scholarly journals Prevalence of antibody against influenza A viruses in the Kren-Akorore, an Indian tribe of Central Brazil, first contacted in 1973

1985 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
pp. 159-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Nascimento ◽  
M. M. Krawczuk ◽  
L. F. Marcopito ◽  
R. G. Baruzzi
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
H3n2 Virus ◽  
Influenza A Viruses ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Urban Populations ◽  
Indian Populations ◽  
Central Brazil ◽  
Indian Tribe ◽  
Civilized World

SUMMARYInfluenza A antibodies in serum samples obtained in 1980 from two Indian populations in Central Brazil were compared. The Kren-Akorore, who were first contacted in 1973 and two years later transferred to the Xingu Indian Park (PIX), were compared with Indians from other tribes already living in the PIX before 1975. An analysis was made of the prevalence and distribution of antibodies against the influenza A viruses which have circulated in the civilized world since 1918. Antibodies to the early influenza A viruses were absent in both Indian populations, but A/Hong Kong/1/68 (H3N2) virus apparently circulated in the PIX. No antibody to influenza A/Bangkok/I/79 or to A/Brazil/11/78 (H1N1) was found in any of the sera, whereas antibodies to these viruses were commonly found in urban populations in Brazil. The evidence from influenza antibodies agrees with the information that the Kren-Akorore Indians had been living in complete isolation until 1973, when they were first contacted.

scholarly journals Use of single radial immunodiffusion test for serological studies in volunteers inoculated with live attenuated influenza virus

1974 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 287-294
Author(s):  
M. E. Molyneux ◽  
A. S. Beare ◽  
K. Callow ◽  
G. C. Schild
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Haemagglutination Inhibition ◽  
Radial Immunodiffusion ◽  
H3n2 Virus ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Virus Envelope ◽  
Single Radial Immunodiffusion ◽  
Antibody Titres ◽  
Serological Studies

SUMMARYPre- and post-vaccination serum samples from 278 volunteers, who were given live influenza vaccines, were tested by haemagglutination inhibition (HI) and single radial immunodiffusion tests (SRDT) for antibody to influenza A/Hong Kong/1/68 (H3N2) virus envelope antigens. Those with high antibody titres detected in both tests were less frequently infected, and 85% of the 159 infected showed rises by HI and 70% by SRDT. Similarly, 69 pairs were tested for antibody to Hong Kong (N2) neuraminidase by neuraminidase inhibition test (NI) and by SRD tests. Those with high titres in both tests resisted infection and those who were infected showed a rise in antibody detected both by NI and SRD tests. In general, SRDT was less sensitive than HI and NI in detecting antibody and antibody rises, but in some volunteers it did detect antibody rises which were not detected by conventional tests. Because of its simplicity and speed it appeared to be of use in evaluating such vaccines.

Ongoing transmission of avian influenza A viruses in Hong Kong despite very comprehensive poultry control measures: A prospective seroepidemiology study

2016 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelvin K.W. To ◽  
Ivan F.N. Hung ◽  
Yin-Ming Lui ◽  
Florence K.Y. Mok ◽  
Andy S.F. Chan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Influenza A Viruses

scholarly journals Characterization of a Human H5N1 Influenza A Virus Isolated in 2003

2005 ◽  
Vol 79 (15) ◽  
pp. 9926-9932 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyoko Shinya ◽  
Masato Hatta ◽  
Shinya Yamada ◽  
Ayato Takada ◽  
Shinji Watanabe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Influenza A Virus ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Mainland China ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Influenza A Viruses ◽  
H5n1 Avian Influenza Virus ◽  
H5n1 Influenza ◽  
Avian Influenza A Virus

