovered from HIV-seropositive patients were significantly resistant to many of the antibiotics tested when compared to the isolates from HIV-seronegative patients. The only chloramphenicol resistant Salmonella typhi occurred in a patient who was seropositive for HIV. According to these results, Ethiopian patients infected with HIV may be at increased risk of acquiring infections, especially non-typhoidal salmonellas, that are multi-drug resistant (MDR) strains than HIV-uninfected subjects. The emergence of MDR Salmonella infection among HIV-positive patients requires reassessment of chemotherapeutic approaches in this patient population, and warrants continued laboratory surveillance.

scholarly journals TELAAH METODE DIAGNOSIS CEPAT DAN PENGOBATAN INFEKSI Salmonella typhi

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 149
Author(s):  
Dudi Hardianto
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Medical Personnel ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Complex Problem ◽  
The Body ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Acute Infectious Disease ◽  
Contaminated Food ◽  
Diagnosis Method

Review on Rapid Diagnosis Method and Treatment of Salmonella typhi Infection ABSTRACTSalmonella is a genus of gram-negative bacilli which are pathogenic for human. Recently over 2,500 serotypes of Salmonella have been reported. Of these, the most common serotype causing typhoid fever which is acute infectious disease in small intestine due to S. typhi entering the body through contaminated food or drink. S. typhi infection remains a major public health concern worldwide because of the subsequent economic burden for the cost of surveillance, prevention, and treatment. In Indonesia, typhoid fever is an endemic disease that threatens public health and becomes a complex problem because it increases career cases and drug resistance, so its diagnosis is needed. Although there is already a diagnosis method of typhoid fever conventionally, a fast, easy and reliable diagnosis method is needed to diagnose typhoid fever by medical personnel in endemic countries. Typhoid fever is treated by antibiotics and prevention efforts are carried out through vaccination.Keywords: antibiotics, pathogen, rapid detection, Salmonella typhi, typhoid fever ABSTRAKSalmonella adalah bakteri basil gram negatif yang bersifat patogen terhadap manusia dan saat ini telah dilaporkan lebih dari 2.500 serotipe. Salah satu serotype Salmonella diketahui menyebabkan penyakit demam tifoid yaitu infeksi akut pada usus halus akibat S. typhi yang masuk ke dalam tubuh melalui makanan dan minuman yang tercemar. Infeksi S. typhi menjadi masalah utama dalam kesehatan masyarakat di seluruh dunia karena bebani ekonomi yang ditimbulkannya untuk biaya pengawasan, pencegahan, dan pengobatan. Di Indonesia, demam tifoid merupakan penyakit endemis yang mengancam kesehatan masyarakat dan menjadi masalah kompleks karena demam tifoid meningkatkan kasus-kasus karier dan resistensi obat sehingga diperlukan diagnosisnya. Meskipun sudah ada diagnosis demam tifoid secara konvensional, tetapi diperlukan metode diagnosis yang cepat, mudah dan andal untuk mendeteksi demam tifoid oleh tenaga medis yang bekerja di negara-negara endemik. Demam tifoid diobati dengan pemberian antibiotika dan dilakukan upaya pencegahan melalui vaksinasi.Kata Kunci: antibiotika, demam tifoid, deteksi cepat, patogen, Salmonella typhi

scholarly journals Irrational use of azithromycin in typhoid endemic areas: A challenge on multidrug-resistant typhoid treatment

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 37-40
Author(s):  
Irfan Ullah ◽  
Kiran Shafiq Khan ◽  
Qasim Mehmood ◽  
Muhammad Junaid Tahir ◽  
Muhammad Irfan Malik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Fatal Disease ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Food Borne ◽  
Marked Decline

Typhoid is a food-borne fatal disease caused by Salmonella typhi. It causes inflammation of the intestine, resulting in diarrhoea, fever, headache, cough, and muscle pain. Improved hygiene has resulted in a marked decline in typhoid fever cases in many developed countries. However, significant typhoid cases emerge in low and middle-income countries annually, including Pakistan. Typhoid fever accounts for a larger percentage of acute febrile illnesses in Pakistan. Azithromycin is the only effective drug used in multidrug-resistant typhoid. The emergence of drug resistance typhoid has been of more significant concern in recent years due to its irrational use of azithromycin. It is considered the last antibiotic to eradicate multidrug-resistant typhoid fever from Pakistan. In this article, we express our concern of the irrational use of azithromycin in Pakistan and its effect on typhoid in the country.

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