ABSTRACT In 2003, H5N1 avian influenza virus infections were diagnosed in two Hong Kong residents who had visited the Fujian province in mainland China, affording us the opportunity to characterize one of the viral isolates, A/Hong Kong/213/03 (HK213; H5N1). In contrast to H5N1 viruses isolated from humans during the 1997 outbreak in Hong Kong, HK213 retained several features of aquatic bird viruses, including the lack of a deletion in the neuraminidase stalk and the absence of additional oligosaccharide chains at the globular head of the hemagglutinin molecule. It demonstrated weak pathogenicity in mice and ferrets but caused lethal infection in chickens. The original isolate failed to produce disease in ducks but became more pathogenic after five passages. Taken together, these findings portray the HK213 isolate as an aquatic avian influenza A virus without the molecular changes associated with the replication of H5N1 avian viruses in land-based poultry such as chickens. This case challenges the view that adaptation to land-based poultry is a prerequisite for the replication of aquatic avian influenza A viruses in humans.

scholarly journals Seasonality of Influenza A(H3N2) Virus: A Hong Kong Perspective (1997–2006)

PLoS ONE ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 3 (7) ◽  
pp. e2768 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julian W. Tang ◽  
Karry L. K. Ngai ◽  
Wai Y. Lam ◽  
Paul K. S. Chan
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
H3n2 Virus

scholarly journals Eco-Epidemiological Evidence of the Transmission of Avian and Human Influenza A Viruses in Wild Pigs in Campeche, Mexico

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 528
Author(s):  
Brenda Aline Maya-Badillo ◽  
Rafael Ojeda-Flores ◽  
Andrea Chaves ◽  
Saul Reveles-Félix ◽  
Guillermo Orta-Pineda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Influenza A Viruses ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Fragmented Habitats ◽  
Wild Pigs ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Influenza Transmission ◽  
Human Viruses ◽  
Positive Results

Influenza, a zoonosis caused by various influenza A virus subtypes, affects a wide range of species, including humans. Pig cells express both sialyl-α-2,3-Gal and sialyl-α-2,6-Gal receptors, which make them susceptible to infection by avian and human viruses, respectively. To date, it is not known whether wild pigs in Mexico are affected by influenza virus subtypes, nor whether this would make them a potential risk of influenza transmission to humans. In this work, 61 hogs from two municipalities in Campeche, Mexico, were sampled. Hemagglutination inhibition assays were performed in 61 serum samples, and positive results were found for human H1N1 (11.47%), swine H1N1 (8.19%), and avian H5N2 (1.63%) virus variants. qRT-PCR assays were performed on the nasal swab, tracheal, and lung samples, and 19.67% of all hogs were positive to these assays. An avian H5N2 virus, first reported in 1994, was identified by sequencing. Our results demonstrate that wild pigs are participating in the exposure, transmission, maintenance, and possible diversification of influenza viruses in fragmented habitats, highlighting the synanthropic behavior of this species, which has been poorly studied in Mexico.

scholarly journals Serological Screening of Influenza A Virus Antibodies in Cats and Dogs Indicates Frequent Infection with Different Subtypes

2020 ◽  
Vol 58 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shan Zhao ◽  
Nancy Schuurman ◽  
Malte Tieke ◽  
Berit Quist ◽  
Steven Zwinkels ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Companion Animals ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Influenza A Viruses ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Serological Screening ◽  
H1n1 Outbreak

ABSTRACT Influenza A viruses (IAVs) infect humans and a variety of other animal species. Infections with some subtypes of IAV were also reported in domestic cats and dogs. In addition to animal health implications, close contact between companion animals and humans also poses a potential risk of zoonotic IAV infections. In this study, serum samples from different cat and dog cohorts were analyzed for IAV antibodies against seven IAV subtypes, using three distinctive IAV-specific assays differing in IAV subtype-specific discriminatory power and sensitivity. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays against the complete hemagglutinin (HA) ectodomain or the HA1 domain were used, as well as a novel nanoparticle-based, virus-free hemagglutination inhibition assay. Using these three assays, we found cat and dog sera from different cohorts to be positive for antibodies against one or more IAV subtypes and/or strains. Cat and dog serum samples collected after the 2009 pandemic H1N1 outbreak exhibit much higher seropositivity against H1 compared to samples from before 2009. Cat sera, furthermore, displayed higher reactivity for avian IAVs than dog sera. Our findings show the added value of using complementary serological assays, which are based on reactivity with different numbers of HA epitopes, to study IAV antibody responses and for improved serosurveillance of IAV infections. We conclude that infection of cats and dogs with both human and avian IAVs of different subtypes is prevalent. These observations highlight the role of cats and dogs in IAV ecology and indicate the potential of these companion animals to give rise to novel (reassorted) viruses with increased zoonotic potential.

scholarly journals Protective Memory Responses Are Modulated by Priming Events prior to Challenge

2009 ◽  
Vol 84 (2) ◽  
pp. 1047-1056 ◽  
Author(s):  
John A. Rutigliano ◽  
Melissa Y. Morris ◽  
Wen Yue ◽  
Rachael Keating ◽  
Richard J. Webby ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cell ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
T Cell Response ◽  
H3n2 Virus ◽  
Cell Mediated Immunity ◽  
Influenza A Viruses ◽  
Differential Survival ◽  
Virus Challenge ◽  
Response Characteristics ◽  
H5n1 Influenza

ABSTRACT Human infections with highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza A viruses in the last decade have legitimized fears of a long-predicted pandemic. We thus investigated the response to secondary infections with an engineered, but still highly virulent, H5N1 influenza A virus in the C57BL/6 mouse model. Mice primed with the H1N1 A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (PR8) virus were partially protected from lethality following respiratory infection with the modified H5N1 virus A/Vietnam/1203/04 (ΔVn1203). In contrast, those that had been comparably exposed to the HKx31 (H3N2) virus succumbed to the ΔVn1203 challenge, despite similarities in viral replication, weight loss, and secondary CD8+-T-cell response characteristics. All three viruses share the internal genes of PR8 that are known to stimulate protective CD8+-T-cell-mediated immunity. This differential survival of PR8- and HKx31-primed mice was also apparent for antibody-deficient mice challenged with the ΔVn1203 virus. The relative protection afforded by PR8 priming was abrogated in tumor necrosis factor-deficient (TNF−/−) mice, although lung fluids from the B6 HKx31-primed mice contained more TNF early after challenge. These data demonstrate that the nature of the primary infection can influence pathological outcomes following virulent influenza virus challenge, although the effect is not clearly correlated with classical measures of CD8+-T-cell-mediated immunity.

scholarly journals Consequences of Immunodominant Epitope Deletion for Minor Influenza Virus-Specific CD8+-T-Cell Responses

2005 ◽  
Vol 79 (7) ◽  
pp. 4329-4339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samita S. Andreansky ◽  
John Stambas ◽  
Paul G. Thomas ◽  
Weidong Xie ◽  
Richard J. Webby ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Reverse Genetics ◽  
H3n2 Virus ◽  
Influenza A Viruses ◽  
Cell Responses ◽  
Infected Cells ◽  
H3n2 Influenza

ABSTRACT The extent to which CD8+ T cells specific for other antigens expand to compensate for the mutational loss of the prominent DbNP366 and DbPA224 epitopes has been investigated using H1N1 and H3N2 influenza A viruses modified by reverse genetics. Significantly increased numbers of CD8+ KbPB1703 +, CD8+ KbNS2114 +, and CD8+ DbPB1-F262 + T cells were found in the spleen and in the inflammatory population recovered by bronchoalveolar lavage from mice that were first given the −NP−PA H1N1 virus intraperitoneally and then challenged intranasally with the homologous H3N2 virus. The effect was less consistent when this prime-boost protocol was reversed. Also, though the quality of the response measured by cytokine staining showed some evidence of modification when these minor CD8+-T-cell populations were forced to play a more prominent part, the effects were relatively small and no consistent pattern emerged. The magnitude of the enhanced clonal expansion following secondary challenge suggested that the prime-boost with the −NP−PA viruses gave a response overall that was little different in magnitude from that following comparable exposure to the unmanipulated viruses. This was indeed shown to be the case when the total response was measured by ELISPOT analysis with virus-infected cells as stimulators. More surprisingly, the same effect was seen following primary challenge, though individual analysis of the CD8+ KbPB1703 +, CD8+ KbNS2114 +, and CD8+ DbPB1-F262 + sets gave no indication of compensatory expansion. A possible explanation is that novel, as yet undetected epitopes emerge following primary exposure to the −NP−PA deletion viruses. These findings have implications for both natural infections and vaccines.

scholarly journals Strain specificity of serum antibody to the haemagglutinin of influenza A (H3N2) viruses in children following immunization or natural infection

1981 ◽  
Vol 86 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Oxford ◽  
L. R. Haaheim ◽  
A. Slepushkin ◽  
J. Werner ◽  
E. Kuwert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Small Proportion ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Serum Antibody ◽  
H3n2 Virus ◽  
Strain Specificity ◽  
Homologous Virus ◽  
Prototype Virus ◽  
Haemolysis Test

SUMMARYThe specificity of serum anti-HA antibody from children immunized or infected with A/Victoria/75 (H3N2) or A/Texas/77 (H3N2) virus was examined using the single radial haemolysis test together with adsorption of antibody with three antigenic variants A/Hong Kong/68 (H3N2), A/Port Chalmers/73 (H3N2) and A/Victoria/75 (H3N2). The majority of young children reacted to vaccination or infection by producing strain-specific (SS) antibody to the homologous virus. A small proportion of children's sera contained cross-reacting (CR) antibodies capable of reacting with the haemagglutinins of all antigenic variants of the subtype including A/HK/1/68. In contrast, most adults reacted immunologically to either vaccination or infection by producing CR antibody, reacting with all variants of the antigenic subtype including the prototype virus A/HK/1/68 (H3N2).

scholarly journals Kinetics, Longevity, and Cross-Reactivity of Antineuraminidase Antibody after Natural Infection with Influenza A Viruses

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Don Changsom ◽  
Li Jiang ◽  
Hatairat Lerdsamran ◽  
Sopon Iamsirithaworn ◽  
Rungrueng Kitphati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A ◽  
Reverse Genetics ◽  
H1n1 Virus ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Seroconversion Rate ◽  
Disease Onset ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Plasma Samples ◽  
Influenza A Viruses ◽  
Serum Samples

ABSTRACT The kinetics, longevity, and breadth of antibodies to influenza virus neuraminidase (NA) in archival, sequential serum/plasma samples from influenza A virus (IAV) H5N1 infection survivors and from patients infected with the 2009 pandemic IAV (H1N1) virus were determined using an enzyme-linked lectin-based assay. The reverse-genetics-derived H4N1 viruses harboring a hemagglutinin (HA) segment from A/duck/Shan Tou/461/2000 (H4N9) and an NA segment derived from either IAV H5N1 clade 1, IAV H5N1 clade 2.3.4, the 2009 pandemic IAV (H1N1) (H1N1pdm), or A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 (H1N1) virus were used as the test antigens. These serum/plasma samples were also investigated by microneutralization (MN) and/or hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assays. Neuraminidase-inhibiting (NI) antibodies against N1 NA of both homologous and heterologous viruses were observed in H5N1 survivors and H1N1pdm patients. H5N1 survivors who were never exposed to H1N1pdm virus developed NI antibodies to H1N1pdm NA. Seroconversion of NI antibodies was observed in 65% of the H1N1pdm patients at day 7 after disease onset, but an increase in titer was not observed in serum samples obtained late in infection. On the other hand, an increase in seroconversion rate with the HI assay was observed in the follow-up series of sera obtained on days 7, 14, 28, and 90 after infection. The study also showed that NI antibodies are broadly reactive, while MN and HI antibodies are more strain specific.

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